The document discusses qualitative content analysis. It defines content analysis as the systematic classification and interpretation of text through coding and identifying themes. Content analysis allows researchers to understand social reality and explore meanings in a scientific manner. It can use inductive or deductive approaches to analyze data. Unique characteristics include flexibility in approaches and ability to extract manifest and latent meanings from text. Researchers use content analysis to describe message characteristics and identify themes. The process involves defining a research question, sampling material, developing a coding scheme of themes, coding the content, and analyzing results both qualitatively and quantitatively. Validity and reliability are also addressed.
This presentation discusses about content analysis, its use, Types, Advantages, Issues of Reliability & Validity, Problems, Quantitative content analysis, coding, Qualitative content analysis, Creative synthesis, Data reduction and Constant comparison.,
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
This presentation discusses about content analysis, its use, Types, Advantages, Issues of Reliability & Validity, Problems, Quantitative content analysis, coding, Qualitative content analysis, Creative synthesis, Data reduction and Constant comparison.,
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
CONTENT ANALYSIS (Quantitative Research Methods)Libcorpio
Content Analysis, Quantitative Research Methods, LIS Education, Library and Information Science, LIS Studies, Information Management, Education and Learning, Library science, Information science, Library Research Methods,
Narrative research for slideshare upload.pptxNeha Deo
In this presentation, the narrative method of the qualitative approach is explained. In the qualitative approach of educational research, narrative research is an important method. How to conduct narrative research, is explained herein. The narrative researcher tells the story of the participants.
Thematic analysis in qualitative research Explained with ExampleSufi Nouman Riaz
https://youtu.be/QNP4KkNFzu4
Thematic analysis is a technique of data analysis while conducting a qualitative study. Thematic analysis is the most recognized, adapted, and used approach to analyze qualitative data.
This video is made as per the illustrations and procedures explained in the Braun and Clarke (2006) research article on Thematic Analysis.
Have you just conducted a qualitative study involving:
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observations
Document or artifact analysis
Journal notes or reflections?
How to use this type of data?
Just as there are numerous statistical tests to run for quantitative data, there are just as many options for qualitative data analysis.
THEMATIC APPROACH
Most common forms of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes Pinpointing, Examining, Recording
Patterns (or "themes") within data.
Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question.
Themes become categories for analysis
6 Phases of Coding
(Thematic Analysis)
1-Familiarization with data
2-Generating initial codes
3-Searching for themes among codes
4-Reviewing themes
5-Defining and naming themes
6-Producing the final report
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
CONTENT ANALYSIS (Quantitative Research Methods)Libcorpio
Content Analysis, Quantitative Research Methods, LIS Education, Library and Information Science, LIS Studies, Information Management, Education and Learning, Library science, Information science, Library Research Methods,
Narrative research for slideshare upload.pptxNeha Deo
In this presentation, the narrative method of the qualitative approach is explained. In the qualitative approach of educational research, narrative research is an important method. How to conduct narrative research, is explained herein. The narrative researcher tells the story of the participants.
Thematic analysis in qualitative research Explained with ExampleSufi Nouman Riaz
https://youtu.be/QNP4KkNFzu4
Thematic analysis is a technique of data analysis while conducting a qualitative study. Thematic analysis is the most recognized, adapted, and used approach to analyze qualitative data.
This video is made as per the illustrations and procedures explained in the Braun and Clarke (2006) research article on Thematic Analysis.
Have you just conducted a qualitative study involving:
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observations
Document or artifact analysis
Journal notes or reflections?
How to use this type of data?
Just as there are numerous statistical tests to run for quantitative data, there are just as many options for qualitative data analysis.
THEMATIC APPROACH
Most common forms of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes Pinpointing, Examining, Recording
Patterns (or "themes") within data.
Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question.
Themes become categories for analysis
6 Phases of Coding
(Thematic Analysis)
1-Familiarization with data
2-Generating initial codes
3-Searching for themes among codes
4-Reviewing themes
5-Defining and naming themes
6-Producing the final report
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Top of FormAssignment 1Bottom of FormAssignment 3 Researc.docxturveycharlyn
Top of Form
Assignment 1
Bottom of Form
Assignment 3: Research Manuscript Critique Part 1
Please post your assignment by submitting it by the due date assigned to theSubmissions Area. Complete each item listed below for each manuscript.
Step 1: Access the Shared Documents at the bottom of the Course Content Menuin your online classroom.
Step 2: Select the sub-module which pertains to your discipline—Research Articles_Business or Research Articles_Social Sciences.
Step 3: Select Three manuscripts in your area of study to examine throughout this course:
· 1 qualitative study
· 1 quantitative study
· 1 mixed methods study
Critique the manuscripts using the checklists below. You will be using these research articles to help you understand what exactly goes into the research methods for dissertations and other research. Each module you will identify specific elements in these research articles relating specifically to that module. These will serve as great examples for what you will need to do in your own research!
Complete the following research manuscript critique for each selected article.
Manuscript Reference: (Include the APA style Reference here)
Type of Study: (Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods)
Research Topic: (Identify the phenomenon of interest.)
Purpose of the Study: (Briefly, in 1-3 sentences, describe the purpose or significance of the study)
Overarching Research Question or Theory: (What is the primary research question or theory for this study?)
Specific Research Questions/ Philosophical Underpinnings: (Include the specific research questions, hypotheses or philosophical underpinnings for each study.)
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 3 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Identified 3 research articles using 3 different research designs including: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods.
3
Correctly identified the type of methodology used for each research article selected.
3
Identified the research topic for each study.
3
Described the purpose or significance of each study.
6
Identified the overarching research question or theory for each study.
6
Identified specific research questions, hypotheses, or philosophical underpinnings for each study.
12
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Justified ideas and responses by using appropriate examples and references from texts, Web sites, and other references or personal experience. Followed APA rules for attributing sources.
6
Total:
39
Assignment 2
Assignment 2: Formulating Research Questions
The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate how the research question informs the choice of methodology. Formulate your research question or theory (for some qualitative work) and identify which type of methodological approach would best answer your question: Quantitative, ...
Research methods for strategic managersBhavi Bhatia
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Chapter Two:
Review of the Literature
*
Chapter Outline
Review of the Literature
The Research Topic
The Literature Review
The Use of the Literature
Design Techniques
Steps in Conducting a Literature Review Searching Computerized Databases
A Priority for Selecting Literature Material
A Literature Map of the Research
Abstracting Studies
Example 2.1. Literature Review Abstract in a Quantitative Study
Example 2.2. Literature Review Abstract in a Study Advancing a Typology
Style Manuals
The Definition of Terms
Example 2.3. Terms Defined in an Independent Variables Section
Example 2.4. Terms Defined in a Mixed Methods Dissertation
A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Literature Review
*
The Research Topic
A critical first step in any research is examining the existing body of knowledge on the research topic/idea, and it will assist the Researcher with all of the following:The subject or subject matter of a proposed studyDescribe in a few wordsThe central idea you want to learn aboutThe topic can be researched ifYou have access to participantsYou have resources to collect and analyze informationThe topic should be researched ifThe research will add to the literature about the topicScholars will be interested in the topicA study of it will advance your personal goals
The Literature ReviewShares the results of other studiesRelates the study to the larger dialogue in the literatureProvides a framework for establishing the importance of the studyProvides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings
The Use of Literature
The use and length of the literature varies based on the forum: research proposal, dissertation or journal article. Despite this, the literature may:provide a summary of major studies on the research problemdemonstrate the writers knowledge of the topic/problem/issueintegrate what others have done and said about the topic/problem/issuemay criticize previous scholarly works on the topic/problem/issuemay allow for connections between related topicsmay elucidate the central issues in the field
Using Literature in a Qualitative Study
The Use of Literature in a Quantitative Study
In quantitative studies the literature is used deductively as it provides a framework for the research questions and hypothesisProvide direction to the research questions and hypothesesIntroduce a problemIntroduce and describe the theory that will be used Examine the usefulness of the theoryCompare results with existing literature or predictions
The Use of Literature in a Mixed Methods Study
In mixed methods studies Researchers use the literature:in either a quantitative or qualitative approachin a manner consistent with either quantitative or qualitative approachrelative to the intended audience
Irrespective of the type of study, choose one of the following types of literature reviews:
Integrative
Critical
Building bridges among topics
Identification of central issues
Steps in Con ...
Assignment 2 Case StudyRead the following articleAgostinhodesteinbrook
Assignment 2: Case Study
Read the following article:
Agostinho, S. (2004). Naturalistic inquiry in e-learning research.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 4
(1), Article 2. Retrieved Dec. 16, 2005, from
http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/4_1/pdf/agostinho.pdf
Read the article and respond to the following:
Critique the process of data analysis that was conducted in the original research, as described in the journal article.
In the original research upon which this article is based, the researcher indicated that dominant themes were identified, and the themes were clustered into categories. Critique the underlying inductive logic utilized to analyze the data.
Discuss the researcher’s rationale, as described in the journal article, of adopting a naturalistic inquiry paradigm with regard to the process of data collection and analysis.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Critique the process of data analysis.10Identified the dominant themes as highlighted in the article.10Critique the underlying inductive logic used to analyze the data.10Discuss the researcher’s rationale of adopting a naturalistic inquiry.10Justified ideas and responses by using appropriate examples, material and references from texts, library, and online resource database (see LIBRARY link on left.).10Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.15
Total:65
*****M6A2 SAMPLE
Case Study Critique
*********M6A2 SAMPLE
Methods and Analysis of Qualitative Research
Introduction
In 2004 Ms. Shirley Agostinho published an article which was titled “Naturalistic inquiry in e-learning research” In this paper the researcher Agostinho (2004) addresses how the naturalistic inquiry paradigm was used in an e-learning research study that looked at the use of the World Wide Web technology in higher education. The purpose of the paper is to review and critique the data analysis process, dominant themes presented, underlying logic and researcher’s rationale for adopting a naturalistic inquiry methodology.
Critiquing the data analysis process
There are numerous approaches for analyzing qualitative data. According to Shilling (2006) content analysis is generally defined as a method of analyzing written, verbal or visual communication messages. Wildemuth and Zhang (2009) isolated eight steps which comprise the process of qualitative content analysis. The following table applies the eight step process to the data reflected in the researchers’ article.
Strengths
Weaknesses and limitations
1). Preparing the data
The researcher collected data through participant observations, interviews, questionnaire and reflexive journal.
Creswell (2009) identifies triangulation as the use of multiple sourc ...
Respond using one or more of the following approachesmickietanger
Respond
using one or more of the following approaches:
Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, and evidence.
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
Statistical Methods in Qualitative Research
Statistical Method
What is measured by this method
Circumstances for Use
Examples of use in Research Studies
Qualitative Content Analysis
Analyzes narrative data, and in-depth interviews. Can evaluate large volumes of data with intent to identify recurring themes and patterns. Attempts to break down elements of data into clusters. May be concurrent or sequential (Polit &Beck, 2017).
Good method for evaluating personal histories, perspectives, experiences. Best method for studying personal, sensitive situations (Sauro, 2015).
Examples of this methodology include evaluation of the experience of a rape victim, what it feels like to have an abortion, how it feels to have lived through a disaster.
Ethnographic analysis
Evaluates cultural phenomena, patterns, perspectives. Requires “participant observer” technique. No preconceived hypothesis. May take months or years to complete. Maps and flowcharts are tools to help illustrate findings (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Method to “acquire a deep understanding of the culture being studied” (Polit & Beck, 2017 p. 538).
An example of ethnographic analysis could include a research study with ethnographers integrating with Native Americans living on a reservation while observing everyday life seeking to extrapolate overlying cultural issues.
Phenomenologic Analysis
Attempts to understand the essence of experiencing a particular phenomenon by observation, interviews, and outside research. Descriptive analysis
Method for understanding individual perspectives of experiencing a certain phenomenon. Seeks to extrapolate commonalities and themes among subjects (Sauro, 2015).
Conducting interviews with persons who have experienced hallucinations, with the intent to understand their perspective and experience of the phenomenon, is an example of this method of research.
Grounded Theory Analysis
Aim is to provide theories and explanations for phenomena based on previously coded information Uses interviews and previous accepted research. Unlike Qualitative content analysis, which seeks to break down information, Grounded theory strives to put information back together (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Method for development of theories, Could be used meta-analyses or systematic reviews.
An example of a grounded theory analysis is” Beck’s (2002) model of mothering twins” as cited in Polit & Beck (2017).
Focus Group Analysis
Analyzes group data in relation to a specific topic. Group interviews, recordings, and field notes .are instruments for conducting this type of research.
May be used for evaluation of a potential survey too ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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2. What is CONTENT ANALYSIS?
1. Shannon (2005) defined qualitative content analysis as “a research method
for the subjectivist interpretation of text and data through the systematic
classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns”.
2. According to Mayring (2000), qualitative content analysis is “an approach of
empirical, methodological controlled analysis of texts within their context of
communication, following content analytic rules and step-by-step models,
without rash quantification”.
3. Qualitative content analysis allows researchers to understand social reality in
a subjective, yet scientific manner; explore the meanings underlying
physical messages; and is inductive, grounding the examination of topics
and themes, as well as inferences drawn from them, in data (Kaid, 1989;
Patton, 2002; Zhang & Wildenmuth, 2009)
8/21/2019reinaantonette13@gmail.com2
3. Characteristics of Content Analysis
One unique characteristic of qualitative content analysis is the flexibility of
using Inductive or deductive approaches or a combination of both approaches in
data analysis.
An inductive approach is appropriate when prior knowledge regarding
the phenomenon under investigation is limited or fragmented (Elo &
Kyngäs, 2008). In the inductive approach, codes, categories, or themes
are directly drawn from the data.
The deductive approach starts with preconceived codes or categories
derived from prior relevant theory, research, or literature. The deductive
approach is appropriate when the objective of the study is to test existing
theory or retest existing data in a new context.
Second is the ability to extract manifest and latent content meaning. manifest
content means the researcher codes the visible and surface content of text, latent
content means that the researcher codes the underlying meaning of the text
(Graneheim & Lundman, 2004). 8/21/2019reinaantonette13@gmail.com3
4. 8/21/2019reinaantonette13@gmail.com4
Why to use Content Analysis?
1.Researchers use qualitative content analysis to illustrate the
range of meanings of phenomena, describe the characteristics
of message content, and identify themes or categories within a
body of text.
2.Bryman (2008) maintained that qualitative content analysis
comprises a searching out of underlying themes in the texts
being analyzed by researchers.
3.Researchers, if they intend to better explain the characteristics
of message content, or understand phenomena, must possess an
encyclopedic knowledge of qualitative content analysis.
6. 8/21/2019reinaantonette13@gmail.com6
There are few simple steps to understand the whole process of content
analysis. To start with;
1.Identify your research question:
For example; Does media portray violence?
2.Select your sample.
For example; You have decided to study the content of The Indian
Express newspaper. Through multi-stage systematic sampling, you
may select 12 issues of the newspaper of a particular year following
any systematic scheme like 1st Jan, 2nd Feb, 3 March, 4th April, 5th
May…. 12th Dec. This will be your sample.
7. 8/21/2019reinaantonette13@gmail.com7
3. Skim the material selected through the
aforementioned procedure and make a list of main
themes you plan to analyze.
For example; If you are studying the portrayal of
women in media. During the review of the
material like films, videos, soap operas etc., you
can categorize themes like Women as Leaders,
Women in Education, Women in Private Sector
and many other negative and positive categories.
Keeping those themes in mind, you can classify
the content accordingly.
8. 8/21/2019reinaantonette13@gmail.com8
4. This would become your coding system or scheme.
Note: Coding means to put information into a
quantifiable form. You need trained coders for
coding. Both the training and the experience of
the coder are necessary for reliable coding
(Neuendorf, 2002). To ensure the consistency of
coding, especially when multiple coders are
involved, you should develop a coding manual,
which usually consists of category names,
definitions or rules for assigning codes, and
examples (Weber, 1990).
9. 8/21/2019reinaantonette13@gmail.com9
5.Keep in mind, the categories made during the
preliminary study shouldn’t overlap each
other. The categories or themes must be
defined in a way that would be easily
understandable. In this regard, operational
definitions are cardinal.
10. 8/21/2019reinaantonette13@gmail.com10
6. You can classify the content on basis of these
themes or categories.
7. In case, some content doesn’t fit any of the
categories but is related to the topic under study, you
can make few new categories like miscellaneous or
others and list the content accordingly.
8. After qualitative analysis of the content, you can
also quantify these themes simply by counting the
frequencies. Hence, analysis of the content can be
done in both qualitative as well as quantitative
manner at the same time.
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Methodology
All approaches to qualitative content analysis require a similar analytical
process of seven classic steps:
1. including formulating the research questions to be answered,
2. selecting the sample to be analyzed,
3. defining the categories to be applied, outlining the coding
process and the coder training,
4. implementing the coding process,
5. determining trustworthiness, and
6. analyzing the results of the coding process (Kaid,1989).
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Validity
• Validity may be addressed in
terms of correspondence and
generalizability.
• Correspondence refer to
agreement between two sets of
measurement procedures for a
particular construct or a
concept.
• Generalizability refers to the
extent to which the results are
consistent with existing theory
or predictive of associated
events.
• Face validity: the most common form of validity,
weakest because it relies on subjective than
objective, quantitative or methods of evaluation.
• Construct validity: it refers to the extent which a
measure either corresponds or is discriminant from
related to measures or construct.
• Hypothesis validity refers correspondence between
the categorization procedure and existing theories.
• Predictive validity refers to the extent to which the
measurement forecast future events.
• Semantic validity refers to the examination of the
text by persons who are familiar with the content
and to the extent of their agreement and on
categorization procedure.
13. Reliability
Reliability here refers to replicability or consistency in the coding or
interpretation of content or portions of content. Reliability issues associated in
content analysis are with the ambiguity of word meanings or coding rules.
Three types of reliability are relevant to content analysis which are:
• Stability refers to the extent which content classification in invariant over
time. Stability can be ascertained when the same content is coded more than
once by the same coder.it is relatively weak form of reliability.
• Reproducibility(inter-coder reliability) refers to the extent to which content
classification produces the same results when the same text is coded by more
than one coder. High reproducibility is the minimum standard of for content
analysis.
• Accuracy the strongest form of reliability refers to the extent to which the
classification of text corresponds to the a particular standard or norm.
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Suppose, you reached ABC hotel to eat something very special today with only Rs.
120 in your pocket. Problem. You will pick up the menu and read it thoroughly.
There may be food items listed in different categories like Chinese, Japanese,
Indian, Arabic etc. Population. As you feel to eat Indian food only so Indian
category becomes your target. Sample. You will go through the menu card and
check almost all the food items including the prices listed under this category. While
selecting a food item which could satisfy your taste buds, you will continuously
think of your budget. Your whole search has been revolving around your taste buds
and your budget. Coding Scheme. You will finally reach a conclusion to order a
dish, selected from a range of food items which suits both the aforementioned
conditions.
So, what did you understand? You did a content analysis following the whole
process. With a problem, special food on a limited budget, you perused the list of
food items keeping these two themes or categories in mind. These two themes
became the de facto coding scheme for your search.
16. THREE APPROACHESTO CONTENT ANALYSIS
CONVENTIONAL
CONTENT
ANALYSIS
SUMMATIVE
CONTENT
ANALYSIS
DIRECT CONTENT
ANALYSIS
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CONVENTIONAL CONTENT ANALYSIS
• Conventional content analysis is generally used with a
study design whose aim is to describe a phenomenon.
• This type of design is usually appropriate when existing
theory or research literature on a phenomenon is limited.
Researchers avoid using preconceived categories
(Kondracki & Wellman, 2002), instead allowing the
categories and names for categories to flow from the data.
• Researchers immerse themselves in the data to allow new
insights to emerge (Kondracki & Wellman, 2002).
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• With a conventional approach to content analysis, relevant theories or other
research findings are addressed in the discussion section of the study. The
discussion would include a summary of how the findings from her study
contribute to knowledge in the area of interest and suggestions for practice,
teaching, and future research.
• The advantage of the conventional approach to content analysis is gaining
direct information from study without imposing preconceived categories.
• One challenge of this type of analysis is failing to develop a complete
understanding of the context, thus failing to identify key categories. This can
result in findings that do not accurately represent the data.
Note: Many qualitative methods share this initial approach to study design and
analysis.
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DIRECT CONTENT ANALYSIS
• The goal of a directed approach to content analysis is to validate or
extend conceptually a theoretical framework or theory. Existing
theory or research can help focus the research question. It can provide
predictions about the variables of interest or about the relationships
among variables, thus helping to determine the initial coding scheme
or relationships between codes.
• Using existing theory or prior research, researchers begin by
identifying key concepts or variables as initial coding categories
(Potter & Levine- Donnerstein, 1999). Operational definitions for
each category are determined using the theory.
• The second strategy that can be used in directed content analysis is to
begin coding immediately with the predetermined codes.
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• The main strength of a directed approach to content analysis is that
existing theory can be supported and extended.
Disadvantages
• Researchers might be more likely to find evidence that is supportive
rather than non-supportive of a theory.
• Second, in answering the probe questions, some participants might
get cues to answer in a certain way or agree with the questions to
please researchers.
• Third, an overemphasis on the theory can blind researchers to
contextual aspects of the phenomenon.
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SUMMATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS
• A study using a summative approach to qualitative content analysis
starts with identifying and quantifying certain words or content in text
with the purpose of understanding the contextual use of the words or
content.
• A summative approach to qualitative content analysis goes beyond
mere word counts to include latent content analysis. Latent content
analysis refers to the process of interpretation of content (Holsti,
1969).
• In this analysis, the focus is on discovering underlying meanings of
the words or the content (Babbie, 1992;). Researchers report using
content analysis from this approach in studies that analyze manuscript
types in a particular journal or specific content in textbooks.
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• In a summative approach to qualitative content analysis, data analysis
begins with searches for occurrences of the identified words by hand or
by computer. Word frequency counts for each identified term are
calculated, with source or speaker also identified. It allows for
interpretation of the context associated with the use of the word or
phrase. Researchers try to explore word usage or discover the range of
meanings that a word can have in normal use.
• ADVANTAGES: It is an unobtrusive and nonreactive way to
study the phenomenon of interest (Babbie, 1992). It can provide
basic insights into how words are actually used.
• DISADVANTAGES: The findings from this approach are limited by
their inattention to the broader meanings present in the data. this
type of study relies on credibility.
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Content Analysis in the Study of Crime, Media, and Popular
Culture
A Content Analysis of Scientific Research Studies on
Technology Leadership in Turkey
A Qualitative` Content Analysis of Global Health
Engagements in Peacekeeping and Stability Operations
Institute’s Stability Operations Lessons Learned and
Information Management System
Examples of Content Analysis Studies/Researches
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
•Forman and Damschroder (2008) posited that the
greatest advantage of qualitative content analysis is that
it is “a more hands-on approach to research than
quantitative content analysis”.
•McNamara (2006) maintained that qualitative content
analysis relies heavily on “researcher reading and
interpretation of texts” . The author should note that this
is also a disadvantage of qualitative content analysis, as
it places a profound emphasis on researcher bias.
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Strengths
• Very flexible units of analysis; lends itself to comparative
analysis
• Most media are cheap and easy to access
• Content analysis is easy to replicate
Weaknesses
• Media must be recorded somehow to be subject to analysis
• Some social artifacts may be hard to review
Strengths and Weaknesses of Content Analysis
27. Readings and References
Parveen, H. (2017). Content Analysis. Media and Communication Studies.
Sharif, A. M. (n.d.). Content Analysis in Qualitative Research.
Fang Hseih, Hsiu., Shannon, Sarah. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative
content analysis, Qualitative Health Research- Sage Publications, Vol. 15, No. 2,
pg. 1277-1285.
COL Roberto N. Nang, e. (2015). A Qualitative Content Analysis of Global
Health Engagements in Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute’s
Stability Operations Lessons Learned and Information Management System.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
Dr. Sengül Uysal, D. C. (2014). A Content Analysis of Scientific Research
Studies on Technology Leadership in Turkey. Sengül Uysal and Canan
Madenoğlu / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences.
Kort-Butler, L. A. (Sep 2016 ). Content Analysis in the Study of Crime, Media,
and Popular Culture . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology.
Editor's Notes
content analysis undergo step by step classification process of coding, it has its patterns and themes but the interpretation is personal
Content Analysis in the Study of Popular Cultures in Partido
Content Analysis of the Scientific Research Studies on the Effectiveness of IPCRF in Professional Growth of Teachers
A Phenomenological Study of the Effectiveness of Coping Mechanisms of Patitinan Students to their Landslide Traumatic Experiences