1. Ravi Muchhal presents on consumer equilibrium and the theory of demand. 2. He discusses key concepts like utility, marginal utility, indifference curves, and budget constraints. 3. The presentation provides examples and schedules to illustrate the law of diminishing marginal utility, consumer equilibrium when marginal utilities are equal, indifference curves, and how budget constraints determine the combinations of goods a consumer can afford.

1. Presented by:
RAVI MUCHHAL
PGDM 1sttrimester
Doon Business School
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Ravi Muchhal (R)

2. Each consumer has to face the problem of multiplicity of wants and limited income.
In such state of affairs it is the desire of each consumer to maximize his satisfaction in the presence of income constraint.
Whenever a consumer maximizes his satisfaction, he is satisfied with his spending pattern, does not have any tendency to change his style of expenditure, he is said to be in equilibrium in economics.
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3. (1) The satisfaction or utility can be measured into numbers. E.g. If a consumer drinks a glass of milk, the satisfaction he derives from that glass of milk can be represented into number like 1,2,4,5 etc.
It is the view of the economist that the satisfaction or utility is a cardinally measureable quantity as length, weight and volume.
Therefore they accepted the existence of unit of measurement of utility called “util”.
They believed that each consumer has a utilometer to measure the utility into numbers when a consumer uses that units of a good. 3
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4. (2) Utility depends upon the units of one good which a consumer is consuming. In other words utilities are independently determined as U=f(Q).
Where “U” stands for utility, while “Q” represents the units of the particular good which a consumer is consuming.
Moreover, the utilities from different goods can be added. It shows by additive utility function. U = U1(Q1) + U2(Q2)+....+Un(Qn)
Where U1, U2 are the utilities of commodity no. 1,2 etc, which are included in the bundle or basket of goods which a consumer is purchasing. While Q1, Q2 are the number of commodities.
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5. (3) The behaviour of all consumers remain a like. This means that what is the behaviour of a representative consumer, the same is the behaviour of rest of consumers during the consumption.
(4) Consumer is rational i.e. He is well aware of with his income and prices of the good in the market.
(5) The money is a measure which is employed to measure the utility of the goods and service. And there is no change in the marginal (extra) utility of the money, it means that marginal utility of the goods may change while the marginal utility of money remain the same.
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6. Before we explain this law, we clarify the meanings of utility and marginal utility.
By utility we mean, the power of a good to satisfy human want. i.e. The water has a power to quench one’s thirst. For our discussion, by utility we mean “The satisfaction”.
As we discussed above that utility or satisfaction depends upon the units of a particular good. It is as: U= f(Q) or TU=f(Q). This is called utility or total utility function.
By “Marginal utility” we mean the net change in total utility by having consumed an additional unit of a commodity. 6
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7. For example a consumer is using the units of apple, if the total utility of 1stapple is 10 units while the total utility goes to 18 units if he uses the two apples, then the net change in total utility or marginal utility is 8.
MU is the derivative of total utility function or it is the slope of TU curve, it is as: U = f(Q).
Then its derivative will be MU = dU/dQ.
Now we introduce “Law of DMU”. This law is based upon a common reality of life, “The more we have of any commodity, the desire to get any more of it decreases”.
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8. “When a consumer goes on to use the units of good, the total utility derived from the units of good increases at a decreasing rate.
In other words “along with successive and continuous use of any commodity the marginal utility derived from the units of the commodity goes on to fall”.
From the definition we deduce the following:
I.Along with increase in use of any commodity, TU increases at a decreasing rate, hence MU decreases.
II.When the total utility reaches maximum , MU becomes zero. This situation is called point of saturation.
III.When total utility itself falls, MU becomes negative.
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10. I.There should be a continuous use of the commodity which a consumer is consuming.
II.All the units of the commodity in use must be similar.
III.The units of good must be a of a suitable amount.
IV.The taste of consumer should remain the same.
V.The income of the consumer should not change. 10Ravi Muchhal (R)

11. According to law of equi. Marginal utility; “ A consumer is in equilibrium when he spends his money income on different goods in such a way that MU of the last units of money spent on each good is equal”.
This is explained with the help of a schedule and diagram. We assume that a consumer has 5 rupees which he has to spend on two goods like “X” and “Y”. The MU of different units of money are assumed as:
Unitsof Money
Mux
Unitsof Money
Muy
1
16
1
14
2
12
2
10
3
10
3
6
4
8
4
4
5
6
5
2
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12. When a consumer decided to spend his 1stunit of money whether this will go for good x or for good y. Obviously it will go for good x because here he gets 16 utils.
While he get 14 utils if he spends it on good y. Then 2ndrupee will be spend on good y because spending it on y yields 14 utils while spending it on x yields 12 utils.
The 3rdrupee will be spent on x, because 12>10. The 4thrupee will be spent on y and 5thwill be spent on x yielding the 10 utils each.
In this way out of 5 rupee, 3 rupee will be spend on good x and the remaining 2 rupee will be spend on good y. By such arrangements the MU of the last rupee spent on each good has equalized as 10=10.12
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13. Now we prove here that how this situation leads to maximization of satisfaction.
Total satisfaction or total marginal utility when 3 rupee are spent on good x: 16+12+10 = 38.
Total satisfaction or total marginal utility when the remaining 2 rupees are spent on good y: 14+10 = 24.
Total satisfaction or total marginal utility of 5 rupees: 38+24=62.
We assume that if the consumer plans to spend 4 rupee on x and remaining 1 rupee on y. This situation will not equate MU of the last unit of money spent on each good. 13Ravi Muchhal (R)

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15. “An indifference curve is a curve which shows difference combinations of two commodities like x and y which give a consumer an equal satisfaction”.
“An IC shows different bundles of two goods like x and y amongst which consumer remains indifferent because of all such bundles yield a specific level of utility”.
“An indifference curve is the locus of all points in the commodity space that are equally attractive to the consumer”. That is the consumer is indifferent between any two commodity bundles (points) that lie on the same IC curve. U = f(x,y) = k15Ravi Muchhal (R)

16. Bundlesz
Commodityx
Commodity y
MRSxy= dy/dx
A
1
11
B
2
8
3/1 = 3
C
3
6
2/1 = 2
D
4
5
1/1 = 1
E
5
4.5
0.5/1 = 1/2
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17. While the pairs giving less satisfaction to the consumer will lie below these combinations or below this IC –all such is shown with the help of indifference map.
Marginal rate of substitution MRSxy = dY/dx
Simply the rate of exchange between two commodities x and y is called MRS. In proper words by “MRSxy we mean how many units of commodity y the consumer has to forego to get an additional unit of commodity x while the new combination of commodity x and y yields the same level of satisfaction”.
Reference our previous schedule we see that as consumer moves from pair A to pair B, he losses 3 units of y for an additional unit of x. Accordingly, marginal rate of substitution of x for y is 3. 17Ravi Muchhal (R)

18. MRS is also known as slope of an IC.
If we observe the indifference schedule and indifference curve, we find that MRS goes on to fall. Such tendency of falling MRS is known as “Principle of DMRS” between x and y.
It is well evident fact that as a consumer has more and more of any commodity his desire to get any more of it decreases because of an application of law of diminishing marginal utility. 18Ravi Muchhal (R)

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20. An IC shows different combinations of two goods x and y which yield and equal level of satisfaction. Now the question is this which combinations of two goods a consumer can afford to purchase.
This is concerned with the budget constraint line, price line or budget line of the consumer. It is defined as:
“Budget line is a curve which shows different combinations of two goods like x and y which a consumer can purchase, while the consumer’s income, price of x and price of y are given”.
It is as: xPx + yPy = I
Where x represents x commodity, Px is price of x, y represents y commodity and Py is the price of y while I is the income of the consumer. 20Ravi Muchhal (R)

21. Y = I/Py –Px/Py (x).
Now by assuming different values of x, we can find the values of y and then putting such values of x and y in the budget constraint equation, the expenditure of the consumer will become equal to the fixed given income of the consumer.
We suppose I = 10, Px = 2 and Py = 1. If x = 0,1,2,3,4,5. plotting values.
Pairs
X
Y
xPx+ yPy= I
A
0
10
0(2)+ 10(1) = 10
B
1
8
1(2)+ 8(1) = 10
C
2
6
2(2)+ 6(1) = 10
D
3
4
3(2)+ 4(1) = 10
E
4
2
4(2)+ 2(1) = 10
F
5
0
5(2)+ 0(1) = 10
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22. The BL depends upon only two elements: the consumer’s money income (I) and commodity prices (Px and Py). When either of these two elements changes, the BL shifts to a new position. However the BL remains totally unaffacted by a particular change: a proportional increase or decrease in money income and all commodity prices. Such a change leaves horizontal and vertical axis intercepts of the BL same.
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