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Containers in the Cloud
This document discusses containers in cloud computing. It begins with explaining why containers are useful for complex systems that need to deploy the same payloads across multiple environments like QA, staging and production servers. It then defines containers as isolated environments similar to virtual machines but with less overhead. The document provides a history of container technologies over time like chroot, LXC and Docker. It describes Docker as open source software that builds on LXC and provides a portable format and runtime for deploying applications in containers with optimized layers and dependency management. Finally, it introduces container orchestration tools like Docker Swarm for managing and provisioning multi-container applications across clusters with services like discovery, upgrades and load balancing.
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Containers in the Cloud
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- 2. 2 Agenda • Why Containers? •What are Containers? • History of Containers • Docker • Orchestration • Docker Swarm • Demo (If you are still awake)
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- 5. 5 Complex Systems withmany payloads
- 6. 6 Multiple targets QA Build server StageProd Cloud(s)
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- 11. 11 What are containers? Containersoffer an isolated environment – as close as possible to a VM – without the overhead of running a separate kernel and simulating all the hardware
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- 13. 13 History of Containers •Chroot – 1979 • FreeBSD Jails – 2000 • Linux Vserver – 2001 • Solaris Containers – 2004 • OpenVZ – 2005 • Process Containers – 2006 • Control Groups (cgroups) – 2007 • LXC – 2008 • Warden – 2011 • LMCTFY – 2013 • Docker – 2013 • Rocket (rkt) – 2014
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- 15. 15 Docker • Open Source •Builds on top of LXC • Provides portable format and runtime environment to deploy application inside containers • Containers optimized by layers • Manages dependencies
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- 20. 20 Container Orchestration • Manage/Provisionmulti-container applications • Application blueprint from a schema (JSON or YAML) • Monitoring • Upgrades (rolling) and Rollback • Policy management • Service discovery • Ease of use • Integration with existing systems
- 21. 21 Docker Swarm $ dockerswarm init $ docker swarm join • Cluster management within the Docker engine • No additional software to manage a Swarm • Easy to setup • Scaling • Built-In • Multi-host networking • Service discovery • Load balancing (L4) • Security • Rolling updates • But… Not a real orchestration tool (not yet!)
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Editor's Notes
- #3 Agenda – Just like meetings should have agenda. So you can decide if you want to stay
- #5 Why containers? Before we answer that question, lets take a look at the hardware installed on various production systems. Virt – tech that separates an os from physical resources. Reduce energy, vendor lock in, faster provisioning of servers, reduce data center footprint Hypervisor presents the the host os a complete set of cpu memory and disk fooling it to believe that its running on a real hardware. So this solves the hardware resources problem by abstracting the hardware from the OS and provides the ability of allocating chunks of compute when necessary
- #6 Modern software systems are very complex. A simple app can have a RDBMS, a document DB, quques, middleware systems, static website etc. And all of these systems can be written in a plethora of languages as per the component needs. So you have many components with different runtimes, and you code that runs on them. Consider CI/CD env and things get really messy
- #7 Multiple targets
- #8 So complex software systems which requires multiple runtimes and are being distributed to variety of physical machines gives us a the Matrix hell
- #9 Before we go further, lets look at a similar problem in the physical world. The shipping industry Until 1950s shipping was messy labor intensive and a drain Malcom Mclean invented the container which standardized the movement of cargo 1966 first international ship voyage
- #10 So just like the shipping industry intermodal containers, our Linux container helps overcoming the matrix of hell
- #11 Agenda – Just like meetings should have agenda. So you can decide if you want to stay
- #12 Sort of the definition from the linuxcontainer org
- #13 Before we talk more about container, lets take a step back and understand the diff between virt and containerization So virt is a tech that separates the OS from the physical resources. The hypervisor provides a complete set of hardware, cpu, mem disk etc to the guest OS fooling it to believe that it is running on a real hardware Containerization, host and guests share the same kernel. Eliminates waste. Free of OS overhead So its considerably smaler, easier to move and most imp faster to provision I/O and mem are also close to native perf But all containers need to share the same base linux kernel
- #14 Containers are not something that Docker invented. The bases of containers have been available in the linux kernel in some form since many year now. Chroot – or change root. Changes root dir of process and child process. So provides isolation of some form to install virtualized copies of software Cgroups – limits and isolates resource usage of a collection of processes LXC – is an OS level virtualization that is built using Linux kernel features like chroot, cgroups, namespaces etc
- #15 LXC is a userspace interface for linux kernel containment features LXC creates a env as close to a standard linux kernel but without the need for a separate kernel Its between a chroot and a full fledged VM Kernel namespaces – ipc, uts, mount, pid, network and user Just as chroot allows processes to see any arbitrary directory as the root of the system (independent of the rest of the processes), Linux namespaces allow other aspects of the operating system to be independently modified as well. This includes the process tree, networking interfaces, mount points, inter-process communication resources and more Apparmor and SELinux profiles Linux kernel security allow for easy control of access between processes and objects, processes and other processes, and objects and other objects Seccomp policies restrict system calls that can be made from a process. Key component in sandboxing Chroots arbitory directory Cgroups allocates resources such as system mem, network bw, CPU time to user defined groups of process. They can controlled, monitored and changed. This is how you can limit cpu and mem. All linux process are children of a common parent: init process. Cgroups are also hierarchical but multiple hierarchy can exist at the same time. Unconnected trees of processes
- #16 Docker is open source software to build ship and run any application as a container. Specifically LXC container. It extends LXC. Make it more usable by application developers. Docker containers are very light weight. Optimized with layers so easy to transport Cross platform dependencies Conflicting dependencies Custom dependencies
- #17 Dockerd process runs as a daemon on a Linux system Core process that manages building of images, publishing them to registries and run them Docker d exposes a http api. Client talks to the daemon using the http api. Registry is where docker images are stored. Which can be later pulled
- #18 What is a docker file. Set of linux commands that describes you images. Docker defines a build as running a sequence of Unix commands, one after the other, in the same container. Build commands modify the contents of the container (usually by installing new files on the filesystem), the next command modifies it some more, etc. Since each build command inherits the result of the previous commands, the order in which the commands are executed expresses dependencies. Show a sample from out git repo Docker build – sends the build context to the daemon which process the dockerfile and creates an image Docker run – runs a container for that image
- #19 Container before docker We have used this sometimes to describe Cars.com arch
- #20 With Docker creating deploying and managing linux container is very simple
- #21 Orchestration So we can run containers. But what about multiple containers that for an application? What about 100s of container instances across multiple server spread over a large geographic area? That when orchestration tools come in. They should have the benefits listed hear Many players in this space
- #22 What is docker swarm. We want to talk about swarm because since docker 1.12, cluster management and routing capabilities are built in Not a complete orchestration tool But provides a lot of cluster management tools with in the docker engine itself
- #23 Lets pray to the demo gods Add a swarm worker using terraform. Export DOCKER_HOST to one of the mangers Show docker node ls Docker network ls Etc Take a clutch based app and add PUBLISHED_PORT and INSTANCES in the mk file And run powertrain service create