In vehicle network architecture is crucial in modern automobiles, enabling the seamless integration of electronic components and systems within vehicles. This article provides an in depth exploration of in vehicle network architecture, covering its history, types of networks, communication protocols, and emerging trends. The history section highlights the development of in vehicle networks, from basic electrical systems to the introduction of standardized protocols like the Controller Area Network CAN . The types of networks section discusses Local Interconnect Network LIN, CAN, and Automotive Ethernet, outlining their characteristics and applications. The communication protocols section explores protocols such as CAN, LIN, FlexRay, MOST, and Ethernet, detailing their features and use cases. Additionally, the article delves into emerging trends, including connected vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems ADAS, autonomous vehicles, and cybersecurity. The discussion emphasizes the increasing need for high bandwidth, low latency communication and robust cybersecurity measures in modern vehicles. By understanding in vehicle network architecture and its evolving landscape, automotive engineers and stakeholders can navigate the complexities of designing advanced, connected vehicles that ensure safety, efficiency, and a superior driving experience. Sanath D Javagal "Connected Vehicles, Zonal In-Vehicle Network Architecture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59616.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/59616/connected-vehicles-zonal-invehicle-network-architecture/sanath-d-javagal
Automotive Ethernet architecture and security: challenges and technologies IJECEIAES
Vehicle infrastructure must address the challenges posed by today's advances toward connected and autonomous vehicles. To allow for more flexible architectures, high-bandwidth connections and scalability are needed to connect many sensors and electronic control units (ECUs). At the same time, deterministic and low latency is a critical and significant design requirement to support urgent real-time applications in autonomous vehicles. As a recent solution, the time-sensitive network (TSN) was introduced as Ethernet-based amendments in IEEE 802.1 TSN standards to meet those needs. However, it had hurdle to be overcome before it can be used effectively. This paper discusses the latest studies concerning the automotive Ethernet requirements, including transmission delay studies to improve worst-case end-to-end delay and end-to-end jitter. Also, the paper focuses on the securing Ethernet-based in-vehicle networks (IVNs) by reviewing new encryption and authentication methods and approaches.
Iaetsd zigbee for vehicular communication systemsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses Zigbee for vehicular communication systems. It begins with an introduction to vehicular communication and the need to develop effective communication systems for intelligent transportation systems. It then discusses some key aspects of vehicular communication systems, including long vehicle lifespans, physical access by owners, and robustness requirements. The document also discusses the SeVeCom implementation of a baseline security architecture for vehicular communication systems, including modules for secure communication, privacy protection, and in-vehicle security. It describes how components are integrated with the communication stack through a hooking architecture and interfaces.
Wide area network in smart grid kundanKundan Kumar
The document discusses the need for a wide area network (WAN) in a smart grid. It describes the roles of the WAN in connecting utilities across regional grids and allowing communication with customers and distributed energy sources. The document evaluates both public and private network options for a smart grid WAN and determines that a private wireless WAN is the most suitable approach. It outlines critical requirements for a private wireless WAN, including coverage, capacity, cost, range, supporting real-time two-way communication, security, and reliability.
01-AUTOSAR In-vehicle Standardization with Certainty of Operations towards Gl...Sivaram P
This document discusses the AUTOSAR standard for automotive in-vehicle networks. It begins by comparing AUTOSAR to the OSI model for computer networks, noting that OSI helped standardize computer networking and led to benefits like easier troubleshooting. AUTOSAR aims to do the same for automotive in-vehicle networks. The document then discusses how AUTOSAR standardizes the architecture and integration of electronic control units and software to control different vehicle functional domains. This standardization brings benefits like reduced complexity, easier maintenance, and a more global automotive industry with options for interchangeable parts from different manufacturers. Finally, the document briefly outlines some of the main vehicle functional domains and the role of ECUs and software in controlling them.
This document provides an overview of advanced vehicle control systems and automotive electronics. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including vehicle communication, network topology, automotive networks, bus systems, vehicle system architecture, and more. It then defines automotronics and discusses how modern vehicles rely on electronics and computer systems for functions like engine control, transmission control, stability control systems and more. The document discusses network topologies used in vehicles like bus, star and ring networks. It covers different automotive network standards and bus systems like CAN, LIN, FlexRay and MOST. Finally, it discusses requirements for automotive bus systems like data transfer rates, interference immunity and real-time capability.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESIGN CHALLENGES IN AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMVLSICS Design
Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the vehicles.
Today, a growing number of vehicles are equipped with communication devices to facilitate vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication and increase the safety of passengers. A new type of network called Vehicular Network VANET provides us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers' and passengers' safety and comfort. Vehicular networks are special types of mobile ad hoc networks that are used to help drivers access necessary information. This paper provides an introduction to vehicular networks. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Vehicular Networking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46451.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46451/vehicular-networking/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Comparison between Conventional Network and ANN with Case Study IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview and comparison of conventional networks, artificial neural networks (ANN), routers, bridges, and repeaters. It begins with an abstract discussing the goals of comparing these network types and generating a case study. It then provides detailed descriptions of ad-hoc networks, ANN, routers, bridges, and repeaters. The document discusses routing protocols for ad-hoc networks and categorizes them as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. It also examines challenges in ad-hoc network routing and provides examples of different routing protocols. In the following sections, it provides more in-depth explanations of routers, including their control and forwarding planes and different types.
Automotive Ethernet architecture and security: challenges and technologies IJECEIAES
Vehicle infrastructure must address the challenges posed by today's advances toward connected and autonomous vehicles. To allow for more flexible architectures, high-bandwidth connections and scalability are needed to connect many sensors and electronic control units (ECUs). At the same time, deterministic and low latency is a critical and significant design requirement to support urgent real-time applications in autonomous vehicles. As a recent solution, the time-sensitive network (TSN) was introduced as Ethernet-based amendments in IEEE 802.1 TSN standards to meet those needs. However, it had hurdle to be overcome before it can be used effectively. This paper discusses the latest studies concerning the automotive Ethernet requirements, including transmission delay studies to improve worst-case end-to-end delay and end-to-end jitter. Also, the paper focuses on the securing Ethernet-based in-vehicle networks (IVNs) by reviewing new encryption and authentication methods and approaches.
Iaetsd zigbee for vehicular communication systemsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses Zigbee for vehicular communication systems. It begins with an introduction to vehicular communication and the need to develop effective communication systems for intelligent transportation systems. It then discusses some key aspects of vehicular communication systems, including long vehicle lifespans, physical access by owners, and robustness requirements. The document also discusses the SeVeCom implementation of a baseline security architecture for vehicular communication systems, including modules for secure communication, privacy protection, and in-vehicle security. It describes how components are integrated with the communication stack through a hooking architecture and interfaces.
Wide area network in smart grid kundanKundan Kumar
The document discusses the need for a wide area network (WAN) in a smart grid. It describes the roles of the WAN in connecting utilities across regional grids and allowing communication with customers and distributed energy sources. The document evaluates both public and private network options for a smart grid WAN and determines that a private wireless WAN is the most suitable approach. It outlines critical requirements for a private wireless WAN, including coverage, capacity, cost, range, supporting real-time two-way communication, security, and reliability.
01-AUTOSAR In-vehicle Standardization with Certainty of Operations towards Gl...Sivaram P
This document discusses the AUTOSAR standard for automotive in-vehicle networks. It begins by comparing AUTOSAR to the OSI model for computer networks, noting that OSI helped standardize computer networking and led to benefits like easier troubleshooting. AUTOSAR aims to do the same for automotive in-vehicle networks. The document then discusses how AUTOSAR standardizes the architecture and integration of electronic control units and software to control different vehicle functional domains. This standardization brings benefits like reduced complexity, easier maintenance, and a more global automotive industry with options for interchangeable parts from different manufacturers. Finally, the document briefly outlines some of the main vehicle functional domains and the role of ECUs and software in controlling them.
This document provides an overview of advanced vehicle control systems and automotive electronics. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including vehicle communication, network topology, automotive networks, bus systems, vehicle system architecture, and more. It then defines automotronics and discusses how modern vehicles rely on electronics and computer systems for functions like engine control, transmission control, stability control systems and more. The document discusses network topologies used in vehicles like bus, star and ring networks. It covers different automotive network standards and bus systems like CAN, LIN, FlexRay and MOST. Finally, it discusses requirements for automotive bus systems like data transfer rates, interference immunity and real-time capability.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESIGN CHALLENGES IN AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMVLSICS Design
Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the vehicles.
Today, a growing number of vehicles are equipped with communication devices to facilitate vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication and increase the safety of passengers. A new type of network called Vehicular Network VANET provides us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers' and passengers' safety and comfort. Vehicular networks are special types of mobile ad hoc networks that are used to help drivers access necessary information. This paper provides an introduction to vehicular networks. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Vehicular Networking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46451.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46451/vehicular-networking/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Comparison between Conventional Network and ANN with Case Study IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview and comparison of conventional networks, artificial neural networks (ANN), routers, bridges, and repeaters. It begins with an abstract discussing the goals of comparing these network types and generating a case study. It then provides detailed descriptions of ad-hoc networks, ANN, routers, bridges, and repeaters. The document discusses routing protocols for ad-hoc networks and categorizes them as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. It also examines challenges in ad-hoc network routing and provides examples of different routing protocols. In the following sections, it provides more in-depth explanations of routers, including their control and forwarding planes and different types.
DEPLOYING HEALTH MONITORING ECU TOWARDS ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF IN-VEHIC...cscpconf
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are the fundamental electronic building blocks of any
automotive system. They are multi-purpose, multi-chip and multicore computer systems where
more functionality is delivered in software rather than hardware. ECUs are valuable assets for
the vehicles as critical time bounded messages are communicated through. Looking into the
safety criticality, already developed mission critical systems such as ABS, ESP etc, rely fully on
electronic components leading to increasing requirements of more reliable and dependable electronic systems in vehicles. Hence it is inevitable to maintain and monitor the health of an ECU which will enable the ECUs to be followed, assessed and improved throughout their lifecycle starting from their inception into the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a Health monitoring ECU that enables the early trouble shooting and servicing of the vehicle prior to any catastrophic failure.
Secure Data Aggregation Of Wireless Sensor NetworksAmy Moore
Wireless sensor networks are used to monitor environmental conditions like temperature and humidity under controlled environments for seed germination experiments. A wireless remote monitoring system using sensors can precisely monitor temperature, humidity, and water content of seeds in closed containers. ZigBee wireless sensor networks are effective for real-time monitoring of the conditions necessary for seed germination and growth. Researchers aim to design a wireless sensor network integrated with sensors to remotely manage and monitor the environmental parameters for seed germination experiments under controlled conditions.
A heterogeneous short-range communication platform for Internet of Vehicles IJECEIAES
The automotive industry is rapidly accelerating toward the development of innovative industry applications that feature management capabilities for data and applications alike in cars. In this regard, more internet of vehicles solutions are emerging through advancements of various wireless medium access-control technologies and the internet of things. In the present work, we develop a short-range communication–based vehicular system to support vehicle communication and remote car control. We present a combined hardware and software testbed that is capable of controlling a vehicle’s start up, operation and several related functionalities covering various vehicle metric data. The testbed is built from two microcontrollers, Arduino and Raspberry Pi 3, each of which individually controls certain functions to improve the overall vehicle control. The implementation of the heterogeneous communication module is based on the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15 medium access control technologies. Further, a control module on a smartphone was designed and implemented for efficient management. Moreover, we study the system connectivity performance by measuring various important parameters including the coverage distance, signal strength, download speed and latency. This study covers the use of this technology setup in different geographical areas over various time spans.
The document discusses challenges and security issues related to the Internet of Things (IoT). It notes that while IoT provides many benefits across various industries like healthcare, transportation, and more, it also faces challenges. Key challenges include the large number of devices and sensors requiring unique identification, and the need for proper data storage, management, and processing. Regarding security issues, the document states that IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks due to limited computing resources. It proposes using cloud computing and other techniques to help build a more secure IoT infrastructure.
This document describes a proposed system for automating vehicles using CAN bus technology. The system would monitor driver behavior using sensors to detect alcohol, drowsiness, and other factors. It contains an ARM Cortex M-3 controller, sensors, a CAN controller, GPS and GSM modules. CAN bus is commonly used in automobiles for communication and allows real-time data transmission between electronic control units with few wires. The proposed system aims to automate vehicle functions for safety and guidance using this technology.
Towards design strong emergency and COVID-19 authentication scheme in VANETnooriasukmaningtyas
The wide use of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in the last decade has led many researchers to find efficient and reliable methods to obtain the desired benefits and offer services, such as healthcare and traffic management. However, VANETs suffer from security issues represented by authentication and data integrity. In this paper, we propose a robust mutual authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), cryptography Hash Function, and a pseudonym. The proposed work was twofold in focus: first, on healthcare in emergency cars which use VANETs, and second, on overcoming security issues, such as resisting familiar attacks (e.g. insider attacks and reply attacks). Because of the serious situation generated by the worldwide outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic, we also found this research valuable in supporting global efforts to combat the rapid spread of this virus, by finding the safest and fastest routes to epidemic treatment centres for medical staff, assistance teams in medical operations, fumigation control, and all work teams associated with disease control. This research attempts to contribute by proposing a special signal used to define epidemic teams. The best route, fast route can be chosen by using VANETs infrastructure. This scheme also deals with metric security features, such as key management, data integrity, and data privacy. In the communication and computation cost, we noticed that our proposed scheme achieved good results compared with the related works
This document summarizes previous research on vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses key aspects of VANETs such as vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. It then reviews 14 previous studies on topics like clustering algorithms, quality of service routing, data dissemination, and security issues like detecting black hole attacks. The studies evaluated different approaches to improve stability, reliability, latency and throughput in VANETs. The document aims to identify important challenges in VANET research and areas for further work.
Preparing for CV Deployment read ahead 9-8-18raymurphy9533
The fundamental premise of the connected vehicle environment lies in the power of wireless connectivity among vehicles (V2V communications), the infrastructure (V2I communications), and mobile devices to bring about transformative changes in highway safety, mobility, and the environmental impacts of the transportation system.
Real-World Multimedia Streaming for Software Defined Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworksIJCNCJournal
Multimedia services with required Quality of Service (QoS) is one of the most critical challenges in Software Defined Network (SDN) based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It forms an essential part of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS), where infotainment services play an essential role. Streaming multimedia is one of the most popular applications and has a high demand for VANET infotainment services. The major issues for multimedia streaming on VANET are scalability, mobility of vehicles, frequent connection failures, frequent change in network topology, and distributed architecture with heterogeneous devices. To overcome these problems and provide a better QoS, we propose using a hybridarchitecture with a combination of VANET and SDN called Software-Defined Vehicular Networks (SDVN). This work presents a modified POX controller-based SDN framework for VANETs, especially for multimedia streaming applications in realistic traffic patterns. The proposed work has a real-world setup developed using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), where iPerf generates multimedia traffic. Also, streaming standard-definition YouTube videos in real-time between the vehicular nodes was done. The modified POX controller could take advantage of the centralised perspective of the network for action determination, and the integrated spanning tree algorithm reduced the redundancy. Despite the dynamic nature of the testing environments, the proposed Modified POX Controller consistently outperformed VANET, with up to 21 to 42% better packet delivery ratio for higher data transfer rates. The overall improvement in QoS parameters also accompanies an improvement in the consumers Quality of Experience (QoE) factors.
Real-World Multimedia Streaming for Software Defined Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworksIJCNCJournal
Multimedia services with required Quality of Service (QoS) is one of the most critical challenges in
Software Defined Network (SDN) based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It forms an essential part
of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS), where infotainment services play an essential role. Streaming
multimedia is one of the most popular applications and has a high demand for VANET infotainment
services. The major issues for multimedia streaming on VANET are scalability, mobility of vehicles,
frequent connection failures, frequent change in network topology, and distributed architecture with
heterogeneous devices. To overcome these problems and provide a better QoS, we propose using a
hybridarchitecture with a combination of VANET and SDN called Software-Defined Vehicular Networks
(SDVN). This work presents a modified POX controller-based SDN framework for VANETs, especially for
multimedia streaming applications in realistic traffic patterns. The proposed work has a real-world setup
developed using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), where iPerf generates multimedia traffic.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Analysis of Braking System by X-By-Wire System u...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using FlexRay networking protocol for analyzing braking systems in an X-by-wire system. It first introduces X-by-wire systems and their advantages over traditional mechanical systems. It then reviews several previous studies on FlexRay and X-by-wire systems for applications like steer-by-wire and brake-by-wire. Finally, it discusses challenges in ensuring safety and reliability in electronic braking systems and the potential of FlexRay protocol to address these challenges by providing fault tolerance and real-time communication.
IRJET- Energy Efficient Technique to Reduce Energy Consumption in IoTIRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy efficient technique (ETREC) to reduce energy consumption in Internet of Things (IoT) networks based on packet size. It summarizes existing energy efficient routing protocols for IoT and identifies energy consumption as a key issue. The proposed ETREC technique selects the path with the minimum packet size from among available paths between a source and destination. It classifies paths as low, medium or maximum based on packet size and prioritizes forwarding along low packet size paths to minimize energy consumption. Simulation results using the Network Simulator 2 tool demonstrate that ETREC reduces energy consumption compared to existing techniques.
IRJET- Viability of Smart City Applications with Lora WANIRJET Journal
This document discusses the viability of using LoRa WAN for smart city applications. It summarizes the LoRa WAN technology, including its long range capabilities and low power consumption. It then describes two case studies of using LoRa WAN for air quality and congestion monitoring in London. The results show that LoRa WAN is a feasible low power solution for these types of smart city applications. Battery lifetimes of several years can be achieved, meeting requirements for monitoring networks. Therefore, LoRa WAN shows potential as an effective technology for implementing IoT in smart cities.
In software-defined networking (SDN), network traffic is managed by software controllers or application programming interfaces (APIs) rather than hardware components. It differs from traditional networks, which use
switches and routers to control traffic. Using SDN, you can create and control virtual networks or traditional hardware networks. Furthermore, OpenFlow allows network administrators to control exact network behavior
through centralized control of packet forwarding. For these reasons, SDN has advantages over certain security issues, unlike traditional networks.
However, most of the existing vulnerabilities and security threats in the traditional network also impact the SDN network. This document presents the attacks targeting the SDN network and the solutions that protect against
these attacks. In addition, we introduce a variety of SDN security controls, such as intrusion detection systems (IDS)/intrusion prevention system (IPS), and firewalls. Towards the end, we outline a conclusion and perspectives.
A Brief Study on Wireless Communication Network Architectureand Sensor NetworksM. A. Nakib Juris
This document provides an overview of wireless communication network architectures and sensor networks. It discusses several key points:
- Hybrid network architectures that combine high-speed core networks (e.g. internet VPNs) with various last-mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication, and wireless communication are well-suited for electric utility automation applications.
- Internet-based VPNs can provide a cost-effective high-speed core network while ensuring security, quality of service, reliability and other requirements of electric utility automation if properly implemented.
- Various last-mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication and wireless communication each have their own advantages and disadvantages for connecting substations to the core network. A
This document provides an overview of wireless communication network architectures and sensor networks. It discusses the need for reliable communication networks to support electric utility automation applications. A hybrid communication network architecture is proposed that combines a high-speed core network (e.g. internet VPN) with various last mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication, optical fiber communication and wireless communication. Each connectivity option has advantages and disadvantages for use in electric utility automation. The document also discusses design considerations and challenges for implementing effective wireless communication networks to support various automation applications in the electric system.
The document discusses several initiatives related to securing critical infrastructure systems:
- The Security Fabric Alliance aims to deploy security solutions for the power grid through collaboration between utilities, technology companies, and standards bodies.
- The Industrial Internet Consortium works to accelerate development and adoption of technologies connecting industrial systems for security and productivity.
- The OMG process establishes market standards to certify conformity and interoperability of the Security Fabric for critical infrastructure.
- Initiatives are described to utilize hybrid cloud/device services, protected by the Security Fabric, to support rural electric co-ops across the U.S.
The document discusses several initiatives related to securing critical infrastructure systems:
- The Security Fabric Alliance aims to deploy security solutions for the power grid through collaboration between utilities, technology companies, and standards bodies.
- The Industrial Internet Consortium works to accelerate development and adoption of technologies connecting industrial systems for security and productivity.
- The OMG process establishes market standards to certify that solutions meet requirements for interoperability and security in critical infrastructure systems.
- The document outlines a vision for an "Agile Fractal Grid" with cloud services, advanced analytics, and end-to-end security protections to achieve grid reliability and resiliency.
Cisco Network Convergence System: Building the Foundation for the Internet of...Cisco Service Provider
Cisco Network Convergence System (NCS) is a family of integrated packet routing and transport systems designed to help service providers capture their share of the IoE Value at Stake. NCS is built on major innovations in silicon, optics and software and provides the building blocks of a multilayer converged network that intelligently manages and scales functions across its architecture.
ACG Research analyzed the business case for NCS and found it achieves massive scale via multichassis system architecture, the density and performance of its new chip set, and the extension of the control plane to virtual machines (VM) internally and externally.
Towards automated service-oriented lifecycle management for 5G networksEricsson
5G networks will be a key enabler for the Internet of Things by providing a platform for connecting a massive number of devices with heterogeneous sets of network quality requirements. In this environment, 5G network operators will have to solve the complex challenge of managing network services for diverse customer sectors (such as automotive, health or energy) with different requirements throughout their lifecycle.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are the fundamental electronic building blocks of any
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more functionality is delivered in software rather than hardware. ECUs are valuable assets for
the vehicles as critical time bounded messages are communicated through. Looking into the
safety criticality, already developed mission critical systems such as ABS, ESP etc, rely fully on
electronic components leading to increasing requirements of more reliable and dependable electronic systems in vehicles. Hence it is inevitable to maintain and monitor the health of an ECU which will enable the ECUs to be followed, assessed and improved throughout their lifecycle starting from their inception into the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a Health monitoring ECU that enables the early trouble shooting and servicing of the vehicle prior to any catastrophic failure.
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Wireless sensor networks are used to monitor environmental conditions like temperature and humidity under controlled environments for seed germination experiments. A wireless remote monitoring system using sensors can precisely monitor temperature, humidity, and water content of seeds in closed containers. ZigBee wireless sensor networks are effective for real-time monitoring of the conditions necessary for seed germination and growth. Researchers aim to design a wireless sensor network integrated with sensors to remotely manage and monitor the environmental parameters for seed germination experiments under controlled conditions.
A heterogeneous short-range communication platform for Internet of Vehicles IJECEIAES
The automotive industry is rapidly accelerating toward the development of innovative industry applications that feature management capabilities for data and applications alike in cars. In this regard, more internet of vehicles solutions are emerging through advancements of various wireless medium access-control technologies and the internet of things. In the present work, we develop a short-range communication–based vehicular system to support vehicle communication and remote car control. We present a combined hardware and software testbed that is capable of controlling a vehicle’s start up, operation and several related functionalities covering various vehicle metric data. The testbed is built from two microcontrollers, Arduino and Raspberry Pi 3, each of which individually controls certain functions to improve the overall vehicle control. The implementation of the heterogeneous communication module is based on the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15 medium access control technologies. Further, a control module on a smartphone was designed and implemented for efficient management. Moreover, we study the system connectivity performance by measuring various important parameters including the coverage distance, signal strength, download speed and latency. This study covers the use of this technology setup in different geographical areas over various time spans.
The document discusses challenges and security issues related to the Internet of Things (IoT). It notes that while IoT provides many benefits across various industries like healthcare, transportation, and more, it also faces challenges. Key challenges include the large number of devices and sensors requiring unique identification, and the need for proper data storage, management, and processing. Regarding security issues, the document states that IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks due to limited computing resources. It proposes using cloud computing and other techniques to help build a more secure IoT infrastructure.
This document describes a proposed system for automating vehicles using CAN bus technology. The system would monitor driver behavior using sensors to detect alcohol, drowsiness, and other factors. It contains an ARM Cortex M-3 controller, sensors, a CAN controller, GPS and GSM modules. CAN bus is commonly used in automobiles for communication and allows real-time data transmission between electronic control units with few wires. The proposed system aims to automate vehicle functions for safety and guidance using this technology.
Towards design strong emergency and COVID-19 authentication scheme in VANETnooriasukmaningtyas
The wide use of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in the last decade has led many researchers to find efficient and reliable methods to obtain the desired benefits and offer services, such as healthcare and traffic management. However, VANETs suffer from security issues represented by authentication and data integrity. In this paper, we propose a robust mutual authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), cryptography Hash Function, and a pseudonym. The proposed work was twofold in focus: first, on healthcare in emergency cars which use VANETs, and second, on overcoming security issues, such as resisting familiar attacks (e.g. insider attacks and reply attacks). Because of the serious situation generated by the worldwide outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic, we also found this research valuable in supporting global efforts to combat the rapid spread of this virus, by finding the safest and fastest routes to epidemic treatment centres for medical staff, assistance teams in medical operations, fumigation control, and all work teams associated with disease control. This research attempts to contribute by proposing a special signal used to define epidemic teams. The best route, fast route can be chosen by using VANETs infrastructure. This scheme also deals with metric security features, such as key management, data integrity, and data privacy. In the communication and computation cost, we noticed that our proposed scheme achieved good results compared with the related works
This document summarizes previous research on vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses key aspects of VANETs such as vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. It then reviews 14 previous studies on topics like clustering algorithms, quality of service routing, data dissemination, and security issues like detecting black hole attacks. The studies evaluated different approaches to improve stability, reliability, latency and throughput in VANETs. The document aims to identify important challenges in VANET research and areas for further work.
Preparing for CV Deployment read ahead 9-8-18raymurphy9533
The fundamental premise of the connected vehicle environment lies in the power of wireless connectivity among vehicles (V2V communications), the infrastructure (V2I communications), and mobile devices to bring about transformative changes in highway safety, mobility, and the environmental impacts of the transportation system.
Real-World Multimedia Streaming for Software Defined Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworksIJCNCJournal
Multimedia services with required Quality of Service (QoS) is one of the most critical challenges in Software Defined Network (SDN) based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It forms an essential part of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS), where infotainment services play an essential role. Streaming multimedia is one of the most popular applications and has a high demand for VANET infotainment services. The major issues for multimedia streaming on VANET are scalability, mobility of vehicles, frequent connection failures, frequent change in network topology, and distributed architecture with heterogeneous devices. To overcome these problems and provide a better QoS, we propose using a hybridarchitecture with a combination of VANET and SDN called Software-Defined Vehicular Networks (SDVN). This work presents a modified POX controller-based SDN framework for VANETs, especially for multimedia streaming applications in realistic traffic patterns. The proposed work has a real-world setup developed using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), where iPerf generates multimedia traffic. Also, streaming standard-definition YouTube videos in real-time between the vehicular nodes was done. The modified POX controller could take advantage of the centralised perspective of the network for action determination, and the integrated spanning tree algorithm reduced the redundancy. Despite the dynamic nature of the testing environments, the proposed Modified POX Controller consistently outperformed VANET, with up to 21 to 42% better packet delivery ratio for higher data transfer rates. The overall improvement in QoS parameters also accompanies an improvement in the consumers Quality of Experience (QoE) factors.
Real-World Multimedia Streaming for Software Defined Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworksIJCNCJournal
Multimedia services with required Quality of Service (QoS) is one of the most critical challenges in
Software Defined Network (SDN) based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). It forms an essential part
of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS), where infotainment services play an essential role. Streaming
multimedia is one of the most popular applications and has a high demand for VANET infotainment
services. The major issues for multimedia streaming on VANET are scalability, mobility of vehicles,
frequent connection failures, frequent change in network topology, and distributed architecture with
heterogeneous devices. To overcome these problems and provide a better QoS, we propose using a
hybridarchitecture with a combination of VANET and SDN called Software-Defined Vehicular Networks
(SDVN). This work presents a modified POX controller-based SDN framework for VANETs, especially for
multimedia streaming applications in realistic traffic patterns. The proposed work has a real-world setup
developed using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), where iPerf generates multimedia traffic.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Analysis of Braking System by X-By-Wire System u...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using FlexRay networking protocol for analyzing braking systems in an X-by-wire system. It first introduces X-by-wire systems and their advantages over traditional mechanical systems. It then reviews several previous studies on FlexRay and X-by-wire systems for applications like steer-by-wire and brake-by-wire. Finally, it discusses challenges in ensuring safety and reliability in electronic braking systems and the potential of FlexRay protocol to address these challenges by providing fault tolerance and real-time communication.
IRJET- Energy Efficient Technique to Reduce Energy Consumption in IoTIRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy efficient technique (ETREC) to reduce energy consumption in Internet of Things (IoT) networks based on packet size. It summarizes existing energy efficient routing protocols for IoT and identifies energy consumption as a key issue. The proposed ETREC technique selects the path with the minimum packet size from among available paths between a source and destination. It classifies paths as low, medium or maximum based on packet size and prioritizes forwarding along low packet size paths to minimize energy consumption. Simulation results using the Network Simulator 2 tool demonstrate that ETREC reduces energy consumption compared to existing techniques.
IRJET- Viability of Smart City Applications with Lora WANIRJET Journal
This document discusses the viability of using LoRa WAN for smart city applications. It summarizes the LoRa WAN technology, including its long range capabilities and low power consumption. It then describes two case studies of using LoRa WAN for air quality and congestion monitoring in London. The results show that LoRa WAN is a feasible low power solution for these types of smart city applications. Battery lifetimes of several years can be achieved, meeting requirements for monitoring networks. Therefore, LoRa WAN shows potential as an effective technology for implementing IoT in smart cities.
In software-defined networking (SDN), network traffic is managed by software controllers or application programming interfaces (APIs) rather than hardware components. It differs from traditional networks, which use
switches and routers to control traffic. Using SDN, you can create and control virtual networks or traditional hardware networks. Furthermore, OpenFlow allows network administrators to control exact network behavior
through centralized control of packet forwarding. For these reasons, SDN has advantages over certain security issues, unlike traditional networks.
However, most of the existing vulnerabilities and security threats in the traditional network also impact the SDN network. This document presents the attacks targeting the SDN network and the solutions that protect against
these attacks. In addition, we introduce a variety of SDN security controls, such as intrusion detection systems (IDS)/intrusion prevention system (IPS), and firewalls. Towards the end, we outline a conclusion and perspectives.
A Brief Study on Wireless Communication Network Architectureand Sensor NetworksM. A. Nakib Juris
This document provides an overview of wireless communication network architectures and sensor networks. It discusses several key points:
- Hybrid network architectures that combine high-speed core networks (e.g. internet VPNs) with various last-mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication, and wireless communication are well-suited for electric utility automation applications.
- Internet-based VPNs can provide a cost-effective high-speed core network while ensuring security, quality of service, reliability and other requirements of electric utility automation if properly implemented.
- Various last-mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication and wireless communication each have their own advantages and disadvantages for connecting substations to the core network. A
This document provides an overview of wireless communication network architectures and sensor networks. It discusses the need for reliable communication networks to support electric utility automation applications. A hybrid communication network architecture is proposed that combines a high-speed core network (e.g. internet VPN) with various last mile connectivity options like power line communication, satellite communication, optical fiber communication and wireless communication. Each connectivity option has advantages and disadvantages for use in electric utility automation. The document also discusses design considerations and challenges for implementing effective wireless communication networks to support various automation applications in the electric system.
The document discusses several initiatives related to securing critical infrastructure systems:
- The Security Fabric Alliance aims to deploy security solutions for the power grid through collaboration between utilities, technology companies, and standards bodies.
- The Industrial Internet Consortium works to accelerate development and adoption of technologies connecting industrial systems for security and productivity.
- The OMG process establishes market standards to certify conformity and interoperability of the Security Fabric for critical infrastructure.
- Initiatives are described to utilize hybrid cloud/device services, protected by the Security Fabric, to support rural electric co-ops across the U.S.
The document discusses several initiatives related to securing critical infrastructure systems:
- The Security Fabric Alliance aims to deploy security solutions for the power grid through collaboration between utilities, technology companies, and standards bodies.
- The Industrial Internet Consortium works to accelerate development and adoption of technologies connecting industrial systems for security and productivity.
- The OMG process establishes market standards to certify that solutions meet requirements for interoperability and security in critical infrastructure systems.
- The document outlines a vision for an "Agile Fractal Grid" with cloud services, advanced analytics, and end-to-end security protections to achieve grid reliability and resiliency.
Cisco Network Convergence System: Building the Foundation for the Internet of...Cisco Service Provider
Cisco Network Convergence System (NCS) is a family of integrated packet routing and transport systems designed to help service providers capture their share of the IoE Value at Stake. NCS is built on major innovations in silicon, optics and software and provides the building blocks of a multilayer converged network that intelligently manages and scales functions across its architecture.
ACG Research analyzed the business case for NCS and found it achieves massive scale via multichassis system architecture, the density and performance of its new chip set, and the extension of the control plane to virtual machines (VM) internally and externally.
Towards automated service-oriented lifecycle management for 5G networksEricsson
5G networks will be a key enabler for the Internet of Things by providing a platform for connecting a massive number of devices with heterogeneous sets of network quality requirements. In this environment, 5G network operators will have to solve the complex challenge of managing network services for diverse customer sectors (such as automotive, health or energy) with different requirements throughout their lifecycle.
Similar to Connected Vehicles, Zonal In Vehicle Network Architecture (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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require complex communication and control. This
section will give you an overview of the current types
of in-vehicle networks being used.
Zonal In-Vehicle Network Architecture
Zonal vehicle network architecture is a technical
framework that organizes the electronic systems and
components within a vehicle into separate zones, each
responsible for specific functionalities. It aims to
enhance the modularity, scalability, and flexibility of
the vehicle's network infrastructure while improving
overall system performance and reducing complexity.
Figure 1 An example of a zonal in-vehicle
network architecture
1. Zonal Structure: The vehicle is usuallypartitioned
into different zones based on its functions, like
powertrain control units, chassis control units,
body control units, and infotainment control units.
These zones have electronic control units (ECUs)
that manage various subsystems.
2. Zone Controllers: Each zone is equipped with a
zone controller, which acts as a central hub for the
ECUs within that zone. The zone controller
provides connectivity, communication, and
coordination between the ECUs, enabling them to
work together seamlessly. It also handles data
exchange between the zones.
3. Ethernet Backbone: Zonal architectures often
utilize an Ethernet-based backbone network,
which serves as the primary communication
infrastructure within the vehicle. Ethernet offers
high bandwidth, low latency, and scalability,
making it suitable for handling the increasing data
demands of modern vehicle systems.
4. Gateway Units: Gateway units are responsible for
interconnecting the different zones within the
vehicle. They manage communication between
the zone controllers and facilitate data exchange
across zones, allowing information to flow
between subsystems.
5. Distributed Intelligence: Zonal architectures
promote the concept of distributed intelligence,
where decision-making and processing
capabilities are distributed across the various
ECUs within each zone. This approach reduces
the reliance on a single centralized controller,
improving fault tolerance and enabling faster
response times.
6. Standardized Protocols: Zonal architectures often
rely on standardized communication protocols to
ensure interoperability and compatibilitybetween
components and subsystems. Protocols like CAN,
and Automotive Ethernet (e.g., BroadR-Reach,
1000BASE-T1, 10GBASE-T1) are commonly
used for intra-zone and inter-zone
communication.
7. Scalability and Flexibility: Zonal architectures
provide scalability by including or excluding
entire zones or individual ECUs per the vehicle's
requirements. This flexibility simplifies system
integration, facilitates future upgrades, and
supports modular vehicle designs.
8. Security and Safety: Zonal vehicle networks
incorporate security measures to protect against
unauthorized access and potential cyber threats.
Additionally, safety considerations are essential to
ensure that vital systems, like braking and
steering, remain isolated from less critical
functions to prevent any compromise in vehicle
safety.
Overall, zonal vehicle network architecture optimizes
integrating various electronic systems within a
vehicle by organizing them into zones and leveraging
standardized communication protocols. It enhances
modularity, scalability, flexibility, and system
performance while maintaining security and safety
standards.
Communication Protocols
Various communication protocols enable electronic
components to interface with other components and
the types of in-vehicle networks. The main
communication protocols used in In-vehicle network
architecture are:
1. Controller Area Network (CAN): In in-vehicle
network architecture, the CAN communication
protocol is used most. A message-based protocol
allows electronic components to exchange data in
real time. CAN operate using two types of
messages: data frames and remote frames.
Data frames are used to transmit actual data, while
remote frames are used to request data from another
electronic component. CAN also support fault
tolerance, which means that if one component fails,
the rest of the network can still operate.
2. Local Interconnect Network (LIN): LIN is a
single-wire communication protocol primarily
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used for low-bandwidth applications. It is a
master-slave protocol, meaning a master
electronic component controls communication
with several slave components.
LIN is often used in interior lighting, door locks, and
window controls. It is unsuitable for high-bandwidth
applications because of its low speed and limited
capabilities.
3. FlexRay: FlexRay is a high-speed communication
protocol developed for advanced automotive
applications like steer-by-wire and brake-by-wire
systems. It operates at up to 10 Mbps speed and
supports time-triggered and event-triggered
communication.
FlexRay also supports fault tolerance and
redundancy, making it a reliable protocol for critical
automotive applications. It is less widely used than
CAN or Ethernet but is becoming increasingly
popular in high-end vehicles.
4. Media-Oriented Systems Transport (MOST):
MOST is a multimedia transmission protocol for
in-vehicle infotainment systems. It operates at up
to 150 Mbps speed and supports audio, video, and
data transmission.
MOST is a multi-master protocol, which means that
multiple electronic components can control
communication on the network. It also supports fault
tolerance and redundancy, making it a reliable
protocol for in-vehicle multimedia systems.
5. Ethernet: Ethernet is a high-speed communication
protocol becoming increasingly popular in in-
vehicle network architecture. It operates at up to
25Gbps speed and supports data, audio, and video
transmission.
Ethernet uses the IP protocol, which enables seamless
integration with other devices and networks. It also
reinforces Quality of Service (QoS) to prioritize
traffic and ensure that critical data is transmitted with
minimal delay.
Emerging Trends in In-Vehicle Network
Architecture
As in-vehicle technology evolves, several emerging
trends are shaping the future of in-vehicle network
architecture. The most significant trends are:
1. Connected Vehicles: The automotive industry is
witnessing a rise in the use of connected vehicles.
These vehicles are equipped with wireless
communication technology, including Wi-Fi and
cellular networks, allowing them to connect to the
internet and other devices.
Connected vehicles can interface with other vehicles,
infrastructure, and devices, improving safety, traffic
flow, and the overall driving experience. In-vehicle
network architecture will play a critical role in
enabling this connectivity and facilitating
communication between the various components of
connected vehicles.
2. (ADAS) Advanced Drive Assistance System:
ADAS refers to a collection of electronic systems
that aid drivers in operating their vehicles. These
systems rely on different sensors, cameras, and
other electronic components to continuously
monitor the surrounding environment and offer
immediate feedback to the driver.
ADAS systems are becoming increasingly common in
modern vehicles and are looking forward to playing a
significant role in the future of automotive
technology. In-vehicle network architecture will need
to support the high-bandwidth communication and
processing required by these advanced systems.
3. Autonomous Vehicles: Autonomous/Self-Driving
vehicles are vehicles capable of functioning
without human intervention. They use a
combination of sensors, cameras, and other
electronic components to navigate and operate
safely on the road.
In-vehicle network architecture will be critical for the
operation of autonomous vehicles, as it will enable
communication between the various electronic
components and systems required for autonomous
operation.
Autonomous vehicles will require high-bandwidth,
low-latency communication to ensure timely and
accurate data exchange between components. In-
vehicle network architecture will need to support this
level of communication to enable safe and reliable
autonomous operation.
4. Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity will become a
critical concern as vehicles become more
connected and rely more heavily on electronic
systems. There is a risk of unauthorized access
and potential harm caused by hackers and
malicious individuals exploiting vulnerabilities in
the vehicle's network architecture. If not
addressed, there is a risk of compromised
sensitive information and even the possibility of
the vehicle being controlled by unauthorized
individuals.
The network architecture of vehicles needs to have
strong cybersecurity measures in place to avoid any
unauthorized access and guarantee the safe and
trustworthy functioning of the vehicles. These
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security measures can consist of things like
encryption, secure authentication, and intrusion
detection systems.
Connectivity in Connected Vehicles
Connected vehicles leverage various types of
connectivity, both within the vehicle and with the
external environment. They are interconnected
through V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-
Infrastructure), V2N (Vehicle-to-Network), and V2X
(Vehicle-to-Everything) communications.
1. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V): With V2V
communication, vehicles can exchange vital
information like their speed and location,
effectively decrease the chances of accidents and
improving road safety.
2. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I): With V2I
communication, vehicles can interact with traffic
infrastructure such as traffic signals, road signs,
and traffic management systems. This enables
smoother and more efficient traffic flow.
3. Vehicle-to-Network (V2N): In V2N
communication, information is exchanged by
connecting a vehicle CPU and the
telecommunication network. This allows the
vehicle to access cloud-based services such as
real-time traffic information and remote
diagnostics.
4. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X): V2X
communication is the ultimate form of
communication, enabling a vehicle to connect
with every entity that could have an impact on it
or be impacted by it. V2X includes other vehicles,
infrastructure, pedestrians, and network.
Future of Connected Vehicles: 5G and Beyond
The advent of 5G is set to revolutionize the connected
vehicle space. With its ultra-low latency, high data
rates, and the ability to connect many devices, 5G
will unlock the true potential of connected vehicles,
supporting real-time V2X communications and
enabling advanced features such as remote vehicle
control and autonomous driving. Furthermore, 6G,
envisioned to provide even higher data rates and
lower latency than 5G, is expected to push the
boundaries of connected vehicles further.
Conclusion
The future of transportation is undeniably connected
and intelligent, and advances in in-vehicle network
architecture and communication technologies are
shaping this future. With the increasing connectivity
of vehicles, the in-vehicle network architecture will
need to evolve to support higher data rates, increased
safety, and more advanced functionalities, paving the
way for an era of safe, efficient, and intelligent
mobility.
In-vehicle network architecture is a critical aspect of
modern automobiles. It enables the various electronic
components and systems within a vehicle to
communicate and operate effectively, supporting
various functions like engine control systems,
infotainment systems, and driver assistance features.
In-vehicle network architecture has evolved
significantly since its inception in the 1980s, with
standardized protocols like CAN and the recent
development of high-speed Ethernet networks. As in-
vehicle network technology advances, emerging
trends such as connected vehicles, ADAS, and
autonomous vehicles will shape the future of in-
vehicle network architecture.
The architecture of in-vehicle networks must
accommodate the high-bandwidth and low-latency
communication that advanced systems require. It
must also incorporate strong cybersecurity measures
to guarantee vehicles’. As automotive and
transportation technology evolves, the in-vehicle
network architecture will become increasingly crucial
in enabling the next wave of advanced vehicles.
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