This document provides training objectives and information for confined space entry. It defines confined spaces and permit-required confined spaces. Hazards associated with confined spaces are discussed as well as controls, personal protective equipment, and the elements of a confined space program including permitting, attendant and entrant duties, entry supervisor duties, and rescue procedures. Examples of confined spaces are provided and characteristics such as internal configuration, elevation, portal size, and access are described.
This document discusses confined spaces and permit-required confined spaces. It defines key terms like confined space, permit-required confined space, attendant, authorized entrant, entry supervisor, hazardous atmosphere, and rescue service. It outlines the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.146 for permit-required confined spaces including duties of attendants, authorized entrants, and entry supervisors. It also discusses elements of a permit-required confined space program including testing, permits, signage, and written plans.
This document discusses confined spaces and permit-required confined spaces. It defines key terms like confined space, permit-required confined space, hazardous atmosphere, and provides an overview of the permit system requirements in 29 CFR 1910.146 for entering permit-required confined spaces. It describes the duties of attendants, authorized entrants, entry supervisors, requirements for testing atmospheres and for rescue services.
This document discusses confined space entry requirements and safety procedures. It defines a confined space as a space large enough for entry that has limited means of entry/exit and is not designed for continuous occupancy. It identifies permit-required confined spaces as those containing hazardous atmospheres or engulfment hazards. The key requirements for confined space entry include obtaining a permit, specifying attendant and rescue procedures, conducting gas tests, and establishing communication methods. Safety roles like entrant, attendant and entry supervisor are defined, and hazards, permits, and emergency plans are outlined to ensure confined space work is conducted safely.
This document provides training on permit-required confined space entry. It defines key terms like confined spaces, permit-required confined spaces, and hazards. It outlines the roles and duties of attendants, authorized entrants, and entry supervisors. Testing procedures and equipment for non-entry rescue are also described. The goal is to give employees knowledge and skills to safely work in or around permit-required confined spaces.
PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ENTRY FINALDustinCaudle
This document provides training on permit-required confined space entry. It defines key terms like confined spaces, permit-required confined spaces, and hazards. It outlines the roles and duties of attendants, authorized entrants, and entry supervisors. Testing procedures and equipment for non-entry rescue are also described. The goal is to give employees knowledge and skills to safely work in or around permit-required confined spaces.
PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ENTRY.pptxDustinCaudle
This document provides training on permit-required confined space entry. It defines key terms like confined spaces, permit-required confined spaces, and hazards. It outlines the roles and duties of attendants, authorized entrants, and entry supervisors. Testing procedures and equipment for non-entry rescue are also described. The goal is to give employees knowledge and skills to safely work in or around permit-required confined spaces.
The document outlines TECO's policies and procedures for confined space entry, including defining permit-required confined spaces, the roles of attendants and entrants, and the rescue dispatch plan. Procedures include obtaining an entry permit, atmospheric testing, and reclassifying a space. The rescue dispatch plan details assembling a rescue team and notifying the control room in an emergency.
This document discusses confined spaces and permit-required confined spaces. It defines key terms like confined space, permit-required confined space, attendant, authorized entrant, entry supervisor, hazardous atmosphere, and rescue service. It outlines the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.146 for permit-required confined spaces including duties of attendants, authorized entrants, and entry supervisors. It also discusses elements of a permit-required confined space program including testing, permits, signage, and written plans.
This document discusses confined spaces and permit-required confined spaces. It defines key terms like confined space, permit-required confined space, hazardous atmosphere, and provides an overview of the permit system requirements in 29 CFR 1910.146 for entering permit-required confined spaces. It describes the duties of attendants, authorized entrants, entry supervisors, requirements for testing atmospheres and for rescue services.
This document discusses confined space entry requirements and safety procedures. It defines a confined space as a space large enough for entry that has limited means of entry/exit and is not designed for continuous occupancy. It identifies permit-required confined spaces as those containing hazardous atmospheres or engulfment hazards. The key requirements for confined space entry include obtaining a permit, specifying attendant and rescue procedures, conducting gas tests, and establishing communication methods. Safety roles like entrant, attendant and entry supervisor are defined, and hazards, permits, and emergency plans are outlined to ensure confined space work is conducted safely.
This document provides training on permit-required confined space entry. It defines key terms like confined spaces, permit-required confined spaces, and hazards. It outlines the roles and duties of attendants, authorized entrants, and entry supervisors. Testing procedures and equipment for non-entry rescue are also described. The goal is to give employees knowledge and skills to safely work in or around permit-required confined spaces.
PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ENTRY FINALDustinCaudle
This document provides training on permit-required confined space entry. It defines key terms like confined spaces, permit-required confined spaces, and hazards. It outlines the roles and duties of attendants, authorized entrants, and entry supervisors. Testing procedures and equipment for non-entry rescue are also described. The goal is to give employees knowledge and skills to safely work in or around permit-required confined spaces.
PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ENTRY.pptxDustinCaudle
This document provides training on permit-required confined space entry. It defines key terms like confined spaces, permit-required confined spaces, and hazards. It outlines the roles and duties of attendants, authorized entrants, and entry supervisors. Testing procedures and equipment for non-entry rescue are also described. The goal is to give employees knowledge and skills to safely work in or around permit-required confined spaces.
The document outlines TECO's policies and procedures for confined space entry, including defining permit-required confined spaces, the roles of attendants and entrants, and the rescue dispatch plan. Procedures include obtaining an entry permit, atmospheric testing, and reclassifying a space. The rescue dispatch plan details assembling a rescue team and notifying the control room in an emergency.
This document discusses TECO's policies and procedures for confined space entry. It defines confined spaces and outlines the two classifications of permit-required and non-permit spaces. Permit-required spaces require an entry permit and procedures like atmospheric testing, ventilation, and attendant and entrant duties be followed for safe entry. Non-permit spaces can be entered without a permit unless hazards arise, in which case reclassification is required. The roles of attendants in monitoring entrants and entrants in recognizing unsafe conditions are also described.
- Two workers died from asphyxiation and drowning after entering a manhole to spray sealant without proper confined space entry procedures or protections.
- Victim #1 sprayed sealant in the manhole twice and lost consciousness after the second time, falling into water below. Victim #2 then attempted a rescue but also collapsed.
- The incident violated several OSHA standards regarding confined space entry procedures, training, atmospheric monitoring and more. Formal safety programs and rescue equipment were not in place.
This document discusses confined space entry hazards and safety procedures. It defines a confined space as an area large enough for entry but with limited entry/egress that is not designed for continuous human occupancy. Hazards include atmospheric (oxygen deficiency, toxic gases), physical (moving parts, electrical), and engulfment. Employers must evaluate workspaces for permit-required confined spaces and inform workers of these hazards. A written permit program is required for permit space entry, including atmospheric testing, isolation procedures, equipment requirements, training, and rescue procedures. Workers must be properly trained in confined space entry safety protocols.
This document provides an overview of confined space safety regulations and procedures. It defines a permit-required confined space as one that has atmospheric, engulfment, or other serious hazards. Employers must implement a confined space program including posting signs, issuing entry permits, and designating attendant and entry supervisor roles. An incident at a Valero refinery is presented as a case study where two contract workers were fatally injured by nitrogen inhalation while performing maintenance in a reactor.
This document provides an overview of confined space safety regulations and procedures. It defines a permit-required confined space as one that has atmospheric, engulfment, or other serious hazards. Employers must implement a confined space program including posting signs, issuing entry permits, and designating attendant and entry supervisor roles. An incident at a Valero refinery is presented as a case study where two contract workers were fatally injured by nitrogen inhalation while performing maintenance in a reactor.
osha 1926 confined space construction 2015John Newquist
This document provides definitions and requirements for confined spaces and permit-required confined spaces according to OSHA regulations. Some key points:
- A permit-required confined space is a confined space that has one or more hazards including hazardous atmospheres, engulfment hazards, or configuration hazards.
- The controlling contractor is responsible for obtaining hazard information from the host employer and sharing it with other employers. Entry employers must inform the controlling contractor of their entry programs.
- Entry employers must implement measures to prevent unauthorized entry, evaluate permit space hazards, specify acceptable entry conditions, isolate hazards, continuously monitor atmospheres that cannot be isolated, and develop rescue procedures before allowing employee entry into permit spaces.
The document discusses confined space entry regulations and procedures. It defines what constitutes a confined space and lists examples. It outlines potential hazards in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, combustibles, and toxics. It discusses permit-required confined space entry procedures which include isolating, ventilating, conducting a tailgate meeting, testing the atmosphere, and entering with an attendant. It also covers non-permit confined space entry and responsibilities of entrants, attendants, supervisors, and contractors.
Confined Space Training by North Texas Exploration and Production Safety NetworkAtlantic Training, LLC.
This document provides an overview of confined space safety training requirements. It begins with examples of confined space incidents where rescuers accounted for over 60% of fatalities. The purpose of training is to ensure employees are familiar with confined space hazards and safety procedures. Training should occur upon assignment to confined space duties, when duties change, or when deficiencies are identified.
The training outline covers topics such as permit requirements, atmospheric hazards, engulfment hazards, equipment needs, duties of entrants and attendants, rescue procedures, and safe entry protocols. It emphasizes the need for adequate ventilation, monitoring, and emergency response planning when entering confined spaces.
This document provides an overview of confined space entry safety training. It defines a confined space, lists examples, and outlines OSHA regulations. Hazards like hazardous atmospheres and engulfment are described. The presentation reviews permit requirements, atmospheric testing, safety procedures, roles of the entry team, and emergency response. It concludes with a quiz to test understanding.
This document provides an overview of Michigan's Confined Space in Construction Safety Standard (Part 35). It defines what constitutes a confined space and permit-required confined space. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of controlling contractors, host employers, entry employers, competent persons, attendants, authorized entrants and emergency rescue personnel for permit space entry. Requirements covered include training, atmospheric testing, entry permits, continuous monitoring, rescue procedures and more. The goal is to protect employees working in confined spaces during construction activities.
The document discusses confined space entry procedures and hazards. It defines confined spaces and outlines hazards such as oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment, and mechanical/electrical dangers. It emphasizes evaluating safer work alternatives and obtaining permits. Proper training, equipment, monitoring, and rescue procedures are required for confined space entry.
Confined Space Entry Training for Confined Space Entry Attandant and Entry Supervisor. For power point slides please email me on dawoodibrar@hotmail.com
This document outlines requirements for excavation work according to OSHA regulations 29 CFR 1926.650-652 and Appendices A-F. It discusses definitions of key terms like competent person, excavation, trench, and protective systems. It also covers general requirements for excavations like soil classification and inspections. Specific safety considerations are addressed, such as protecting against hazardous atmospheres, water accumulation, and emergency rescue procedures. Daily inspections by a competent person are required.
This document contains a risk assessment for confined space entry. It identifies hazards such as explosion, fire, oxygen deficiency, combustible atmospheres, chemical exposure, and heat stress. The consequences are listed as serious or fatal injuries from explosion, fire, or cave-ins. Control measures outlined include permitting, isolation, cleaning, gas testing, use of breathing apparatus, rescue equipment, communication procedures, and training for all involved personnel.
This document outlines standards for confined space entry at Aditya Birla Group cement sites. It defines permit-required confined spaces and establishes a permit system to control entry. Key responsibilities are defined for permit issuers, authorized entrants, and attendants to ensure safety precautions are followed and emergency response is available. Annexes provide guidance on atmospheric testing, permit information requirements, and typical permit workflows. The standard aims to provide a structured confined space entry program to protect workers and achieve zero harm.
The document provides information on confined space training and safety requirements according to OSHA regulations. It defines confined spaces and outlines requirements for permit-required confined spaces, including hazards, atmospheric testing, and safety protocols for entry, work procedures, rescue, and training. Key requirements include evaluating spaces for hazards, issuing entry permits, continuous atmospheric monitoring, establishing communication and rescue procedures, and training all personnel involved in confined space work.
ComplianceWorld Presentation Confined Spaces in Construction The New OSHA Reg...Craig Taggart
The document discusses a presentation on OSHA's new confined spaces regulation for the construction industry. It provides an overview of the hazards of confined spaces, outlines the duties of employers and training requirements under the new standard, and gives an example of a permit-required confined space program. The goal of the regulation is to provide construction workers with similar protections to other industries and reduce injuries and fatalities from confined space hazards.
ComplianceWorld Presentation Confined Spaces in Construction The New OSHA Reg...Craig Taggart MBA
The document discusses a presentation about OSHA's new confined spaces regulation for the construction industry. It provides an overview of the hazards of confined spaces, outlines the duties of employers and training requirements under the new standard, and gives an example of a permit-required confined space program. The goal of the regulation is to provide construction workers with similar protections to other industries and reduce injuries and fatalities from confined space hazards.
This document provides guidance on safely entering confined spaces. It outlines hazards like fires, explosions, suffocation and poisoning that can occur in confined spaces. It describes the need to determine if a space is permit-required and have appropriate safety measures like atmospheric testing, ventilation, lock-out of hazards, and rescue procedures. It details the roles and responsibilities of entrants, attendants and supervisors during entry. Rescue equipment like tripods and medical evaluation for supplied air users are also discussed. The overall document aims to educate on proper procedures for evaluating, preparing and overseeing confined space entry.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
This document discusses TECO's policies and procedures for confined space entry. It defines confined spaces and outlines the two classifications of permit-required and non-permit spaces. Permit-required spaces require an entry permit and procedures like atmospheric testing, ventilation, and attendant and entrant duties be followed for safe entry. Non-permit spaces can be entered without a permit unless hazards arise, in which case reclassification is required. The roles of attendants in monitoring entrants and entrants in recognizing unsafe conditions are also described.
- Two workers died from asphyxiation and drowning after entering a manhole to spray sealant without proper confined space entry procedures or protections.
- Victim #1 sprayed sealant in the manhole twice and lost consciousness after the second time, falling into water below. Victim #2 then attempted a rescue but also collapsed.
- The incident violated several OSHA standards regarding confined space entry procedures, training, atmospheric monitoring and more. Formal safety programs and rescue equipment were not in place.
This document discusses confined space entry hazards and safety procedures. It defines a confined space as an area large enough for entry but with limited entry/egress that is not designed for continuous human occupancy. Hazards include atmospheric (oxygen deficiency, toxic gases), physical (moving parts, electrical), and engulfment. Employers must evaluate workspaces for permit-required confined spaces and inform workers of these hazards. A written permit program is required for permit space entry, including atmospheric testing, isolation procedures, equipment requirements, training, and rescue procedures. Workers must be properly trained in confined space entry safety protocols.
This document provides an overview of confined space safety regulations and procedures. It defines a permit-required confined space as one that has atmospheric, engulfment, or other serious hazards. Employers must implement a confined space program including posting signs, issuing entry permits, and designating attendant and entry supervisor roles. An incident at a Valero refinery is presented as a case study where two contract workers were fatally injured by nitrogen inhalation while performing maintenance in a reactor.
This document provides an overview of confined space safety regulations and procedures. It defines a permit-required confined space as one that has atmospheric, engulfment, or other serious hazards. Employers must implement a confined space program including posting signs, issuing entry permits, and designating attendant and entry supervisor roles. An incident at a Valero refinery is presented as a case study where two contract workers were fatally injured by nitrogen inhalation while performing maintenance in a reactor.
osha 1926 confined space construction 2015John Newquist
This document provides definitions and requirements for confined spaces and permit-required confined spaces according to OSHA regulations. Some key points:
- A permit-required confined space is a confined space that has one or more hazards including hazardous atmospheres, engulfment hazards, or configuration hazards.
- The controlling contractor is responsible for obtaining hazard information from the host employer and sharing it with other employers. Entry employers must inform the controlling contractor of their entry programs.
- Entry employers must implement measures to prevent unauthorized entry, evaluate permit space hazards, specify acceptable entry conditions, isolate hazards, continuously monitor atmospheres that cannot be isolated, and develop rescue procedures before allowing employee entry into permit spaces.
The document discusses confined space entry regulations and procedures. It defines what constitutes a confined space and lists examples. It outlines potential hazards in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, combustibles, and toxics. It discusses permit-required confined space entry procedures which include isolating, ventilating, conducting a tailgate meeting, testing the atmosphere, and entering with an attendant. It also covers non-permit confined space entry and responsibilities of entrants, attendants, supervisors, and contractors.
Confined Space Training by North Texas Exploration and Production Safety NetworkAtlantic Training, LLC.
This document provides an overview of confined space safety training requirements. It begins with examples of confined space incidents where rescuers accounted for over 60% of fatalities. The purpose of training is to ensure employees are familiar with confined space hazards and safety procedures. Training should occur upon assignment to confined space duties, when duties change, or when deficiencies are identified.
The training outline covers topics such as permit requirements, atmospheric hazards, engulfment hazards, equipment needs, duties of entrants and attendants, rescue procedures, and safe entry protocols. It emphasizes the need for adequate ventilation, monitoring, and emergency response planning when entering confined spaces.
This document provides an overview of confined space entry safety training. It defines a confined space, lists examples, and outlines OSHA regulations. Hazards like hazardous atmospheres and engulfment are described. The presentation reviews permit requirements, atmospheric testing, safety procedures, roles of the entry team, and emergency response. It concludes with a quiz to test understanding.
This document provides an overview of Michigan's Confined Space in Construction Safety Standard (Part 35). It defines what constitutes a confined space and permit-required confined space. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of controlling contractors, host employers, entry employers, competent persons, attendants, authorized entrants and emergency rescue personnel for permit space entry. Requirements covered include training, atmospheric testing, entry permits, continuous monitoring, rescue procedures and more. The goal is to protect employees working in confined spaces during construction activities.
The document discusses confined space entry procedures and hazards. It defines confined spaces and outlines hazards such as oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment, and mechanical/electrical dangers. It emphasizes evaluating safer work alternatives and obtaining permits. Proper training, equipment, monitoring, and rescue procedures are required for confined space entry.
Confined Space Entry Training for Confined Space Entry Attandant and Entry Supervisor. For power point slides please email me on dawoodibrar@hotmail.com
This document outlines requirements for excavation work according to OSHA regulations 29 CFR 1926.650-652 and Appendices A-F. It discusses definitions of key terms like competent person, excavation, trench, and protective systems. It also covers general requirements for excavations like soil classification and inspections. Specific safety considerations are addressed, such as protecting against hazardous atmospheres, water accumulation, and emergency rescue procedures. Daily inspections by a competent person are required.
This document contains a risk assessment for confined space entry. It identifies hazards such as explosion, fire, oxygen deficiency, combustible atmospheres, chemical exposure, and heat stress. The consequences are listed as serious or fatal injuries from explosion, fire, or cave-ins. Control measures outlined include permitting, isolation, cleaning, gas testing, use of breathing apparatus, rescue equipment, communication procedures, and training for all involved personnel.
This document outlines standards for confined space entry at Aditya Birla Group cement sites. It defines permit-required confined spaces and establishes a permit system to control entry. Key responsibilities are defined for permit issuers, authorized entrants, and attendants to ensure safety precautions are followed and emergency response is available. Annexes provide guidance on atmospheric testing, permit information requirements, and typical permit workflows. The standard aims to provide a structured confined space entry program to protect workers and achieve zero harm.
The document provides information on confined space training and safety requirements according to OSHA regulations. It defines confined spaces and outlines requirements for permit-required confined spaces, including hazards, atmospheric testing, and safety protocols for entry, work procedures, rescue, and training. Key requirements include evaluating spaces for hazards, issuing entry permits, continuous atmospheric monitoring, establishing communication and rescue procedures, and training all personnel involved in confined space work.
ComplianceWorld Presentation Confined Spaces in Construction The New OSHA Reg...Craig Taggart
The document discusses a presentation on OSHA's new confined spaces regulation for the construction industry. It provides an overview of the hazards of confined spaces, outlines the duties of employers and training requirements under the new standard, and gives an example of a permit-required confined space program. The goal of the regulation is to provide construction workers with similar protections to other industries and reduce injuries and fatalities from confined space hazards.
ComplianceWorld Presentation Confined Spaces in Construction The New OSHA Reg...Craig Taggart MBA
The document discusses a presentation about OSHA's new confined spaces regulation for the construction industry. It provides an overview of the hazards of confined spaces, outlines the duties of employers and training requirements under the new standard, and gives an example of a permit-required confined space program. The goal of the regulation is to provide construction workers with similar protections to other industries and reduce injuries and fatalities from confined space hazards.
This document provides guidance on safely entering confined spaces. It outlines hazards like fires, explosions, suffocation and poisoning that can occur in confined spaces. It describes the need to determine if a space is permit-required and have appropriate safety measures like atmospheric testing, ventilation, lock-out of hazards, and rescue procedures. It details the roles and responsibilities of entrants, attendants and supervisors during entry. Rescue equipment like tripods and medical evaluation for supplied air users are also discussed. The overall document aims to educate on proper procedures for evaluating, preparing and overseeing confined space entry.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
2. OBJECTIVES
Define a Confined Space
Define a Permit-Required Confined Space
Be Familiar with the basic elements of confined
space standard
Understand the Hazards Associated with
Confined Spaces and How to DetectThem
Understand How to Control Confined Hazards
Understand Personal Protective Equipment
3. Confined Space: Definition
A Confined Space means a space that:
Is large enough and so configured that an employee
can bodily enter and perform assigned work ; and
Has a limited or restricted means for entry or exit
(For example: tanks, vessels, silos, pits,
vaults,hoppers);and,
Is not designed for continuous employee
occupancy.
4. Permit Required
Confined Space: Definition
A Permit Required Confined Space means a confined
space that has one or more of the following
characteristics:
Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous
atmosphere,
Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing
an entrant,
5. Permit Required Confined Space:
Definition
A Permit Required Confined Space means a confined
space that has one or more of the following
characteristics:
Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could
be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls
or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a
smaller cross-section.
Contains any other serious safety or health hazard.
7. Characteristics of Confined
Spaces
(1) Internal configuration.
(a) Open--there are no obstacles, barriers, or obstructions
within the space. One example is a water tank.
(b) Obstructed--the permit space contains some type of
obstruction that a rescuer would need to maneuver around. An
example would be a baffle or mixing blade. Large equipment,
such as a ladder or scaffold, brought into a space for work
purposes would be considered an obstruction if the positioning
or size of the equipment would make rescue more difficult.
8. Characteristics of Confined
Spaces
(2) Elevation
(a) Elevated -a permit space where the entrance portal or
opening is above grade by 4 feet or more.This type of space
usually requires knowledge of high angle rescue procedures
because of the difficulty in packaging and transporting a
patient to the ground from the portal.
(b) Non-elevated -a permit space with the entrance portal
located less than 4 feet above grade.This type of space will
allow the rescue team to transport an injured employee
normally.
9. Characteristics of Confined
Spaces
(3) Portal size.
(a) Restricted--A portal of 24 inches or less in the least
dimension. Portals of this size are too small to allow a
rescuer to simply enter the space while using SCBA.The
portal size is also too small to allow normal spinal
immobilization of an injured employee.
(b) Unrestricted--A portal of greater than 24 inches in the
least dimension.These portals allow relatively free
movement into and out of the permit space.
10. Characteristics of Confined
Spaces
(4) Space access.
(a) Horizontal--The portal is located on the side of the
permit space. Use of retrieval lines could be difficult.
(b)Vertical--The portal is located on the top of the
permit space, so that rescuers must climb down, or the
bottom of the permit space, so that rescuers must climb
up to enter the space.Vertical portals may require
knowledge of rope techniques, or special patient
packaging to safely retrieve a downed entrant.
11. Permit Required Confined Spaces
Scope and Application
Definitions
General Requirements (to
include development of
written plan)
Permit-Required Confined
Spaces
Permit System
Entry Permit
Training
Duties of Authorized
Entrants
Duties of Attendants
Duties of Entry Supervisors
Rescue and Emergency
Services
Employee Participation
12. Appendices
Appendix A - Permit-required Confined Space Decision Flow
Chart
Appendix B - Procedures for AtmosphericTesting.
Appendix C - Examples of Permit-required Confined Space
Programs
Appendix D - Confined Space Pre-Entry Check List
Appendix E - Sewer System Entry
Appendix F - RescueTeam or Rescue Service Evaluation
Criteria
13. Definitions
“Acceptable entry conditions” means that
conditions that must exist in a permit space to allow
entry and to ensure that employees involved with a
permit-required confined space entry can safely
enter into and work within the space.
14. Definitions
“Attendant” means an individual stationed outside
one or more permit spaces who monitors the
authorized entrants and performs all attendant’s
duties assigned in the employer’s permit space
program.
15. DUTIES OF ATTENDANTS
Knows the hazards that may be
faced during entry
Is aware of possible behavioral
effects of hazard exposure in
authorized entrants;
Continuously maintains an
accurate count of authorized
entrants
Remains outside the permit
space during entry operations
until relieved by another
attendant;
Communicates with authorized
entrants
Monitors activities inside and outside
the space
Summons rescue and other
emergency services Performs non-
entry rescues as specified by the
employer's rescue procedure
Performs no duties that might
interfere with the attendant's primary
duty to monitor and protect the
authorized entrants.
17. Duties of Authorized Entrants
Know the hazards that may be faced during entry, including
information on the mode, signs or symptoms, and consequences
of the exposure;
Properly use equipment as required by paragraph (d)(4) of this
section;
Communicate with the attendant as necessary to enable the
attendant to monitor entrant status and to enable the attendant
to alert entrants of the need to evacuate the space as required
by paragraph (i)(6) of this section;
18. Duties of Authorized Entrants
(cont’d)
Alert the attendant whenever:
The entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a
dangerous situation, or
The entrant detects a prohibited condition; and
Exit from the permit space as quickly as possible whenever:
An order to evacuate is given by the attendant or the entry supervisor,
The entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a
dangerous situation,
The entrant detects a prohibited condition, or
An evacuation alarm is activated.
19. Definitions
“Emergency” means any occurrence (including any
failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment)
or event internal or external to the permit space
that could endanger entrants.
20. Definitions
“Engulfment” means the surrounding and effective
capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided
(flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to
cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory
system or that can exert enough force on the body
to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or
crushing.
21. Definitions
“Entry” means the action by
which a person passes through
an opening into a permit-
required confined space. Entry
includes ensuing work
activities in that space and is
considered to have occurred
as soon as any part of the
entrant’s body breaks the
plane of the opening into the
space.
22. Definitions
“Entry permit (permit)” means a written or printed
document that is provided by the employer to allow
and control entry into a permit space and that contains
the information specified in section (f) of the standard.
23. Definitions
“Entry Supervisor” means the person (such as an employer,
foreman, or crew chief) responsible for determining if acceptable
entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is
planned, for authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations,
and for terminating entry as required by this section.
Note: An entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an
authorized entrant, as long as that person is trained and equipped
as required by this section for each role he or she fills. Also, the
duties of the entry supervisor may be passed from one individual
to another during the course of entry operations.
24. Duties of Entry Supervisor
Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry, including
information on the mode, signs or symptoms, and consequences
of the exposure;
Verifies, by checking that the appropriate entries have been made
on the permit, that all tests specified by the permit have been
conducted and that all procedures and equipment specified by
the permit are in place before endorsing the permit and allowing
entry to begin;
Terminates the entry and cancels the permit as required by
paragraph (e)(5) of this section;
25. Duties of Entry Supervisor
(cont’d)
Verifies that rescue services are available and that the means for
summoning them are operable;
Removes unauthorized individuals who enter or who attempt to
enter the permit space during entry operations; and
Determines, whenever responsibility for a permit space entry
operation is transferred and at intervals dictated by the hazards
and operations performed within the space, that entry operations
remain consistent with terms of the entry permit and that
acceptable entry conditions are maintained.
26. Definitions
“Hazardous atmosphere” means an atmosphere that
may expose employees to the risk of death,
incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (that
is, escape unaided from a permit space, injury, or acute
illness from one or more of the following causes:
(1) Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent
of its lower flammable limit (LFL);
27. Definitions
“Hazardous atmosphere” (cont’d)
(2) Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets
or exceeds its LFL; NOTE:This
concentration may be approximated as a condition in which
the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet or less.
(3)Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or
above 23.5 percent;
28. Definitions
“Hazardous atmosphere” (cont’d)
(4) Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a
permissible exposure limit is published in Subpart G, Occupational
Health and Environmental Control, or in Subpart Z,Toxic and Hazardous
Substances, of this Part and which could result in employee exposure in
excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit;
NOTE: An atmospheric concentration of any substance that is not
capable of causing death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-
rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects is not covered by
this provision.
29. Definitions
“Hazardous atmosphere” (cont’d)
(5) Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately
dangerous to life and health.
NOTE: For air contaminants for which OSHA has not determined a
dose or permissible exposure limit, other sources of information,
such as Material Safety Data Sheets that comply with the Hazard
Communications Standard, section 1910.1200 of this Part,
published information, and internal documents can provide
guidance in establishing acceptable atmospheric conditions.
30. Definitions
“Hot work permit” means the employer’s written
authorization to perform operations (For example:
riveting, welding, cutting, burning, and heating) capable
of providing a source of ignition.
“Immediately dangerous to life and health(IDLH)” means
any condition that poses an immediate or delayed threat
to life or that would cause irreversible adverse health
effects or that would interfere with an individual’s ability
to escape unaided from a permit space.
31. Definitions
“Inerting” means the displacement of the atmosphere
in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as
nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting
atmosphere is noncombustible.
NOTE:This procedure produces an IDLH oxygen-
deficient atmosphere.
32. Definitions
"Isolation" means the process by which a permit space
is removed from service and completely protected
against the release of energy and material into the
space by such means as: blanking or blinding;
misaligning or removing sections of lines, pipes, or
ducts; a double block and bleed system; lockout or
tagout of all sources of energy; or blocking or
disconnecting all mechanical linkages.
33. Definitions
"Line breaking" means the intentional opening of a pipe,
line, or duct that is or has been carrying flammable,
corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or any fluid at a
volume, pressure, or temperature capable of causing injury.
"Non-permit confined space" means a confined space that
does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric
hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable
of causing death or serious physical harm.
34. Definitions
"Oxygen deficient atmosphere" means an atmosphere
containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by
volume.
"Oxygen enriched atmosphere" means an atmosphere
containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by
volume.
35. Definitions
"Permit-required confined space program (permit
space program)" means the employer's overall
program for controlling, and, where appropriate, for
protecting employees from, permit space hazards
and for regulating employee entry into permit spaces.
36. PRCS WRITTEN PLAN OUTLINE
Introduction - Company Policy
Definitions
Identification of Confined Spaces
Notification and Warning
Hazard Identification
Equipment for Entry & Rescue
Evaluation of Confined Spaces
Permits
Authorized Entrants
AuthorizedAttendants
37. PRCS WRITTEN PLAN OUTLINE
(cont’d)
Entry Supervisors
Entry Procedures
Communications Procedures
Rescue Procedures
Closure Procedures
Coordination ofWork With Contractors
Program Review and Update (Annually Required)
Training Requirements and Documentation
38. Definitions
"Permit system" means the employer's written
procedure for preparing and issuing permits for
entry and for returning the permit space to service
following termination of entry.
39. ENTRY PERMITS
Permit Space to be Entered
Purpose of Entry
Date & Authorized Duration of Permit
Authorized Entrants
Authorized Attendants
Name & Signature of Entry Supervisor
Hazards of the Permit Space to be Entered
Isolation of Hazard Control Measures
Acceptable Entry Conditions
Results of Initial & Periodic Atmospheric Monitoring
Rescue & Emergency Services
Communications Procedures
Equipment Required for Entry & rescue Operations
Other Necessary Information and Other Required Permits
40. Definitions
"Prohibited condition" means any condition in a permit
space that is not allowed by the permit during the
period when entry is authorized.
41. Definitions
"Rescue service" means the personnel designated to
rescue employees from permit spaces.
NOTE: Rescue personnel may be industry
emergency personnel, an outside rescue
service or a combination of teams.
42. Rescue & Emergency Services
(k) Rescue and emergency services.
(1) An employer who designates rescue and
emergency services, pursuant to paragraph (d)(9) of
this section, shall:
(i) Evaluate a prospective rescuer's ability to respond
to a rescue summons in a timely manner, considering
the hazard(s) identified;
43. Rescue & Emergency Services
Note to paragraph (k)(l)(i): What will be considered
timely will vary according to the specific hazards
involved in each entry. For example, Sec. 1910.134,
Respiratory Protection, requires that employers
provide a standby person or persons capable of
immediate action to rescue employee(s) wearing
respiratory protection while in work areas defined as
IDLH atmospheres.
44. Rescue & Emergency Services
(ii) Evaluate a prospective rescue service's ability, in
terms of proficiency with rescue-related tasks and
equipment, to function appropriately while rescuing
entrants from the particular permit space or types of
permit spaces identified;
45. Rescue & Emergency Services
(iii) Select a rescue team or
service from those evaluated
that:
(A) Has the capability to reach
the victim(s) within a time frame
that is appropriate for the permit
space hazard(s) identified;
(B) Is equipped for and proficient
in performing the needed rescue
services;
46. Rescue & Emergency Services
(iv) Inform each rescue team or service of the hazards
they may confront when called on to perform rescue
at the site; and
(v) Provide the rescue team or service selected with
access to all permit spaces from which rescue may be
necessary so that the rescue service can develop
appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue
operations.
47. Rescue & Emergency Services
The following requirements apply to employers who have
employees enter permit spaces to perform rescue services.
The employer shall ensure that each member of the rescue
service is provided with, and is trained to use properly, the
personal protective equipment and rescue equipment necessary
for making rescues from permit spaces.
Each member of the rescue service shall be trained to perform the
assigned rescue duties.Each member of the rescue service shall
also receive the training required of authorized entrants under
paragraph (g) of this section.
48. Rescue & Emergency Services
(cont’d)
Each member of the rescue service shall practice making permit space
rescues at least once every 12 months, by means of simulated rescue
operations in which they remove dummies, manikins, or actual persons
from the actual permit spaces or from representative permit spaces.
Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to opening size,
configuration, and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces
from which rescue is to be performed.
Each member of the rescue service shall be trained in basic first-aid and
in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). At least one member of the
rescue service holding current certification in first aid and in CPR shall
be available.
49. Definitions
"Retrieval system" means the equipment (including a
retrieval line, chest or full-body harness, wristlets, if
appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for
non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces.
50. Definitions
"Testing" means the process by which the hazards that
may confront entrants of a permit space are identified and
evaluated.Testing includes specifying the tests that are to
be performed in the permit space.
NOTE:Testing enables employers both to devise and
implement adequate control measures for the
protection of authorized entrants and to determine if
acceptable entry conditions are present immediately
prior to, and during, entry.
51. Testing Protocol
Before an employee enters the space, the internal
atmosphere shall be tested, with a calibrated direct-
reading instrument, for the following conditions in the
order given:
Oxygen content,
Flammable gases and vapors, and
Potential toxic air contaminants.
53. CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS
PRCS Fatalities
47% Air (Oxygen, Gases,Vapors)
21% Drowning (Engulfment)
19%Toxic (Liquids,Vapors, etc above PEL
10% Blunt ForceTrauma
2% Electrocution (Mostly due to objects the victim
took in with them)
1% Burns
55. Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
"Oxygen-deficient atmosphere" means an
atmosphere containing less than 19.5 percent
oxygen by volume
Note: Exposures to atmospheres containing 12%
or less oxygen will bring about unconsciousness
without warning and so quickly that individuals
cannot help or protect themselves
57. Nitrogen (N2)
Colorless, odorless inert gas
Slightly lighter than air
Vapor density (0.97)
May displace oxygen and cause asphyxiation
58. Methane (CH4)
Natural, marsh or swamp gas
Colorless, odorless, flammable gas
Lighter than air
Vapor Density (0.6)
Toxic?
LEL = 5%; UEL = 15%
59. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Colorless, odorless gas
Slightly lighter than air
Vapor Density (0.97)
Chemical asphyxiant
Primary source: incomplete combustion of organic
material
Gasoline-fueled combustion engines
61. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Sewer gas, stink gas (rotten eggs)
Produce olfactory fatigue (loss of sense of smell)
Odor threshold: 0.02-0.2 ppm
Colorless, flammable gas
LEL = 4.3% UEL = 46.0%
Heavier than air
Vapor density (1.18)
63. HOW HAZARDS OCCUR
1. Previously stored
products/chemicals
2. Manufacturing processes
3. Operations/work being performed
4. Adjacent areas
64. Atmospheric Hazards
Definitions
Vapor Density
The weight of a flammable vapor compared to air
(Air=1).Vapors with a high density are more dangerous
and require better ventilation because they tend to flow
along the floor and collect in low spots.
65. Atmospheric Hazards
Definitions
PEL
The Permissible Exposure Limit of a gas or vapor
according to OSHA standards, expressed in parts of
vapor per million parts of contaminated air. Many
flammable and combustible liquids present an inhalation
as well as a fire hazard.
67. Nature of Electrical Injuries
The voltage of the circuit
The resistance of the person’s body
The flow of current through the body
The circuit path through the body
68. Engulfment Hazards
" Engulfment" means the surrounding and effective
capture of a person by a liquid or finely-divided
(flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to
cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory
system or that can exert enough force on the body
to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or
crushing.
75. Atmospheric Monitoring
Atmospheric testing is required for two distinct
purposes:
Evaluation of the hazards of the permit space
andVerification that acceptable entry conditions for
entry into that space exist.
76. Atmospheric Monitoring
There are nine basic
rules for atmospheric
testing. Following
these rules will help
you achieve reliable
results so that you can
operate safely in
confined spaces.
77. Atmospheric Monitoring
The first rule to remember when monitoring a confined space is
to monitor in the proper order. This means that at the very least
you’ll monitor for corrosivity before you take simultaneous
readings for other hazards. If your equipment can’t take
simultaneous readings, then monitor in the following order:
First, monitor for corrosivity, to protect your monitor from
atmospheres that are too corrosive. Second, monitor for oxygen
level, in order to be sure that you get an accurate flammability
reading. Third, monitor for flammability, assuming that the
presence of toxic gases has not already caused you any distress,
and the threat of combustion is immediate. Finally, monitor for
toxicity.
78. Atmospheric Monitoring
The second rule relates to vapor density
Gases that are heavier than air— those with a vapor
density greater than one—will tend to lie low.
Gases that are lighter than air— those with a vapor density
less than one—will tend to rise and accumulate in traps
along the top of the space.
Gases that weigh about the same as air—those with a
vapor density of close to one—tend to disperse within the
atmosphere.
79. Atmospheric Monitoring
Vapor Density Examples:
CH4 Vapor Density = 0.6
COVapor Density = 0.97
H2S Vapor Density = 1.19
GASESWITH AVAPOR DENSITY LESS
THAN AIR
H - Hydrogen (0.07)
A - AnhydrousAmmonia (0.59)
H - Helium (0.14)
A - Acetylene (0.9)
M - Methane (0.6)
I - Illuminating Gas
(Natural Gas & Neon) (0.7)
C - Carbon Monoxide (0.97)
E - Ethylene (0.97)
N - Nitrogen (0.97)
80. Atmospheric Monitoring
The third rule of atmospheric monitoring is to know your
monitor’s limitations. Limitations you should be familiar
with include the monitor’s sensitivity; the conditions it can
detect, or selectivity; the percent volume in air required to
give accurate flammability readings; the effect that
temperature extremes, humidity, elevation, and barometric
pressure can have on readings; and the gases and
conditions that interfere with accurate detection and
response.
81. Atmospheric Monitoring
The fourth rule of atmospheric monitoring is to know
your monitor’s operational parameters. Operational
parameters can include the length of time the sensors are
reliable, the number of pumps that are necessary when
using a monitor that has a hand aspirator, and what
accessories are required for proper operation within the
environment.
82. Atmospheric Monitoring
The fifth rule of atmospheric monitoring is to realize that
many flammable gases are also toxic.
The presence of toxic hazards in the air may be entirely
independent of oxygen concentrations and flammable
contaminants. Many atmospheric hazards, even when
reduced below flammable levels, may still be toxic. Others
when reduced below toxic levels, may still be flammable.
83. Atmospheric Monitoring
Some substances combined with air pose entirely different
hazards at different concentrations. For example, methane gas
is harmless below a concentration in air of 10 percent,
explosive between 10 percent and 90 percent and asphyxiating
above 90 percent.
For instance, if a flammable substance is toxic at levels above
2000 parts per million, then all you need to determine if the
atmosphere is toxic is the Lower Explosive Limit of the gas.
84. Atmospheric Monitoring
Rule six is to remember that some vapors migrate toward the
exterior of the space, as if they were seeking openings to the
outside. In other words, these vapors are coming to get you!
Exercise great caution around substances like these, because
they don’t require you to go to them; instead, they’ll come to
you.
This is why you need to approach an unknown space with
great caution, using pH paper and monitors to determine
whether the space is giving off toxic or flammable gases with
high vapor pressure.
85. Atmospheric Monitoring
Rule seven is to zero and inspect and field calibrate the
monitor in an area with clean air. Before using any
monitoring equipment, check the equipment to make sure
that it is zeroed for flammability and toxicity levels, and
that it is reading 20.9 percent for oxygen level.
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the use
of bump gas in the field.
86. Atmospheric Monitoring
Rule eight is to sample from a small opening in the space
before opening it up, and to position yourself upwind from the
space while monitoring. In most cases when you are called to a
confined space incident, it will already be open. But if this
isn’t the case, remember that gases can accumulate around
hatches, so it’s best to open the hatch a crack and monitor
before opening completely.
Standing upwind of a space also helps to ensure you aren’t
overcome by toxic gases while monitoring. It’s also prudent to
wear proper respiratory protection in certain cases.
87. Atmospheric Monitoring
The ninth rule for atmospheric monitoring is to make sure
all batteries are charged sufficiently after each use. It’s a
good idea for somebody at your organization to conduct a
battery check during each shift.
89. VENTILATION
Ventilation normalizes
the atmosphere by
supplying clean air
into the space or by
exhausting
contaminants, such as
toxic or flammable
gases, out of the
space.
90. VENTILATION
There are four main ventilation techniques that can be
used to ventilate confined spaces:
Supply, or positive pressure ventilation;
Exhaust ventilation;
Local negative pressure ventilation; and
Positive-negative pressure ventilation.
92. OTHER CONTROL TECHNIQUES
Inerting
(Note: Inerting with a gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide will
result in an oxygen deficient atmosphere)
Flushing