This document discusses construct chains in Hebrew. Construct chains involve two nouns, where the first noun is modified by the second. The first noun undergoes changes to its spelling or pronunciation depending on its gender and number. Only the second noun in the chain can take a definite article. The meaning of the two nouns together may also change from their individual meanings. Examples of construct chains include "bet sefer" meaning school and "ugat gvinah" meaning cheesecake. The document also discusses borrowed words in Hebrew and new letter sounds introduced to represent sounds from foreign languages.
Adjective meanings is one that explains meanings in terms of a limited number of relationships between the senses of words. The following four senses relations were defined and illustrated: synonym, complementarity, antonym and converseness. In the process of doing semantic description, entailments between sentences are the evidence for senses relation in a semantic description indicate the entailment potentials of words. In formal semantics, meaning postulates carry this information. Gradability-a feature of antonyms, but not of complementaries –was explained. It was observed that the modification of nouns by adjectives cannot be fully accounted for interms of the intersection of sets denoted by the words.
This slides explain the kinds of word-formation processes in English Morphology. This also a PPT version of a pdf-slideshare "A Concise Companion of Word-formation". Check its pdf for detail discussions.
Adjectives and their Difficulties in English and Arabic A Comparative Study -...Al Baha University
This study is an attempt to examine analytically the
similarity and differences of adjectives in both languages,
English and Arabic. The study attempts to methodically evaluate
the different kinds of English adjectives as well as the Arabic
adjectives focusing on the usage, the differences and similarities,
as well as the difficulties.
Moreover it aims to shed light on the way to make such
comparison understandable. It is prepared to contribute in
enriching the field of study because of the lack to researches in
this area.
The study is compromised of four sections. The first section
deals with a brief introduction summarizing the importance of
the study. A short definition of adjectives in English and Arabic
is presented. The second section deals with Adjectives in
English, detailed definitions, and the types of adjectives
supported by examples. Whereas the third part independently,
introduces with details the Adjectives in Arabic; its meaning, and
types supported with examples. The fourth concentrates on a
short comparative study between adjectives in English and
Arabic shedding light on the problems and difficulties of
adjectives in both Arabic and English followed by a general
conclusions, findings and recommendations of the study.
Adjective meanings is one that explains meanings in terms of a limited number of relationships between the senses of words. The following four senses relations were defined and illustrated: synonym, complementarity, antonym and converseness. In the process of doing semantic description, entailments between sentences are the evidence for senses relation in a semantic description indicate the entailment potentials of words. In formal semantics, meaning postulates carry this information. Gradability-a feature of antonyms, but not of complementaries –was explained. It was observed that the modification of nouns by adjectives cannot be fully accounted for interms of the intersection of sets denoted by the words.
This slides explain the kinds of word-formation processes in English Morphology. This also a PPT version of a pdf-slideshare "A Concise Companion of Word-formation". Check its pdf for detail discussions.
Adjectives and their Difficulties in English and Arabic A Comparative Study -...Al Baha University
This study is an attempt to examine analytically the
similarity and differences of adjectives in both languages,
English and Arabic. The study attempts to methodically evaluate
the different kinds of English adjectives as well as the Arabic
adjectives focusing on the usage, the differences and similarities,
as well as the difficulties.
Moreover it aims to shed light on the way to make such
comparison understandable. It is prepared to contribute in
enriching the field of study because of the lack to researches in
this area.
The study is compromised of four sections. The first section
deals with a brief introduction summarizing the importance of
the study. A short definition of adjectives in English and Arabic
is presented. The second section deals with Adjectives in
English, detailed definitions, and the types of adjectives
supported by examples. Whereas the third part independently,
introduces with details the Adjectives in Arabic; its meaning, and
types supported with examples. The fourth concentrates on a
short comparative study between adjectives in English and
Arabic shedding light on the problems and difficulties of
adjectives in both Arabic and English followed by a general
conclusions, findings and recommendations of the study.
1Unit ILesson 6 Grammar and StyleAdjectives and Adverbs.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Unit I
Lesson 6: Grammar and Style
Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives
Adjectives are modifiers: Modifiers include words, phrases, and clauses.
Adjectives modify or say something about a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can tell what color, how many, how big or small, in fact just about anything about the words they modify.
There are several very specific things about adjectives that we have to be aware of as we write and speak:
1. One common error in slang, low diction, and conversational English is to misuse an adjective to modify another adjective.
For example:
He is real tall.
Here the word real is an adjective, but it cannot modify another adjective, tall.
The correct form would be, “He is really tall.” In this case, really, an adverb, can modify the adjective tall.
Another example:
Yesterday I was real sick the whole time at school
Here real attempts to modify the adjective sick. As above, an adjective can never modify another adjective.
The correct form would be, “Yesterday I was really sick the whole time at school.”
2. Adjectives conform to particular and traditional positions, in English usually immediately before what they modify.
Most of the time, adjectives come directly in front of the word they are modifying.
For example:
She drove a new pink Mercedes.
The hot, roaring fire engulfed the house.
In both cases here, there are two adjectives in front of the words they modify.
Another common position for the adjective is at the end of the sentence. This common structure takes the form of subject + linking verb + adjective. Many of these structures, as you will see, are common everyday expressions.
For example:
The quarterback for the opposing team is extremely tall.
Here the adjective tall modifies the subject of the sentence, quarterback.
Sharks in these waters have been known to be very aggressive.
Here the adjective aggressive modifies the subject, sharks.
Food in this part of New Orleans is generally accepted to be very expensive.
Here the adjective expensive modifies the subject, food.
3. Adjectives also normally appear in three different forms, depending on what they are modifying and the context. These are called the positive, what you might call the normal or typical form of the adjective; the comparative, used when you are comparing two items; and the superlative, used when you are comparing one item to three or more other similar items.
For example:
Positive Comparative Superlative
fast faster fastest
good better best
smooth smoother smoothest
Note that adjectives of multiple syllables have to use more and most to make their comparative and superlative forms:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Redolent more redolent most redolent
Note that you could not say redolenter or redolentest.
Fragrant more fragrant most fragrant
Again, there are no such words as fragranter or fragrantest.
Also note that you cannot mix the two forms—that is, add more or most to a form that is made by ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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1. Construct Chains
In this lesson we are going to talk about what
happens when two nouns combine into one phrase.
2. Construct Chains
In Hebrew, nouns that follow each other directly are
called construct chains. A construct chain has two
nouns: the first is modified by the second.
The two nouns may or may not agree in number and
gender. It depends on the context of the sentence.
Because of the special nature of construct chains, some
changes occur with the first noun in the sequence.
The Hebrew name for a construct chain is סמיכות
smichoot.
3. סמיכות
Normally nouns are in absolute state meaning they are
normal nouns not in construct state. We have learned
that feminine nouns typically end in ה in this absolute
state. In ,סמיכות the first noun is in construct state and
the second noun is in absolute state.
When a singular feminine noun is in construct state, the
ה ending changes to .ת One instance you have already
seen is גזרתהשלמים gizrat hashlemim. Notice that the
absolute form of the 1st noun is גזרה gizrah but the
construct form is .גזרת This change happens often in
Hebrew.
4. סמיכות
The plural forms also cause changes in construct
states.
Masculine plural nouns change from ים in absolute
state to י in construct state. This change makes an
‘ee’ sound on the end of a noun instead of ‘im’.
Feminine plural and masculine singular nouns do
not change spelling or pronunciation.
5. definitiveness of סמיכות
Only the absolute noun (second noun) can take the
definite article.
If the absolute noun is definite, the entire סמיכות is
definite.
If the absolute noun is indefinite, the entire סמיכות is
indefinite.
The word ‘of’ can be inserted between the two
nouns if putting them together in English would be
grammatically incorrect without a connecting word.
6. סמיכות
Be careful: Know the difference between a סמיכות
and a noun modified by an adjective. Nouns
modified by adjectives are NOT סמיכות and do not
follow this rule. For example:
ספריהילדים the books of the children – סמיכות
קפה עוגת a cake of a coffee or coffee cake – סמיכות
חדש ספר a new book – noun + adjective
A סמיכות contains nouns ONLY.
7. סמיכות
Remember: סמיכות modify the feminine singular
and masculine plural endings. They also do not
have to follow gender and number for both nouns.
ספרילדים book is singular, children is plural.
An adjective MUST follow gender and number for
the noun and the adjective. They can also both
have the definite article.
חדש ספר both book and new are masculine singular.
8. סמיכות
סמיכות can also change the meaning of the two
nouns. Pronunciation also changes in some words.
בית bayit (house)
ספר sefer (book)
ביתספר bet sefer (school) – literally a house of
book
עוגה uga (cake)
גבינה gvinah (cheese)
עוגתגבינה ugat gvinah (cheesecake)
9. סמיכות
Fun fact:
One of the more well known towns in Israel,
Bethlehem, is actually one of these construct
chains.
In Hebrew, Bethlehem is written ביתלחם which
literally means “a house of bread.”
There are others, this is just an example.
10. Borrowed words
Most Hebrew words come from the ancient biblical
texts. However, there are many words that Hebrew
must express today that didn’t exist in biblical times.
Some of these words are new words like computer,
technology, etc. and some are borrowed foreign
words.
Since the foreign words sometimes have sounds
that don’t exist in Hebrew, three new sounds where
invented to accommodate.
11. Borrowed words
These new sounds are written with normal Hebrew letters but
an apostrophe is added after them.
ג' gimal apostrophe has the dj sound like
○ jeans ג'ינס
○ giraffe ג'ירפה
צ' tsadi apostrophe has the ch sound like
○ chips צ'יפס
○ Sandwich סנדויץ'
ז' zayin apostrophe has the j sound like
○ jacket ז'קת
○ Make sure not confuse this apostrophe with the letter yod י
