The document discusses the need for consumer protection laws in India. It provides context on the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act in 1986 and establishes three-tier quasi-judicial system for redressal of consumer complaints. Key definitions include consumer, goods, services and complaint. The rights of consumers such as safety, choice, information, hearing and redressal are outlined. The responsibilities of consumers and importance of consumer protection for business organizations are also highlighted. Case studies within India and abroad are presented to illustrate how the law has been implemented.
Make in india - The Way Ahead Class 12 Economics ProjectShivamSingh1247
This is Class 12th Economics Project as per CBSE Guideline
- Introduction
- Process
- Advantages & Disadvantages
- Challenges
- Criticsm & Concerns
- Sectors Covered
- Objective of Make in india
- Manufacturing Projects
- Infrastructure Support
- News & Statistic
- Objective of Making this Project
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
Business Environment project class 12 cbseJacky Chain
PROJECT WORK IN THE SUBJECT OF BUSINESS STUDIES ON THE TOPIC "BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT" AS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF AISSCE, MARCH 2018 CONDUCTED BY CBSE.
This project contains the information regarding the accountancy project which is to be made by the students of class 12th boards... This project is made by jigar vaishnav for the session 2017-18 with the latest guidelines as per CBSE... Hope this will help the upcoming students who want a help regarding the business studies project....
VIEW THIS PROJECT AT YOUTUBE:- https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&video_id=V7b6VQQrjsg
This project work contains all the necessary information for class 12 accountancy project
This Project Contains three part. They are as follows.
1. Comprehensive Project
2. Specific - 01(Ratio Analysis)
3. Specific - 02(Cash Flow Statement)
Download Accountancy Project of Class 12th Strictly according to the latest rules and regulations of CBSE for free (including Comprehensive Problem,Specific Problem on Ratios,Specific Problem on cash Flow Statement)
Make in india - The Way Ahead Class 12 Economics ProjectShivamSingh1247
This is Class 12th Economics Project as per CBSE Guideline
- Introduction
- Process
- Advantages & Disadvantages
- Challenges
- Criticsm & Concerns
- Sectors Covered
- Objective of Make in india
- Manufacturing Projects
- Infrastructure Support
- News & Statistic
- Objective of Making this Project
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
Business Environment project class 12 cbseJacky Chain
PROJECT WORK IN THE SUBJECT OF BUSINESS STUDIES ON THE TOPIC "BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT" AS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF AISSCE, MARCH 2018 CONDUCTED BY CBSE.
This project contains the information regarding the accountancy project which is to be made by the students of class 12th boards... This project is made by jigar vaishnav for the session 2017-18 with the latest guidelines as per CBSE... Hope this will help the upcoming students who want a help regarding the business studies project....
VIEW THIS PROJECT AT YOUTUBE:- https://www.youtube.com/edit?o=U&video_id=V7b6VQQrjsg
This project work contains all the necessary information for class 12 accountancy project
This Project Contains three part. They are as follows.
1. Comprehensive Project
2. Specific - 01(Ratio Analysis)
3. Specific - 02(Cash Flow Statement)
Download Accountancy Project of Class 12th Strictly according to the latest rules and regulations of CBSE for free (including Comprehensive Problem,Specific Problem on Ratios,Specific Problem on cash Flow Statement)
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio An...Dan John
I assure you that this project of mine will fetch you a very good score.
Good Luck!!
Go to the links below for the following...
Solved Comprehensive Project Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-comprehensive-project-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit and Loss - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-accounting-ratios-with-balance-sheetvertical-and-statement-of-profit-and-loss-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Accountancy project class 11th (cbse board)Jacky Chain
This project contains the information regarding the accountancy project which is to be made by the students of class 11th. It is about Accounting and journal,ledger and trial balance..
Accountancy Project File on Comprehensive problem ...
This project is made by jigar vaishnav for the session 2016-17with the latest guidelines as per CBSE...
Hope this will help the upcoming students who want a help regarding the Accountancy project...
PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO LIKE,SHARE,SUBSCRIBE AND VISIT THIS LINKS.
To view this project in you tube visit: https://youtu.be/fx_oiHkIl3k
To download this project visit: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1h-C4C4IGjDKo1Rk2C_3XSrZJoyIUSwjb
VISIT MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCAmxAC5ivAbBnDKe9NBxbg?view_as=subscriber
MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL VIDEO LIST : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCAmxAC5ivAbBnDKe9NBxbg/videos?view_as=subscriber
VISIT ME AT:-
https://plus.google.com/u/0/107001990812497963473
ADD FRIEND IN FACEBOOK:-
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Accountancy project class 11th and 12th 30 TRANSACTIONS with LEDGER CBSE B...@Jagjeet_patel
i am jagjeet patel i am sharing accountancy project class 11th and 12th travel Agency CBSE BOARD accountancy project ACCOUNTING account project TRANSACTIONS, journal with LEDGER
Solved Comprehensive Project Cbse Class 12 Accountancy ProjectDan John
I assure you that this project of mine will fetch you a very good score.
Good Luck!!
Go to the links below for the following...
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio Analysis and Cash Flow Statements with Conclusion)
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cbse-class-12-accountancy-full-projectcomprehensive-project-ratio-analysis-and-cash-flow-statements-with-conclusion
Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit and Loss - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-accounting-ratios-with-balance-sheetvertical-and-statement-of-profit-and-loss-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit...Dan John
I assure you that this project of mine will fetch you a very good score.
Good Luck!!
Go to the links below for the following...
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio Analysis and Cash Flow Statements with Conclusion)
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cbse-class-12-accountancy-full-projectcomprehensive-project-ratio-analysis-and-cash-flow-statements-with-conclusion
Solved Comprehensive Project Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-comprehensive-project-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Economics Class 12 CBSE project on GST (Goods and Services Tax)Harjinder Singh
This is a Class 12 Economics Project as per the guidelines 2019-20, CBSE.
Unit: Macroeconomics
Topic: GST (Goods and Services Tax)
▽ Check out my other projects
▽ Accountancy
• Comprehensive Project - 1: https://youtu.be/4y6LY6__yeA
• Analysis of Cash Flow Statement: https://youtu.be/HCa-HBkpHmQ
▽ Business Studies
• Changes in the import and export patterns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKHgT...
• Changing role of women: https://youtu.be/lvcn-VQgUG8
• MARKETING MANAGEMENT
◦ Beverages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJxwn...
◦ Mobile: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUq6H...
◦ Sarees: https://youtu.be/s2erj6tkLHw
◦ Toothpaste: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZll_...
• Principles of Management: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzuZ2...
▽ Economics
• Demonetization in India: https://youtu.be/ksnIU6ewifE
• Government Budget & Its Components: https://youtu.be/Uc9EKqBOXAA
Marketing Management Project Business Studies Class 12 CBSE Sahil Kumar
Class Xll Business Studies - B.st Cbse Project Practical File on Marketing Management sample last year topper cbse usp unique selling proposition
Start a company of your choice, brand name, product name conclusion acknowledgement teachers signature
Syllabus of Project Work Practical File Class 12
1. Elements of Business Environment:
a) Changes in mode of Packaging. (milk supplied in plastic bottles to vending machines)
b) Change from Coca cola and fanta in the seventies to pepsi and coke in nineties.
c) Change in role of women in the past 25 years relating to joint families, Women as bread earner of family , Changes in the requirement of trend of mixers , washing machines , micro wave and standard of living.
Introduction of consumer awareness,spreadsheet,questionnaire,pie chart etc........
Consumer Protection Act (1986)
The consumer protection act was passed by the Parliament in 1986.The act came into force on 15th April, 1987.In 1993, the act was amended for the first time. Thereafter, it was further amended in 2003. This Act extends to the whole of India except to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
‘Consumer protection’ refers to protect the consumers against unfair trade practices such as adulteration of consumer-goods, misleading advertisement, under-weight, over changing etc. of the manufacturers and sellers.
Consumer is the user of goods & services who pays for the goods & services which he uses and is entitled to expect the quality and nature of goods & services promised to him by the seller. Manufacturers owe a duty to the ultimate consumer taking care in making their goals where there is no likelihood of their being examined before they reach the ultimate consumer. In today’s mass production economy there is a little contact between seller & consumer in a difficult positions with very few avenues for redressal. The intense competition satisfaction and hence by and large the principles of “Consumer is King” is now expected- a transition from the principles of ‘eaveate emptor’ to ‘caveate vinditor’.
business project work-stock exchange-12th classRavi Singh
business project work-stock exchange-12th class cbse project work
FOR MORE PROJECTS SUBSCRIBE MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL --- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqF8lgmvUBUBTzJPaoY0p8Q
FOLLOW ME ON INSTAGRAM-- https://www.instagram.com/rav_e_singh/
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio An...Dan John
I assure you that this project of mine will fetch you a very good score.
Good Luck!!
Go to the links below for the following...
Solved Comprehensive Project Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-comprehensive-project-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit and Loss - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-accounting-ratios-with-balance-sheetvertical-and-statement-of-profit-and-loss-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Accountancy project class 11th (cbse board)Jacky Chain
This project contains the information regarding the accountancy project which is to be made by the students of class 11th. It is about Accounting and journal,ledger and trial balance..
Accountancy Project File on Comprehensive problem ...
This project is made by jigar vaishnav for the session 2016-17with the latest guidelines as per CBSE...
Hope this will help the upcoming students who want a help regarding the Accountancy project...
PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO LIKE,SHARE,SUBSCRIBE AND VISIT THIS LINKS.
To view this project in you tube visit: https://youtu.be/fx_oiHkIl3k
To download this project visit: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1h-C4C4IGjDKo1Rk2C_3XSrZJoyIUSwjb
VISIT MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCAmxAC5ivAbBnDKe9NBxbg?view_as=subscriber
MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL VIDEO LIST : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCAmxAC5ivAbBnDKe9NBxbg/videos?view_as=subscriber
VISIT ME AT:-
https://plus.google.com/u/0/107001990812497963473
ADD FRIEND IN FACEBOOK:-
https://www.facebook.com/jigar.vaishnav.33
VISIT MY FACEBOOK PAGE:-
https://www.facebook.com/jokesindiabyjigar/notifications/
Accountancy project class 11th and 12th 30 TRANSACTIONS with LEDGER CBSE B...@Jagjeet_patel
i am jagjeet patel i am sharing accountancy project class 11th and 12th travel Agency CBSE BOARD accountancy project ACCOUNTING account project TRANSACTIONS, journal with LEDGER
Solved Comprehensive Project Cbse Class 12 Accountancy ProjectDan John
I assure you that this project of mine will fetch you a very good score.
Good Luck!!
Go to the links below for the following...
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio Analysis and Cash Flow Statements with Conclusion)
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cbse-class-12-accountancy-full-projectcomprehensive-project-ratio-analysis-and-cash-flow-statements-with-conclusion
Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit and Loss - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-accounting-ratios-with-balance-sheetvertical-and-statement-of-profit-and-loss-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit...Dan John
I assure you that this project of mine will fetch you a very good score.
Good Luck!!
Go to the links below for the following...
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio Analysis and Cash Flow Statements with Conclusion)
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cbse-class-12-accountancy-full-projectcomprehensive-project-ratio-analysis-and-cash-flow-statements-with-conclusion
Solved Comprehensive Project Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-comprehensive-project-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Economics Class 12 CBSE project on GST (Goods and Services Tax)Harjinder Singh
This is a Class 12 Economics Project as per the guidelines 2019-20, CBSE.
Unit: Macroeconomics
Topic: GST (Goods and Services Tax)
▽ Check out my other projects
▽ Accountancy
• Comprehensive Project - 1: https://youtu.be/4y6LY6__yeA
• Analysis of Cash Flow Statement: https://youtu.be/HCa-HBkpHmQ
▽ Business Studies
• Changes in the import and export patterns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKHgT...
• Changing role of women: https://youtu.be/lvcn-VQgUG8
• MARKETING MANAGEMENT
◦ Beverages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJxwn...
◦ Mobile: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUq6H...
◦ Sarees: https://youtu.be/s2erj6tkLHw
◦ Toothpaste: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZll_...
• Principles of Management: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzuZ2...
▽ Economics
• Demonetization in India: https://youtu.be/ksnIU6ewifE
• Government Budget & Its Components: https://youtu.be/Uc9EKqBOXAA
Marketing Management Project Business Studies Class 12 CBSE Sahil Kumar
Class Xll Business Studies - B.st Cbse Project Practical File on Marketing Management sample last year topper cbse usp unique selling proposition
Start a company of your choice, brand name, product name conclusion acknowledgement teachers signature
Syllabus of Project Work Practical File Class 12
1. Elements of Business Environment:
a) Changes in mode of Packaging. (milk supplied in plastic bottles to vending machines)
b) Change from Coca cola and fanta in the seventies to pepsi and coke in nineties.
c) Change in role of women in the past 25 years relating to joint families, Women as bread earner of family , Changes in the requirement of trend of mixers , washing machines , micro wave and standard of living.
Introduction of consumer awareness,spreadsheet,questionnaire,pie chart etc........
Consumer Protection Act (1986)
The consumer protection act was passed by the Parliament in 1986.The act came into force on 15th April, 1987.In 1993, the act was amended for the first time. Thereafter, it was further amended in 2003. This Act extends to the whole of India except to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
‘Consumer protection’ refers to protect the consumers against unfair trade practices such as adulteration of consumer-goods, misleading advertisement, under-weight, over changing etc. of the manufacturers and sellers.
Consumer is the user of goods & services who pays for the goods & services which he uses and is entitled to expect the quality and nature of goods & services promised to him by the seller. Manufacturers owe a duty to the ultimate consumer taking care in making their goals where there is no likelihood of their being examined before they reach the ultimate consumer. In today’s mass production economy there is a little contact between seller & consumer in a difficult positions with very few avenues for redressal. The intense competition satisfaction and hence by and large the principles of “Consumer is King” is now expected- a transition from the principles of ‘eaveate emptor’ to ‘caveate vinditor’.
business project work-stock exchange-12th classRavi Singh
business project work-stock exchange-12th class cbse project work
FOR MORE PROJECTS SUBSCRIBE MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL --- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqF8lgmvUBUBTzJPaoY0p8Q
FOLLOW ME ON INSTAGRAM-- https://www.instagram.com/rav_e_singh/
On June 23rd 2016 the UK voted in a referendum to leave the European Union. Prime Minister David Cameron resigned the morning after the vote and a few weeks later, Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party and new Prime Minister
The process of Brexit has begun although the timing of the decision to invoke Article 50 of the EU treaty remains uncertain
Once Article 50 is invoked, there is a maximum period of two years before the UK finally leaves the EU. The terms of the UK’s new economic relationship with the EU also remain uncertain.
This project work contains all the necessary information for class 12 accountancy project
This Project Contains two part. They are as follows.
1. Principles of Management (Henri Fayol)
2. Marketing Management (On Pickles)
Accountancy 12th class project work(Both Comprehensive and specific)Himanshu Mishra
I have uploaded Accountancy 12th class project work(Which Includes Both Comprehensive and specific) as per latest CBSE guidelines 2015 . This project consist of 52pages where i have uploaded 32 pages (Ledger accounts and introduction have been depleted which you can write on your own)
If any query please persist hmishra678@gmail.com (Himanshu Mishra)
Project on biscuits,business studies project work, 12 class business project ...Ravi Singh
business studies project work, 12 class business project work,Project on biscuit
for more projects visit here
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqF8lgmvUBUBTzJPaoY0p8Q
and subscribe now
(RAW MATERIAL) business laws presentation.docxPiyushAnand65
presentation data and information on the subject business laws . it contains every item that you needed for submitting the assingment and get knowledge about th subject matrial.
presentation on Consumer Protection Act. history of CPA. rights of consumer. consumer protection council. consumer redressal system. functions of consumer courts
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdf
Consumer protection act
1. ‘‘NEED FOR CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT IN
AN ERA OF FREE COMPETITION WHERE
‘CONSUMER IS A KING’ – SO KING NEEDS
PROTECTION’’
2. INTRODUCTION:
o Consumer protection is a group of laws and organizations designed to
ensure the rights of consumers
o Consumer protection Act enacted in 1986
o Separate Consumer Dispute Redressal Forum have been set up
throughout India (in each and every district as well)
o The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 aims to provide better protection of
interest of consumers
o The Act extends to whole of India except the state of Jammu and
Kashmir
3. o The act was passed in Lok Sabha on 9th December,1986 and
Rajya Sabha on 10th December, 1986 and assented by the
President of India on 24th December, 1986
o This act was enforced on 15 April, 1987.
4. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:
Any person who buys
goods or services for a
consideration
Any person means
individual
company, group/
association of people
User of such goods and
services
Movable property
including
shares, stocks, growing
crops
Forming part of the land
Excluding actionable
claims and money
Tangible in Nature
1. CONSUMER
2. GOODS
5. Service is made
available to potential
users
Eg: Provision of
facilities -
banking, financing, insu
rance, transport, supply
of electrical
energy, board or/and
lodging
Complaint is a
statement made in
writing by a person
competent to file it
It contains the
allegations in detail
Made in view to obtain
relief
3. SERVICES
4. COMPLAINT
6. Unfair trade practice or a
restrictive trade practice
Goods having defects
Service having deficiency
Excess price charged
Hazardous goods
Hazardous service
Consumer or consumers
Voluntary consumer
association
Government which may
be Central or State
In case of death: Legal
Heir, Beneficiary, Husban
d, Relative can file a
complaint
COMPLAINT MUST
CONTAIN:
5. COMPLAINANT
7. NEED, PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE OF CONSUMER
PROTECTION
Consumer ProtectionCaveat Emptor TO
8. NEED FOR CONSUMER PROTECTION
Protection from Exploitation
Consumer Education
Redressal of Complaints
A Connecting Link
Quality Life for consumer
Ethical Obligations
9. PURPOSE & OBJECTIVE OF CONSUMER
PROTECTION
Protection of Consumer against unfair trade practices
Protection of enjoying the rights
10. IMPORTANCE OF CONSUMER PROTECTION IN A
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
Public Image
Social Responsibility
Increasing Awareness
Customer Satisfaction
Government Intervention
11. RIGHTS OF THE CONSUMERS:
1. The Right To Safety
2. The Right To Choose
3. The Right To Information
4. The Right To Be Heard
5. The Right To Redressal
6. The Right To Consumer Education
7. The Right For Basic Needs
8. The Right For Healthy Environment
12. 1. THE RIGHT TO SAFETY
Before purchasing, consumers should inspect on the quality of the products as well
as on the guarantee of the products and services.
They should preferably purchase quality marked products such as
ISI, AGMARK, FPO, Hallmark etc.
13. 2. THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE
The consumer before purchase a product needs to be made aware of:
o Variety of products and services
o Fair prices
o Quality
o Quantity
o Competition
Knowing this the consumer can make his/her choice for the product
14. 3. THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION
The consumer has the right to be informed about the
quality, quantity, purity, standard and price of goods so as to protect
themselves against unfair trade practices.
16. The consumer has the right to be heard and be assured that their interests or
views or complaints will be considered at consumer forums
4. THE RIGHT TO BE HEARD
5. THE RIGHT TO REDRESSAL
The right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or restrictive trade
practices or exploitation of consumers
17. 6. THE RIGHT TO CONSUMER EDUCATION
The consumers should have access to informational programs and
materials that would enable them to make better buying decisions
18. 7. THE RIGHT FOR BASIC NEEDS
Every consumer has the right to get the quality basic needs such as
food, clothing and shelter.
50%
25%
25%
BASIC NEEDS
Food
Shelter
Clothing
19. 8. THE RIGHT FOR HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
The manufacturer should aim at producing more environment friendly and
energy efficient products.
The products which can be recycled has the following symbol:
NOTE: Rights number 7 & 8 have been added by the
amendment in the act in 1993 and 2002 respectively.
20. RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CONSUMER
Be aware of various goods & services available in
the market
Buy standardize products only (eg: ISI marked
products)
Be aware of each & every aspect of the product
while purchasing it
Buy legal products
Ask & take the proof of the purchase
File a complaint in an appropriate consumer forums
Respect the environment
25. THE CENTRAL
CONSUMER
PROTECTION COUNCIL
• Members:
Chairman, Vice
Chairman, other
members
• Meetings : at least
once in a year
THE STATE CONSUMER
PROTECTION COUNCIL
• Members:
Chairman, other
members prescribed by
the State
Government, Up to 10
members nominated by
Central Government
• Meetings : At least 2
meetings in a year
THE DISTRICT
CONSUMER
PROTECTION COUNCIL
• Members:
Chairman, other
members prescribed by
the State Government
• Meetings : Not less
than 2 meetings in a
year
COMPOSITION OF THESE COUNCILS
26. At National Level
• National Commission
At State Level
• State Commission
At District Level
• District Forums
CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES
27. COMPOSITION
• President : a person who is, or has been, or is qualified to be a District
Judge
• Two other members : persons of ability and integrity and have
knowledge (or experience) of
economics, law, commerce, accountancy, public affairs and
administration. One of the member shall be a woman
District Forum
• President: Judge of High Court
• Not less than 2 members and not more than the prescribed number (one
of them shall be a woman)
State Commission
• President: Judge of Supreme Court
• Members not less than four and not more than the prescribed numbers
(One of whom shall be a woman)
National Commission
28. 1. DISTRICT
FORUM
Value of services and
compensation claimed
does not exceed Rs 5
Lakhs
Complaint can be filed
by:
Consumer, Consumer
Association, Central or
state government
2. STATE
COMMISSION
Value of services and
compensation claimed
exceeds rupees 5 lakhs
but does not exceed
rupees 20 lakhs
Appeals against the
orders of any District
Forum within the state
Complaint can be filed
by:
Consumer, Consumer
Association, Central or
state government
3. NATIONAL
COMMISSION
Value of services and
compensation claimed
exceeds rupees 20
lakhs
Appeals against the
orders of any State
Commission
Complaint can be filed
by:
Consumer, Consumer
Association, Central or
state government
JURISDICTION
29. PROCEDURE ON RECEIPT OF A COMPLAINT
It is the same for all the 3: District Forum, State
Commission & National Commission.
But for the National Commission before the
procedure begins following should be kept in mind.
30. 1.The
name, description
and the address of
the complainant;
2. The name, description
and address of the
opposite party or
parties, as the case may
be, so far as they can be
ascertained;
3. The facts relating
to the complaint and
when and where it
arose
4. Documents in
support of the
allegations
contained in the
complaint
5. The relief which
the complainant
claims
A complaint containing the following particulars shall be presented by the
complainant in person or by his agent to the National Commission or be
sent by registered post, addressed to the National Commission
31. THE PROCEDURE
1. On the
basis of
evidence
brought by
complainant and
the opposite
party denies the
allegations
2. On the basis of
evidence brought by
the complainant and
opposite party fails
to take action
3. Complainant fails to
appear on such day, the
CDRA may dismiss the
complainant
complain, decide on
merit or ex-parte
4. Any party fails to
produce his evidence or
to cause the attendance
of witness – CDRA
may not withstand
5. On such cases
CDRA may adjourn
the hearing ( not more
than 1 adjournment
shall be given)
I] Referral of the complain copy to the opposite party;
II] If Opposite party denies or disputes the allegations or fails to take any action then
CDRA shall proceed to settle the dispute
32. • Any person aggrieved by
an order made by the
District Forum may appeal
against such order to the
State Commission within
a period of 30 days from
the date of the order.
District
Forum
• Any person aggrieved by
an order made by the
State Commission may
appeal against such order
to the National
Commission within a
period of 30 days
State
Commission • Any person, aggrieved by
an order made by the
National Commission, may
appeal against such order to
the Supreme Court within a
period of 30 days from the
date of the order
National
Commission
APPEAL
33. TOTAL NUMBER OF CONSUMER COMPLAINTS
FILED / DISPOSED / PENDING
UNDER CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Cases Filed
Cases Disposed
Cases Pending
84
72
10
618
527
90
333
307
260
National Commission State Commission District Forum
NumberOfCases(in‘000)
34.
35. CONSUMER GUIDANCE SOCIETY OF INDIA
(CGSI)
1st consumer organization to demand special Consumer Court for
redressal of consumers' complaints
Founded by nine women in 1966
Monthly magazine - "KEEMAT" (Currently 32nd Year of publication)
Produced consumer guides (electrical appliances, edible oils, pesticides, etc)
Handles consumer complaint & offers legal guidance
The CGSI aims at making consumers conscious of their rights and responsibilities
and strives to ensure it
Example :Consumer education for rural consumers
36. MUMBAI GRAHAK PANCHAYAT
Mumbai Grahak Panchayat (MGP), or Bombay Consumer Forum, started as an
agitation against the increase of consumer prices near festival season for fair and
free distribution of consumer goods
Indian Societies Registration Act 1960 and Indian Public Trust Act 1950 in the
name of MGP
Primary objectives - organizing the consumers for common causes, educating them and
protecting consumer interest through legal and other means
More than 27,900 members and it has a presence in Greater Mumbai, Thane, Raigad
and Ratnagiri district
Various activities conducted here – Monthly distribution of groceries, Panchayat
Peth, Road Shows and Cosumer Clubs
Example: V/S
37. CONSUMER EDUCATION AND
RESEARCH CENTRE
Protects consumer interest in India through various mediums
It is an UNITED NATIONS approved NGO
Mission - environmental protection, creating transparency and
accountability in the public, etc
Example: CERC's intervention compels mattress manufacturer to
refund partial cost of defective mattress
38. HINDUSTAN UNILEVER CUSTOMER
OMBUDSMAN INITIATIVE
In 2008, Hindustan Unilever had roped in an ombudsman.
It was restricted to end consumers of HUL products.
This was the first time an FMCG company had appointed an
independent and expert mediation procedure for the benefit of its
consumers.
39.
40. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIA VS THAILAND
CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT
Does not focus on the whether the
defendant is negligent. Plaintiffs just
have to Prove that the loss is caused
due to the product
Special masters are appointed for
speedy and fair proceedings
NO FAULT COMPENSATION
SCHEME
o Focus is to prove that the product is
defective, not necessarily unsafe
o Three-tier quasi-judicial system
o Defendant responsible for paying
compensation only if proved guilty or
negligent
THAILAND INDIA
1.The Act on Liability for Injury from
Unsafe Products
2. The Act on Court Proceedings for
Consumer Cases
3.The Medical Malpractice Victim Fund Bill
41. CASE STUDIES IN INDIA
SC orders record Rs 5.96 Crore in a Medical Negligence
matter against Kolkata Hospital
Nokia to pay Rs 67,000 for selling Defective Cell Phones
Punjab Institute fined Rs 38 Lakhs for selling Diploma as
MBA
42. CASE STUDIES ABROAD
Case #1: The Disappearing Car
Case #2: The Pickup with Problems
Case#3: The Chair Shortage
43. CASELETS
Case #1: Jerome and Judith O'Callaghan sued American Airlines
for $100,000
Case #2: Zeynep Inanli sued Starbucks for millions of dollars