Assignment of Macroeconomic Consumption Function
Consumption Function: Average Propensity to Consume and Marginal Propensity to Consume
Graphical Measurement of APC and MPC:
This document outlines the Absolute Income Hypothesis theory presented by Keynes in 1936. The theory states that as absolute income increases, the proportion of that income spent on consumption decreases. So while consumption increases with more income, the rate of increase declines. Key points include consumption (C) increasing at a decreasing rate as income (Y) rises, the average propensity to consume (APC) decreasing as income rises, and the theory showing consumption-income relationships in both the short run and long run.
The document discusses the consumption function, which states that when income increases, consumption increases as well, but to a lesser degree. It defines key terms like marginal propensity to consume, average propensity to consume, and explains the relationship between income and consumption using graphs and tables. The consumption function assumes stable economic conditions and consumer preferences, but may not apply during times of economic instability.
The document summarizes the relative income hypothesis proposed by Dusenberry in 1949. The key points are:
1) Dusenberry argued that consumption depends more on a person's relative income position compared to others in their community, rather than their absolute income level. People will consume more if they live in wealthier communities to maintain their standard of living.
2) In the short run, the average propensity to consume is greater than the marginal propensity to consume and the relationship between income and consumption is not proportional. In the long run, consumption increases proportionally with income and the average propensity to consume equals the marginal propensity to consume.
3) Dusenberry also believed consumption
- Keynes proposed the consumption function which states that consumption is determined by current income and that the marginal propensity to consume decreases as income rises.
- Later studies using long time series data found that the average propensity to consume remained stable over time, contradicting Keynes' theory.
- Economists like Fisher, Modigliani, and Friedman developed models to explain long-run consumption behavior based on lifetime income and preferences for smoothing consumption over time. They argued consumption depends on permanent income rather than current income alone.
Effective demand refers to the total demand for goods and services in an economy, which includes consumption demand and investment demand. According to Keynes, effective demand determines the level of output and employment in an economy. Effective demand is low in capitalist systems because savings increase as income rises, creating a "leakage" out of the system that must be filled by investment in order to maintain output and employment levels. The economy reaches equilibrium at the point where aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves intersect, but this equilibrium may occur at less than full employment if investment is insufficient to make up the gap between income and consumption. The government therefore has an important role in managing aggregate demand to minimize unemployment.
The document discusses two theories of consumption:
1. Permanent Income Hypothesis by Milton Friedman which argues that consumers base their consumption on their permanent income rather than temporary fluctuations in income. Consumption remains constant even if temporary income changes in the short run.
2. Life Cycle Hypothesis by Modigliani which proposes that long-term consumption is related to lifetime average income and depends on factors like wealth, future earnings, age, and rate of return on capital. It suggests consumption and savings patterns vary at different stages of life and are influenced by the age distribution of the population.
1. The Absolute Income Hypothesis developed by Keynes states that aggregate consumption is a linear or non-linear function of current disposable income. Consumption increases but by less than the increase in income. In the short run the relationship is non-proportional, but in the long run it becomes proportional.
2. The Relative Income Hypothesis by Duesenberry holds that consumption depends on relative income compared to others rather than absolute income. People attempt to keep up with their neighbors and consumption patterns are interdependent. The past peak income also influences current consumption.
3. Milton Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis argues that consumption depends on permanent rather than current income. Income has permanent and transitory components
This document outlines the Absolute Income Hypothesis theory presented by Keynes in 1936. The theory states that as absolute income increases, the proportion of that income spent on consumption decreases. So while consumption increases with more income, the rate of increase declines. Key points include consumption (C) increasing at a decreasing rate as income (Y) rises, the average propensity to consume (APC) decreasing as income rises, and the theory showing consumption-income relationships in both the short run and long run.
The document discusses the consumption function, which states that when income increases, consumption increases as well, but to a lesser degree. It defines key terms like marginal propensity to consume, average propensity to consume, and explains the relationship between income and consumption using graphs and tables. The consumption function assumes stable economic conditions and consumer preferences, but may not apply during times of economic instability.
The document summarizes the relative income hypothesis proposed by Dusenberry in 1949. The key points are:
1) Dusenberry argued that consumption depends more on a person's relative income position compared to others in their community, rather than their absolute income level. People will consume more if they live in wealthier communities to maintain their standard of living.
2) In the short run, the average propensity to consume is greater than the marginal propensity to consume and the relationship between income and consumption is not proportional. In the long run, consumption increases proportionally with income and the average propensity to consume equals the marginal propensity to consume.
3) Dusenberry also believed consumption
- Keynes proposed the consumption function which states that consumption is determined by current income and that the marginal propensity to consume decreases as income rises.
- Later studies using long time series data found that the average propensity to consume remained stable over time, contradicting Keynes' theory.
- Economists like Fisher, Modigliani, and Friedman developed models to explain long-run consumption behavior based on lifetime income and preferences for smoothing consumption over time. They argued consumption depends on permanent income rather than current income alone.
Effective demand refers to the total demand for goods and services in an economy, which includes consumption demand and investment demand. According to Keynes, effective demand determines the level of output and employment in an economy. Effective demand is low in capitalist systems because savings increase as income rises, creating a "leakage" out of the system that must be filled by investment in order to maintain output and employment levels. The economy reaches equilibrium at the point where aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves intersect, but this equilibrium may occur at less than full employment if investment is insufficient to make up the gap between income and consumption. The government therefore has an important role in managing aggregate demand to minimize unemployment.
The document discusses two theories of consumption:
1. Permanent Income Hypothesis by Milton Friedman which argues that consumers base their consumption on their permanent income rather than temporary fluctuations in income. Consumption remains constant even if temporary income changes in the short run.
2. Life Cycle Hypothesis by Modigliani which proposes that long-term consumption is related to lifetime average income and depends on factors like wealth, future earnings, age, and rate of return on capital. It suggests consumption and savings patterns vary at different stages of life and are influenced by the age distribution of the population.
1. The Absolute Income Hypothesis developed by Keynes states that aggregate consumption is a linear or non-linear function of current disposable income. Consumption increases but by less than the increase in income. In the short run the relationship is non-proportional, but in the long run it becomes proportional.
2. The Relative Income Hypothesis by Duesenberry holds that consumption depends on relative income compared to others rather than absolute income. People attempt to keep up with their neighbors and consumption patterns are interdependent. The past peak income also influences current consumption.
3. Milton Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis argues that consumption depends on permanent rather than current income. Income has permanent and transitory components
Marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) refers to the expected rate of profitability of new investment. MEC is calculated based on the amount of expected profit and the cost of the capital asset. It indicates the internal rate of return of an extra unit of capital. Investment decisions are influenced by comparing the MEC to interest rates - investments will be made when MEC is higher than interest rates. Companies use MEC to evaluate investments by comparing the discounted present value of expected income to the price of the capital asset. The document then discusses factors that affect MEC and provides a case study of how Nike used MEC to evaluate an investment decision.
This document provides an overview of post-Keynesian economics. It defines post-Keynesian economics, outlines some of its key characteristics such as its focus on effective demand and historical dynamics. It also describes some of the different strands within post-Keynesian theory, including Michal Kalecki's emphasis on imperfect competition and class division. Additionally, it summarizes theories around post-Keynesian income distribution in corporate economies developed by Robinson, Kaldor and Pasinetti, and post-Keynesian employment analysis based on the principle of effective demand determining labor-hire decisions.
1. The document discusses consumption, saving, and investment functions.
2. It explains that consumption is a linear function of disposable income, defined as C = C0 + cY, where C0 is autonomous consumption and c is the marginal propensity to consume (MPC).
3. A saving function can be derived from the consumption function as S = -C0 + (1-c)Y, where 1-c is the marginal propensity to save (MPS).
4. Investment is assumed to be autonomous (exogenous) and constant, defined as I = I0, where I0 is a given, positive level of investment.
Consumption function shows the relationship between consumption and income. Keynes proposed the psychological law of consumption, which states that as income rises, consumption increases but by less than the rise in income. Consumption depends on both subjective psychological factors and objective external factors. The average propensity to consume is the ratio of consumption to income, while the marginal propensity to consume is the change in consumption from a change in income.
The document discusses key concepts related to consumption functions, including:
1) Consumption depends mainly on current income but is also influenced by other factors like interest rates and wealth. As income rises, consumption increases at a lower rate due to savings.
2) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) measure the relationship between consumption and income. APC is the ratio of total consumption to total income, while MPC is the change in consumption over a change in income.
3) Effective demand, the combination of consumption and investment demand, must remain high to maintain employment levels. Investment demand depends on the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC).
Consumption and investment are the two components of aggregate demand in a simple two-sector macroeconomic model that assumes no government or foreign trade. Consumption is determined by disposable income and other factors, while savings is the portion of disposable income not consumed. The marginal propensity to consume measures how consumption changes with income, and is between 0 and 1. Determinants of consumption and savings include income, interest rates, prices, wealth, and demographic factors.
This document discusses the IS-LM model of macroeconomic equilibrium. It provides the following key points:
1. The IS curve and LM curve represent equilibrium in the goods/commodity market and money market respectively, with their intersection representing overall macroeconomic equilibrium.
2. At the equilibrium point, aggregate demand equals aggregate supply in the goods market, and money demand equals money supply.
3. The IS-LM model integrates monetary and fiscal policy and is based on factors like investment demand, consumption, and money demand/supply. Changes to these factors shift the curves and alter the equilibrium level of income.
4. The model is criticized for assuming interest rates are flexible and markets are independent,
The Phillips curve describes an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation, such that lower unemployment is associated with higher inflation. While observed to be stable in the short-run, it does not hold in the long-run. The document discusses the origins of the Phillips curve from William Phillips' 1958 paper and subsequent modifications by economists like Friedman and Phelps who argued it does not reflect long-run economic realities. It also examines shifts to the Phillips curve from supply shocks and how the relationship between unemployment and inflation is now understood with incorporation of inflation expectations.
The document summarizes Keynes' psychological law of consumption, which states that as income increases, consumption increases but by less than the increase in income. It defines the consumption function and shows it represented as C=f(Y). Keynes proposed that consumption has both an autonomous and induced component. The law has three related propositions: 1) consumption increases as income rises but by a smaller amount, 2) the increased income is divided between consumption and savings, and 3) rises in income increase both consumption and savings. The law is illustrated using a table and consumption diagram. It assumes a stable psychological and institutional environment for the capitalist economy.
Keynesian Aggregate demand and aggregate supply income analysisPratikMilanSahoo
This presentation describes the Keynesian model of the economy after the 1929 depression. Aggregate demand aggregate supply with equilibrium and Factors affecting the theory and criticism to Keynesian theory.
Keynes proposed that as income increases, consumption increases but not as much as the rise in income, meaning the marginal propensity to consume is less than one. The relationship between consumption and income can be expressed as C=A+BY, where C is consumption, A is autonomous consumption, B is the marginal propensity to consume, and Y is real disposable income. When total income in a community increases, consumption spending also increases but to a lesser degree, so increased income is split between consumption and savings.
The document discusses the economic concept of the multiplier. It provides three key points:
1) A multiplier measures how much an economic variable (like income or output) changes in response to a change in another variable (like investment or government spending). For example, a $100 increase in investment may lead to a $300 increase in income, so the multiplier is 3.
2) The multiplier captures the ripple effect of spending as income from the initial transaction is spent again and again in the economy. This leads to a larger increase in overall income than the initial change in spending.
3) The size of the multiplier depends on the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). A higher MPC means more
The document discusses the revealed preference theory of consumer demand. It makes three main points:
1. According to revealed preference theory, if a consumer purchases a specific bundle of goods given their income and prices, that bundle is revealed to be preferred to any other affordable bundle.
2. The theory has three axioms: rationality, consistency, and transitivity. It also assumes tastes remain constant.
3. The theory can be used to derive a demand curve by observing how quantities purchased change as prices change, revealing consumer preferences at different price points.
This document discusses various investment concepts including:
1. Types of investments such as induced, autonomous, physical, financial and business assets.
2. Key determinants of investment including income, interest rates, Tobin's Q, and marginal efficiency of capital.
3. Multiplier effects including money, fiscal, and investment multipliers which measure the response of endogenous variables to exogenous changes.
4. The accelerator effect whereby growth in GDP encourages businesses to invest more in fixed assets like factories and machinery, further stimulating economic growth.
Consumption function and investment function chapter 2Nayan Vaghela
Consumption function and investment function chapter 2 SYBcom, Investment Function, Marginal efficiency of capital, marginal propensity to consume, Psychological law of consumption
John Maynard Keynes was an influential 20th century English economist known for developing Keynesian economics. Some of his key ideas included that employment is determined by effective demand, which depends on aggregate supply and demand. Consumption and investment determine aggregate demand, with consumption depending on income and propensity to consume. The multiplier effect means that a change in investment leads to a proportional change in national income and output. Interest rates are determined by the supply of money and liquidity preference. Keynes argued governments could fight unemployment through fiscal policy like taxation and public investment.
Keynesian theory rejects Say's law that supply creates its own demand. It argues that the level of income and employment is determined by aggregate demand and supply in the short run, and that equilibrium could be below full employment. The key determinants of income are consumption, investment, and saving. The effective demand curve shows equilibrium between aggregate demand and supply. Keynes believed full employment could be achieved by increasing aggregate demand through policies like government spending.
This document provides an overview of the simple Keynesian model of income determination. It discusses the key components of aggregate expenditure, including consumption which depends on disposable income, and investment which depends on the marginal efficiency of capital and interest rates. The aggregate output is determined by the factors of production using a production function. Equilibrium income is reached at the point where aggregate expenditure and aggregate output intersect, establishing equilibrium in the goods market.
The document summarizes several economic theories of consumption:
1) John Maynard Keynes theorized that consumption depends on current income, while later models incorporated expected future income and wealth.
2) Irving Fisher introduced intertemporal choice theory, assuming consumers maximize lifetime utility subject to budget constraints.
3) Franco Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis proposes consumption varies over a person's life cycle as they save during working years and dissave in retirement.
4) Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis views current income as having permanent and transitory components, with consumption based on permanent income.
Investment can be defined and categorized in several ways. It includes the expenditure on real capital formation like new machines, buildings, and inventory. Investment can be autonomous or induced by income, private or public based on ownership, gross or net based on changes in capital stock, ex-ante or ex-post based on objectives, and categorized by propensity to invest. The marginal efficiency of capital and interest rate are key determinants of investment. Government policies aim to promote investment through measures like lowering interest rates, taxes, and increasing spending.
1) The document discusses Keynes' consumption function and the marginal propensity to consume. It also discusses later challenges to Keynes' theory from studies using longer time series data which found average propensity to consume to be stable, not falling with increased income.
2) The consumption-saving choice is analyzed using Irving Fisher's intertemporal model which uses budget constraints and indifference curves to represent preferences over time periods. This helps explain findings from different data sets.
3) Later, the life-cycle hypothesis and permanent income hypothesis were proposed to better explain consumption behavior, incorporating randomness in incomes and consumption smoothing over a lifetime.
Consumption, Investment and Stabilization(1).pptxYAshuMuchhal
The document discusses key concepts in macroeconomics related to consumption, investment, and stabilization policy. It covers Keynes' consumption function, including the average propensity to consume (APC) and marginal propensity to consume (MPC). It also discusses empirical estimates of the consumption function and attempts to reconcile short-run and long-run consumption functions. The document then covers investment and the desired capital stock, as well as goods market equilibrium where supply equals demand as Y=C+I+G.
Marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) refers to the expected rate of profitability of new investment. MEC is calculated based on the amount of expected profit and the cost of the capital asset. It indicates the internal rate of return of an extra unit of capital. Investment decisions are influenced by comparing the MEC to interest rates - investments will be made when MEC is higher than interest rates. Companies use MEC to evaluate investments by comparing the discounted present value of expected income to the price of the capital asset. The document then discusses factors that affect MEC and provides a case study of how Nike used MEC to evaluate an investment decision.
This document provides an overview of post-Keynesian economics. It defines post-Keynesian economics, outlines some of its key characteristics such as its focus on effective demand and historical dynamics. It also describes some of the different strands within post-Keynesian theory, including Michal Kalecki's emphasis on imperfect competition and class division. Additionally, it summarizes theories around post-Keynesian income distribution in corporate economies developed by Robinson, Kaldor and Pasinetti, and post-Keynesian employment analysis based on the principle of effective demand determining labor-hire decisions.
1. The document discusses consumption, saving, and investment functions.
2. It explains that consumption is a linear function of disposable income, defined as C = C0 + cY, where C0 is autonomous consumption and c is the marginal propensity to consume (MPC).
3. A saving function can be derived from the consumption function as S = -C0 + (1-c)Y, where 1-c is the marginal propensity to save (MPS).
4. Investment is assumed to be autonomous (exogenous) and constant, defined as I = I0, where I0 is a given, positive level of investment.
Consumption function shows the relationship between consumption and income. Keynes proposed the psychological law of consumption, which states that as income rises, consumption increases but by less than the rise in income. Consumption depends on both subjective psychological factors and objective external factors. The average propensity to consume is the ratio of consumption to income, while the marginal propensity to consume is the change in consumption from a change in income.
The document discusses key concepts related to consumption functions, including:
1) Consumption depends mainly on current income but is also influenced by other factors like interest rates and wealth. As income rises, consumption increases at a lower rate due to savings.
2) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) measure the relationship between consumption and income. APC is the ratio of total consumption to total income, while MPC is the change in consumption over a change in income.
3) Effective demand, the combination of consumption and investment demand, must remain high to maintain employment levels. Investment demand depends on the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC).
Consumption and investment are the two components of aggregate demand in a simple two-sector macroeconomic model that assumes no government or foreign trade. Consumption is determined by disposable income and other factors, while savings is the portion of disposable income not consumed. The marginal propensity to consume measures how consumption changes with income, and is between 0 and 1. Determinants of consumption and savings include income, interest rates, prices, wealth, and demographic factors.
This document discusses the IS-LM model of macroeconomic equilibrium. It provides the following key points:
1. The IS curve and LM curve represent equilibrium in the goods/commodity market and money market respectively, with their intersection representing overall macroeconomic equilibrium.
2. At the equilibrium point, aggregate demand equals aggregate supply in the goods market, and money demand equals money supply.
3. The IS-LM model integrates monetary and fiscal policy and is based on factors like investment demand, consumption, and money demand/supply. Changes to these factors shift the curves and alter the equilibrium level of income.
4. The model is criticized for assuming interest rates are flexible and markets are independent,
The Phillips curve describes an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation, such that lower unemployment is associated with higher inflation. While observed to be stable in the short-run, it does not hold in the long-run. The document discusses the origins of the Phillips curve from William Phillips' 1958 paper and subsequent modifications by economists like Friedman and Phelps who argued it does not reflect long-run economic realities. It also examines shifts to the Phillips curve from supply shocks and how the relationship between unemployment and inflation is now understood with incorporation of inflation expectations.
The document summarizes Keynes' psychological law of consumption, which states that as income increases, consumption increases but by less than the increase in income. It defines the consumption function and shows it represented as C=f(Y). Keynes proposed that consumption has both an autonomous and induced component. The law has three related propositions: 1) consumption increases as income rises but by a smaller amount, 2) the increased income is divided between consumption and savings, and 3) rises in income increase both consumption and savings. The law is illustrated using a table and consumption diagram. It assumes a stable psychological and institutional environment for the capitalist economy.
Keynesian Aggregate demand and aggregate supply income analysisPratikMilanSahoo
This presentation describes the Keynesian model of the economy after the 1929 depression. Aggregate demand aggregate supply with equilibrium and Factors affecting the theory and criticism to Keynesian theory.
Keynes proposed that as income increases, consumption increases but not as much as the rise in income, meaning the marginal propensity to consume is less than one. The relationship between consumption and income can be expressed as C=A+BY, where C is consumption, A is autonomous consumption, B is the marginal propensity to consume, and Y is real disposable income. When total income in a community increases, consumption spending also increases but to a lesser degree, so increased income is split between consumption and savings.
The document discusses the economic concept of the multiplier. It provides three key points:
1) A multiplier measures how much an economic variable (like income or output) changes in response to a change in another variable (like investment or government spending). For example, a $100 increase in investment may lead to a $300 increase in income, so the multiplier is 3.
2) The multiplier captures the ripple effect of spending as income from the initial transaction is spent again and again in the economy. This leads to a larger increase in overall income than the initial change in spending.
3) The size of the multiplier depends on the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). A higher MPC means more
The document discusses the revealed preference theory of consumer demand. It makes three main points:
1. According to revealed preference theory, if a consumer purchases a specific bundle of goods given their income and prices, that bundle is revealed to be preferred to any other affordable bundle.
2. The theory has three axioms: rationality, consistency, and transitivity. It also assumes tastes remain constant.
3. The theory can be used to derive a demand curve by observing how quantities purchased change as prices change, revealing consumer preferences at different price points.
This document discusses various investment concepts including:
1. Types of investments such as induced, autonomous, physical, financial and business assets.
2. Key determinants of investment including income, interest rates, Tobin's Q, and marginal efficiency of capital.
3. Multiplier effects including money, fiscal, and investment multipliers which measure the response of endogenous variables to exogenous changes.
4. The accelerator effect whereby growth in GDP encourages businesses to invest more in fixed assets like factories and machinery, further stimulating economic growth.
Consumption function and investment function chapter 2Nayan Vaghela
Consumption function and investment function chapter 2 SYBcom, Investment Function, Marginal efficiency of capital, marginal propensity to consume, Psychological law of consumption
John Maynard Keynes was an influential 20th century English economist known for developing Keynesian economics. Some of his key ideas included that employment is determined by effective demand, which depends on aggregate supply and demand. Consumption and investment determine aggregate demand, with consumption depending on income and propensity to consume. The multiplier effect means that a change in investment leads to a proportional change in national income and output. Interest rates are determined by the supply of money and liquidity preference. Keynes argued governments could fight unemployment through fiscal policy like taxation and public investment.
Keynesian theory rejects Say's law that supply creates its own demand. It argues that the level of income and employment is determined by aggregate demand and supply in the short run, and that equilibrium could be below full employment. The key determinants of income are consumption, investment, and saving. The effective demand curve shows equilibrium between aggregate demand and supply. Keynes believed full employment could be achieved by increasing aggregate demand through policies like government spending.
This document provides an overview of the simple Keynesian model of income determination. It discusses the key components of aggregate expenditure, including consumption which depends on disposable income, and investment which depends on the marginal efficiency of capital and interest rates. The aggregate output is determined by the factors of production using a production function. Equilibrium income is reached at the point where aggregate expenditure and aggregate output intersect, establishing equilibrium in the goods market.
The document summarizes several economic theories of consumption:
1) John Maynard Keynes theorized that consumption depends on current income, while later models incorporated expected future income and wealth.
2) Irving Fisher introduced intertemporal choice theory, assuming consumers maximize lifetime utility subject to budget constraints.
3) Franco Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis proposes consumption varies over a person's life cycle as they save during working years and dissave in retirement.
4) Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis views current income as having permanent and transitory components, with consumption based on permanent income.
Investment can be defined and categorized in several ways. It includes the expenditure on real capital formation like new machines, buildings, and inventory. Investment can be autonomous or induced by income, private or public based on ownership, gross or net based on changes in capital stock, ex-ante or ex-post based on objectives, and categorized by propensity to invest. The marginal efficiency of capital and interest rate are key determinants of investment. Government policies aim to promote investment through measures like lowering interest rates, taxes, and increasing spending.
1) The document discusses Keynes' consumption function and the marginal propensity to consume. It also discusses later challenges to Keynes' theory from studies using longer time series data which found average propensity to consume to be stable, not falling with increased income.
2) The consumption-saving choice is analyzed using Irving Fisher's intertemporal model which uses budget constraints and indifference curves to represent preferences over time periods. This helps explain findings from different data sets.
3) Later, the life-cycle hypothesis and permanent income hypothesis were proposed to better explain consumption behavior, incorporating randomness in incomes and consumption smoothing over a lifetime.
Consumption, Investment and Stabilization(1).pptxYAshuMuchhal
The document discusses key concepts in macroeconomics related to consumption, investment, and stabilization policy. It covers Keynes' consumption function, including the average propensity to consume (APC) and marginal propensity to consume (MPC). It also discusses empirical estimates of the consumption function and attempts to reconcile short-run and long-run consumption functions. The document then covers investment and the desired capital stock, as well as goods market equilibrium where supply equals demand as Y=C+I+G.
This document discusses consumption, saving, and investment from a macroeconomic perspective. It provides definitions and concepts related to consumption functions, average and marginal propensities to consume, and how consumption and saving schedules relate to disposable income. It also discusses factors that influence consumption, such as wealth, borrowing, expectations, and interest rates. Investment is introduced as dependent on the expected rate of return and real interest rates. The relationship between these factors is important for understanding economic growth and business cycles from a macro perspective.
The document discusses theories of consumption, including Keynes' consumption function which posits that consumption is primarily determined by current income. It also discusses later developments like the life-cycle hypothesis and permanent income hypothesis which argue consumption depends on lifetime or permanent income rather than just current income. The document also examines consumer optimization using indifference curves and budget constraints over multiple time periods.
A Study of Short-run Consumption Function and its Modification with Some Spec...iosrjce
Consumption function shows the relationship between a nation’s income and consumption and it is
imperative in macroeconomics. The present study is causal in nature. The study is based on secondary data
sources especially absolute income theory of consumption under the Keynes’s short-run consumption function
and psychological law of consumption. This paper is an endeavor to study the Keynes’s short-run consumption
function (SCFk) with some special assumptions that SCFk
is misleading to formulate the macroeconomic
policies. This study has developed a modified short-run consumption function (SCFm) with some special
assumptions. The SCFm shows that total consumption is lower than the total consumption by SCFk
. So, the
saving derived from SCFm is higher than the saving derived from SCFk
. This study constructs that under some
special assumption, SCFm helps to calculate the exact amount of consumption, saving, investment to formulate
macroeconomic policy (policies) properly which has great impact in macroeconomics.
The document discusses the consumption function, which models the relationship between total consumption and national income. Consumption is defined as an increasing function of income. The average propensity to consume (APC) is the ratio of consumption to income and declines as income rises. The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the change in consumption from a change in income and is assumed to be positive but less than 1. Keynes' psychological law of consumption states that consumption increases less than proportionately to increases in income. Determinants of consumption include subjective psychological factors as well as objective factors like wages, fiscal policy, and interest rates. Theories like Duesenberry's relative income hypothesis model consumption as interdependent and influenced by social
This document provides an overview of consumption theory including key concepts like the consumption function, marginal propensity to consume, average propensity to consume, and the psychological law of consumption. It also discusses saving functions, investment, and factors that influence consumption, saving, and investment decisions. Some of the main points covered include defining consumption and savings, the relationship between income and consumption, linear and nonlinear consumption functions, and how consumption, savings, and investment interact in an economy.
The document summarizes theories of consumer behavior, including:
- Keynes' consumption function which proposed that consumption is determined by current income and the marginal propensity to consume falls as income rises.
- Fisher's model of intertemporal choice which introduced indifference curves and budget constraints to analyze consumption over time.
- Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis and Friedman's permanent income hypothesis which argued consumption depends on lifetime/permanent income rather than current income alone.
1. The document discusses theories of consumption and investment in macroeconomics.
2. It covers Keynes' consumption function, the life cycle hypothesis, permanent income hypothesis, and relative income hypothesis as theories of consumption. It also discusses the accelerator theory and neoclassical theory as explanations of business fixed investment.
3. The theories attempt to explain factors that determine consumption and investment levels, such as income, wealth, interest rates, and expectations of future income. They seek to understand how consumption and investment influence economic growth and business cycles.
This document summarizes four major theories of consumption function:
1) Absolute income hypothesis proposed by Keynes that consumption is based on current income and increases but at a decreasing rate as income rises.
2) Relative income hypothesis by Duesenberry that consumption depends on one's income relative to others in society.
3) Permanent income hypothesis by Friedman that consumption depends primarily on permanent income rather than transitory income fluctuations.
4) Life cycle hypothesis by Modigliani that consumption seeks to maintain a steady level over one's lifetime by saving during prime earning years and spending during periods of low income such as retirement.
This document provides an overview of consumption functions and related economic concepts. It defines consumption expenditure and discusses its graphical representation. It also examines the relationship between consumption expenditure and factors like wealth, interest rates, and income. Key concepts discussed include the average propensity to consume, marginal propensity to consume, saving function, average propensity to save, and marginal propensity to save. Graphs are used to illustrate these relationships and how consumption and savings change with different levels of income.
This document discusses key concepts in economics related to income determination, including MPC, MPS, APC, APS, consumption functions, and the AD-AS approaches. It provides examples and solutions to calculate these values based on income and consumption data. It also reviews investment functions, full employment, and definitions of related economic equilibrium states.
Consumption function is explained in detail with the use of four theories.pptxAroutselvamChanemoug1
This document discusses several economic theories of consumption:
1) Keynes' Absolute Income Hypothesis which states consumption is determined by current income level. Consumption increases but at a decreasing rate as income rises.
2) Duesenberry's Relative Income Hypothesis where consumption depends on income relative to others. Higher income individuals have lower consumption-to-income ratios.
3) Ando-Modigliani's Life Cycle Hypothesis which models consumption as highest when young/old and savings peak during middle age to fund retirement.
4) Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis where consumption depends on expected long-term rather than temporary income changes.
Consumption function and its theories .pptxVinothM59282
1. The document discusses several economic theories of consumption, including the absolute income hypothesis proposed by Keynes which states that consumption is determined by current income.
2. It also covers Duesenberry's relative income hypothesis where consumption depends on income relative to others, as well as the life cycle hypothesis of Ando and Modigliani where consumption varies over one's lifetime based on earnings and savings.
3. Finally, it summarizes Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis which argues that consumption is based on estimated long-term future income rather than current or transitory income fluctuations.
Keynes’s psychological law of consumptionAjay Samyal
1) Keynes proposed a psychological law of consumption which states that as income increases, consumption increases but not proportionately. The marginal propensity to consume is less than one.
2) Consumption depends mainly on current income. As income rises, the proportion of income spent on consumption (average propensity to consume) falls.
3) Keynes' consumption function can be expressed as C = a + bYd, where C is consumption, Yd is disposable income, a is autonomous consumption, and b is the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), which is less than the average propensity to consume (APC).
1) Several economists have proposed theories to explain the relationship between consumption and income over time. Keynes proposed that current consumption depends on current income, while Fisher argued that consumption depends on lifetime income and consumers smooth consumption over periods.
2) Modigliani built on Fisher's model with the life-cycle hypothesis, arguing consumption depends on lifetime wealth and income that varies over one's career. Friedman's permanent income hypothesis claims consumption depends on permanent rather than transitory income, allowing consumers to smooth consumption.
3) Hall's random walk hypothesis adds that if consumers have rational expectations, then consumption changes should be unpredictable and only change with unanticipated income or wealth fluctuations. Laibson challenged the assumption of
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the Keynesian theory of national income determination. It discusses the theory through three economic models: a two-sector model consisting of households and businesses, a three-sector model adding government, and a four-sector model including foreign trade. The document defines important Keynesian concepts like aggregate demand, the consumption function, marginal propensity to consume, and average propensity to consume. It also illustrates the circular flow of income and expenditures in a simple two-sector economy.
1) The document discusses macroeconomic concepts such as inflation, output growth, unemployment, fiscal policy, and monetary policy.
2) It introduces the concept of aggregate expenditure and how the equilibrium level of output is determined by the equality between aggregate output and planned aggregate expenditure.
3) Planned aggregate expenditure is the sum of consumption and investment spending. Equilibrium occurs when aggregate output equals planned aggregate expenditure, or equivalently when saving equals investment.
The document discusses Keynes' consumption function, which posits that consumption is a function of income. It states that according to Keynes:
1) Consumption increases as income increases, but not by as much as the increase in income.
2) When income increases, the increment is divided between consumption spending and savings.
3) Both consumption spending and savings will rise as income increases.
The document then defines key terms in Keynes' consumption function analysis, such as average propensity to consume, marginal propensity to consume, average propensity to save, and marginal propensity to save.
Income and consumption function hypothesis.pptxVinothM59282
The document discusses several economic theories related to consumption behavior:
1. Keynes' psychological law of consumption states that as income increases, consumption increases but not proportionately, with marginal propensity to consume being less than one.
2. Duesenberry's relative income hypothesis suggests consumption depends more on relative income compared to others than absolute income levels.
3. Friedman's permanent income hypothesis proposes consumption is based on expected long-term or permanent income rather than transitory income fluctuations.
4. The life cycle hypothesis developed by Modigliani suggests individuals' saving and consumption varies over their lifetime, with dissaving occurring in retirement.
Similar to Consumption Function Assignment of Macroeconomic (20)
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3. Consumption Function
The consumption function is a mathematical formula laid out
by famed economist John Maynard Keynes. The formula was
designed to show the relationship between real disposable
income and consumer spending, the latter variable being what
Keynes considered the most important determinant of short-
term demand in an economy.The consumption function is a
mathematical formula laid out by famed economist John
Maynard Keynes in 1936. The formula was designed to show
the relationship between real disposable income and consumer
spending.
4. Propensity to consumer is also called consumption function. In the
Keynesian theory, we are concerned not with the consumption of an
individual consumer but with the sum total of consumption spending by
all the individuals. However, in generalizing the consumption behaviour
of the whole economy, we have to draw some useful conclusion from
the study of the behaviour of a normal consumer, which may be valid
for all consumer’s behaviour of the economy. Aggregate consumption
depends on consumption function or propensity to consume.
The economic term consumption means the amount spent on
consumption at a given level of income. Consumption function or
propensity to consume means the whole of the schedule showing
consumption expenditure at various levels of income. It tells us how
consumption expenditure increases as income increases.
5. According to Keynesian theory, following are the factors that influence
consumption:
(a) The real income of the individual,
(b) The past savings, and
(c) Rate of interest.
6. Consumption Function:
Technical attributes of consumption function are:
1. Average Propensity to Consume (APC)
2.Marginal Propensity to Consume.
In dealing with the consumption function or the propensity to
consume, Keynes considered its two technical attributes:
(i) the propensity to consume
(ii) the marginal propensity to consume, both having substantial economic
significance.
1. Average Propensity to Consume (APC):
The average propensity to consume (APC) is defined as the ratio of
aggregate or total consumption to aggregate income in a given period of time.
Average Propensity to Consume and Marginal Propensity to Consume
7. Income(Y) Consumption(C) Average Propensity to Consume С
APC = у
Marginal Propensity to Consume
MPC = ∆C/∆Y
300 300 300/300 = 1
or 100%
400 380 380/400 = 0.95 or 95% 80/100 =0.8 or 80%
500 460 460/ 500 = 0.92 or 92% 80/ 100 = 0.8 or 80%
600 540 540/ 600 = 0.90 or 90% 80/ 100 = 0.8 or 80%
700 620 620/ 700 = 0.88 or 88% 80/ 100 = 0.8 or 80%
8. Thus, the value of average propensity to consume, for any income level,
may be found by dividing consumption by income. Symbolically,
• APC = C/Y
Where, С stands for consumption and
• Y stands for income.
The APC is calculated at various income levels. It is obvious that the
proportion of income spent on consumption decreases as income
increases. Since the average propensity to consume is 100%, 95%, 92%
and 88%. It follows that the average propensity to save (S/Y) is
respectively, 0.5%, 8%, 10% and 12%,
APS = S/Y = 1 – C/Y
9. Propensity to Consume:
Thus, the proportion of income saved increases as income increases.
The economic significance of the APC is that it tells us what proportion
of the total cost of a given output from planned employment may be
expected to be recovered by selling consumer goods alone. It tells us
what proportion of the total amount of goods and services demanded by
the community originates in the demand for consumers goods.
The average propensity to save tells what proportion of the total cost of
a given output will have to be recovered by the sale of capital goods.
Other things remaining equal, the relative development of consumer
goods and capital goods industries in an economy depends on the APC
and the APS. This suggests that in highly industrialized economies, the
APC is persistently low and the APS is persistently high.
10. 2. Marginal Propensity to Consume:
• The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the ratio of the change
in the level of aggregate consumption to a change in the level of
aggregate income. The MPC, thus, refers to the effect of additional
income on consumption.
• MPC can be found by dividing a change (increase or decrease) in
consumption by a change (increase or decrease) in income.
Symbolically,
• MPC = ∆C/∆Y
• Where, ∆ (delta) indicates the change (increase or decrease), and
• С denote consumption and
• Y denotes income.
11. • Above, the MPC is calculated at various income levels. It is obvious
that the MPC is 0.8 or 80% at all levels. Thus, the MPC is constant
here because the linear consumption function is non-linear, MPC will
not be constant.
• Again, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is always positive
but less than one. This behavioral characteristic of the MPC is
attributed by Keynes to the fundamental psychological law of
consumption that consumption increases less proportionately than
income when income increases.
• People’s main motivation for not spending the entire increase in
income is to save and to create a hedge against special risks and
unforeseen contingencies. Thus, DC < DY always. This means that
• MPC = ∆C/∆Y < 1.
12. Keynes’ hypothesis that the marginal propensity to consume is positive
but less than unity 0 < ∆C/∆Y < 1 has great analytical and practical
significance. It tells us not only that consumption is an increasing
function of income but also that it usually increases by less than 100%
of any increase in income. K.K. Kurihara observes that this hypothesis
will be found helpful in explaining:
(1) the theoretical possibility of “underemployment equilibrium,” and
(2) the relative ability of a highly developed industrial economy.
For the hypothesis implies that the gap between income and
consumption at all high levels of income is too wide to be easily filled
by investment, with a possible consequence that the economy may
fluctuate around unemployment equilibrium.
13. • From the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), we can derive the
marginal propensity to save (MPS) by the following formula:
• MPS = 1 – MPC or (1 – ∆C/∆Y)
• Thus, if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, the marginal
propensity to save, according to this formula, must be 0.2, as MPC +
MPS = 1. Again, as MPC is always less than unity, MPS tends to be
always positive.
• According to Keynes, the propensity to consume is a fairly stable
function of income with the marginal propensity to consume being
positive but less than unity. Keynes, however, did not state what would
be the exact nature of the MPC within the limits laid down.
14. The MPC may rise, fall or remain constant between the limits set.
However, Keynes implicitly stated that the MPC will not be constant
when cyclical fluctuations cause change in objectives factors
determining the propensity to consume. Thus, it may be inferred that
during the cyclical upswing, the MPC will fall while during the
downswing, it will rise. Keynes, however, opines that the long-run MPC
has tended to decline as nations have become richer.
The economic significance of the concept of marginal propensity to
consume (MPC) is that it throws light on the possible division of any
extra income consumption and investment, thus, facilitating the
planning of investment to maintain the desired level of income. It has
further significance in the multiplier theory.
15. It has been observed that the MPC is higher in the case of poor
than in that of rich people. Therefore, in underdeveloped
countries, the MPC tends to be high, whereas in advanced
countries it tends to be low. Consequently, the MPC is high in
rich sections and is low in poor sections of the community. The
same is true of rich nations and poor nations.
16. Graphical Measurement of APC and MPC:
Diagrammatically, the average propensity to consume is measured at a single
point on the С curve. In Fig. 4, it is determined at Point A (where C/Y gives APC).
The marginal propensity to consume, on the other hand, is measured by the
slope or gradient of the С curve, i. e., the consumption function schedule or
curve. To ascertain the slope of the С curve, we draw a horizontal line through
A, the previous consumption Income point, and then measure vertically to the
tangent P, the changed consumption-income point. We shall find that the ratio
of the vertical length PM to the horizontal length AM is 0.8.
17. Empirical relationship between APC and MPC:
• The two consumption propensities are closely inter-related:
• When the MPC is constant, the consumption function is
linear, i.e., a straight line curve. The APC will also be
constant only if the consumption function passes, through
the origin. When it does not pass through the origin, the
APC will not be constant.
• i. As income rises, the MPC also falls, but it falls to greater
extent than the APC.
• ii. As income falls, the MPC rises. The APC will also rise
but at a slower rate.