Employment benefits from stimulation of demand for building automation and co...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* 1.3 to 2.1 million jobs will be created under an incentivizing policy framework for EU-wide BACS deployment
* Half of this growth in jobs can be created over a course of only 10 years
* The employment impact is expected to be situated almost entirely in the EU, with a strong benefit for national economies
Australia can achieve net zero emissions before
2050 through accelerated deployment of mature
and demonstrated zero-emissions technologies,
and the rapid development and commercialisation
of emerging zero-emissions technologies in
harder to abate sectors.
Using Ground Source Heat Pumps for Renewable EnergyIJERA Editor
This paper provides background information on the current energy supply, energy demand, and energy sources in Kosovo. Moreover, it presents the country‟s current level of applying alternative energy sources. Additionally, this paper focuses on geothermal energy as a renewable energy resource with the potential to contribute to a sustainable use of resources to meet renewable energy and energy efficiency requirements of the European Union (EU), “EU 20 20 by 2020” policy. Hence, a careful analysis is included on how to approach the aforementioned targets through investments in geothermal energy through providing an energy consumption forecast and analysing geothermal energy projects in Europe and specifically in Kosovo. This paper carefully represents the potential usage of geothermal energy in Kosovo, renewable energy source targets, and it addresses the importance of laws, regulations, and reports regarding the utilization of this type of energy. Economic and environmental implications of investing in geothermal energy - geothermal heat pumps for the case of International Village are additionally analysed. Lastly, recommendations and conclusions, for future actions, are derived and addressed to relevant stakeholders, primarily policy-makers, and government representatives
SkyAI heat detection whitepaper: Europes plans to reduce heat wasteJoost van Oorschot
This whitepaper provides an overview of the current heat network in Europe as well as the policies and goals of the EU to reduce its heat waste. The paper finalises with SkyAI's perspective on how to effectively reduce heat waste in the EU
Employment benefits from stimulation of demand for building automation and co...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* 1.3 to 2.1 million jobs will be created under an incentivizing policy framework for EU-wide BACS deployment
* Half of this growth in jobs can be created over a course of only 10 years
* The employment impact is expected to be situated almost entirely in the EU, with a strong benefit for national economies
Australia can achieve net zero emissions before
2050 through accelerated deployment of mature
and demonstrated zero-emissions technologies,
and the rapid development and commercialisation
of emerging zero-emissions technologies in
harder to abate sectors.
Using Ground Source Heat Pumps for Renewable EnergyIJERA Editor
This paper provides background information on the current energy supply, energy demand, and energy sources in Kosovo. Moreover, it presents the country‟s current level of applying alternative energy sources. Additionally, this paper focuses on geothermal energy as a renewable energy resource with the potential to contribute to a sustainable use of resources to meet renewable energy and energy efficiency requirements of the European Union (EU), “EU 20 20 by 2020” policy. Hence, a careful analysis is included on how to approach the aforementioned targets through investments in geothermal energy through providing an energy consumption forecast and analysing geothermal energy projects in Europe and specifically in Kosovo. This paper carefully represents the potential usage of geothermal energy in Kosovo, renewable energy source targets, and it addresses the importance of laws, regulations, and reports regarding the utilization of this type of energy. Economic and environmental implications of investing in geothermal energy - geothermal heat pumps for the case of International Village are additionally analysed. Lastly, recommendations and conclusions, for future actions, are derived and addressed to relevant stakeholders, primarily policy-makers, and government representatives
SkyAI heat detection whitepaper: Europes plans to reduce heat wasteJoost van Oorschot
This whitepaper provides an overview of the current heat network in Europe as well as the policies and goals of the EU to reduce its heat waste. The paper finalises with SkyAI's perspective on how to effectively reduce heat waste in the EU
Since 2009 Utilities and City staff have incorporated energy efficient, conservation-minded
initiatives into the overall operations for the municipality. The 25x25 Plan demonstrates how both the City of Oconomowoc and Oconomowoc Utilities have worked hard to conserve financial and ecological resources.
This Updated 25x25 Plan should be viewed as a road map, which showcases all the key activities which have occurred since 2009 when the original plan was created. This updated Plan further high lights the importance of strategic decision-making and planning championed by City leadership and staff as evidenced by energy savings contained within this report
In 2013 the Oconomowoc Utilities Lead by Example team was tasked with updating the municipalities 25x25 Plan. The updated plan included water use data for the municipal operations as well as information on each municipal project that occurred between 2009 - 2013.
In her capacity as Lead by Example Team Coordinator Lisa Geason-Bauer was tasked with project managing the updated 25x25 Plan, she also served as lead plan author.
Second Ukrainian NDC to the Paris Agreement: Modelling Approach and ResultsIEA-ETSAP
Second Ukrainian NDC to the Paris Agreement: Modelling Approach and Results
Diachuk O., Poodles R., Chepelev M., Institute for Economics and Forecasting of National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine
Germany is Europe’s biggest energy consumer. As a large and industrial country with moderate natural endowments, it sets an example of what can be done with a progressive energy policy. Germany leads the charge on renewables, has an ambitious energy efficiency policy, is committed to phasing out nuclear power generation and uses ETS revenues fully for the fight against climate change. However, the future of the German energy transition is rather uncertain. Are energy prices sustainable with the current high taxation rates? How to expand the high-voltage grid to integrate wind generation from the North? What will be the future role of coal and gas? In this discussion webinar, we will review the most important energy statistics for Germany, present a few highlights on its energy policy and conclude with a series of open discussion points.
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM BY PINECONE WASTEaeijjournal
Rural ecosystems are the main source of biomass used in the production of renewable energy in Portugal.
However, it is based on pruning residues are most of the raw material for biomass leaving other
opportunities aside. This paper highlights the role of pinecone waste without pinion for the energy sector.
The present paper studies different solutions to enhance the use of the pinecones for energy proposes. The
present paper also presents the different principal technologies.
It is possible to conclude that the use of residual biomass is a way to reduce the national dependence on
energy imports (fossil specialties), decreases transport losses (by allowing local production and
consumption locally) and encourages the management of forest areas (fixing people in rural areas and
lowers the risk of fire).
Launch of the latest Renewable Energy in Ireland statistics. This presentation focuses on the highlights from the report and demonstrates some of the change in trends from previous reports.
Auctioning of emission allowances under the EU ETSLeonardo ENERGY
The European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Europe in a cost-effective manner. It is based on the cap-and-trade approach where a carbon market is created on which emission allowances are auctioned. Although today auctioning does not cover the totality of the emission allowances in the EU, it represents the main allocation principle.
To create the carbon market and allow auctioning to happen, the European legislators have put in place a system classically involving an auction platform, a monitoring, reporting and verification system, as well as rules regarding transparency and market abuse.
This system results in a carbon price which is key to the current structure of the EU climate and energy policy and is a matter of interest for a series of stakeholders.
The course will look into the structure and functioning of auctioning under the EU ETS and bring some practical perspectives based on experience before reflecting on the expected evolution of the system.
This presentation was made by Juliane Jansen, OECD, at the Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting - Introductory Workshop on Green Budgeting Tools held at the OECD, Paris, on 22 May 2018
Smart Hidro Power de Alemania presento el panorama de Alemania en el ámbito de las energías renovables no convencionales, mostrando la participación del estado y de las entidades sin ánimo de lucro como DENA
Since 2009 Utilities and City staff have incorporated energy efficient, conservation-minded
initiatives into the overall operations for the municipality. The 25x25 Plan demonstrates how both the City of Oconomowoc and Oconomowoc Utilities have worked hard to conserve financial and ecological resources.
This Updated 25x25 Plan should be viewed as a road map, which showcases all the key activities which have occurred since 2009 when the original plan was created. This updated Plan further high lights the importance of strategic decision-making and planning championed by City leadership and staff as evidenced by energy savings contained within this report
In 2013 the Oconomowoc Utilities Lead by Example team was tasked with updating the municipalities 25x25 Plan. The updated plan included water use data for the municipal operations as well as information on each municipal project that occurred between 2009 - 2013.
In her capacity as Lead by Example Team Coordinator Lisa Geason-Bauer was tasked with project managing the updated 25x25 Plan, she also served as lead plan author.
Second Ukrainian NDC to the Paris Agreement: Modelling Approach and ResultsIEA-ETSAP
Second Ukrainian NDC to the Paris Agreement: Modelling Approach and Results
Diachuk O., Poodles R., Chepelev M., Institute for Economics and Forecasting of National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine
Germany is Europe’s biggest energy consumer. As a large and industrial country with moderate natural endowments, it sets an example of what can be done with a progressive energy policy. Germany leads the charge on renewables, has an ambitious energy efficiency policy, is committed to phasing out nuclear power generation and uses ETS revenues fully for the fight against climate change. However, the future of the German energy transition is rather uncertain. Are energy prices sustainable with the current high taxation rates? How to expand the high-voltage grid to integrate wind generation from the North? What will be the future role of coal and gas? In this discussion webinar, we will review the most important energy statistics for Germany, present a few highlights on its energy policy and conclude with a series of open discussion points.
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM BY PINECONE WASTEaeijjournal
Rural ecosystems are the main source of biomass used in the production of renewable energy in Portugal.
However, it is based on pruning residues are most of the raw material for biomass leaving other
opportunities aside. This paper highlights the role of pinecone waste without pinion for the energy sector.
The present paper studies different solutions to enhance the use of the pinecones for energy proposes. The
present paper also presents the different principal technologies.
It is possible to conclude that the use of residual biomass is a way to reduce the national dependence on
energy imports (fossil specialties), decreases transport losses (by allowing local production and
consumption locally) and encourages the management of forest areas (fixing people in rural areas and
lowers the risk of fire).
Launch of the latest Renewable Energy in Ireland statistics. This presentation focuses on the highlights from the report and demonstrates some of the change in trends from previous reports.
Auctioning of emission allowances under the EU ETSLeonardo ENERGY
The European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Europe in a cost-effective manner. It is based on the cap-and-trade approach where a carbon market is created on which emission allowances are auctioned. Although today auctioning does not cover the totality of the emission allowances in the EU, it represents the main allocation principle.
To create the carbon market and allow auctioning to happen, the European legislators have put in place a system classically involving an auction platform, a monitoring, reporting and verification system, as well as rules regarding transparency and market abuse.
This system results in a carbon price which is key to the current structure of the EU climate and energy policy and is a matter of interest for a series of stakeholders.
The course will look into the structure and functioning of auctioning under the EU ETS and bring some practical perspectives based on experience before reflecting on the expected evolution of the system.
This presentation was made by Juliane Jansen, OECD, at the Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting - Introductory Workshop on Green Budgeting Tools held at the OECD, Paris, on 22 May 2018
Smart Hidro Power de Alemania presento el panorama de Alemania en el ámbito de las energías renovables no convencionales, mostrando la participación del estado y de las entidades sin ánimo de lucro como DENA
This presentation created and addressed by Pedro Linares (University of Comillas and Harvard Kennedy School) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
Ericsson Mobility Report, November 2015 - ICT and the low carbon economyEricsson
The November 2015 edition of the Mobility Report provides updated trends and forecasts for mobile data traffic. From the addition of 87 million new mobile broadband subscriptions in Q3 2015 to the estimate that video will account for 70 percent of total mobile traffic by 2021.
Information and Communications Technology to Manage Climate Risks and EmissionsFGV Brazil
A look into some existing solutions in ICT being implemented in Brazil for reducing GHG emissions and managing climate risks.
The objective of this paper is to highlight the solutions in information and communication technology (ICT) being implemented in Brazil for reducing GHG emissions and managing climate risks, and identify trends and opportunities that can be explored in the coming years.
GVces - Center for Sustainability Studies
www.gvces.com.br
Impacto del COVID-19 en las emisiones de GEI del
Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Peruano
La pandemia COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto en la economía, la industria, la salud y sectores clave en casi todos los países del mundo. La generación eléctrica ha sido uno de los sectores más impactados por las medidas nacionales tomadas debido a la pandemia.
En Perú se decretó una cuarentena social obligatoria que impactó fuertemente la demanda y generación de energía eléctrica en el país.
Dynamics of nitrous oxide emissions from different sources in bulgariaeSAT Journals
Abstract Within the present research inventory data has been analyzed regarding nitrous oxide emissions from different source categories in Bulgaria for the period 2000-2012. The major N2O emission source is agriculture with almost 45 % of the overall N2O emissions for the monitoring period. In order to reduce N2O emissions from agriculture adequate measures need to be applied towards improvement of agricultural land’s quality, restructure and modernization of farms and competitiveness increase. N2O emissions from power sector are almost 16 % of the overall N2O emissions in Bulgaria for the monitoring period and their reduction require measures for improving national energetic infrastructure, diversifying the energy mix and supply sources. A solid trend for N2O emission reduction from the sectors of Industrial processes and Road transport has been observed due to the effective European and national legal restrictions and regulatory mechanisms. Regions at risk in Bulgaria have been defined where industrial and combustion sources of N2O are concentrated and thus ambient air quality might be significantly deteriorated. Applying preventive measures for greenhouse gas (including N2O) emission reduction is a step towards fulfillment of Bulgaria’s commitment under the Kyoto Protocol and the Durban Platform. For the period 2013-2020 Bulgaria has committed itself into achieving the basic strategic targets of the European Union for 20 % reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, 20 % enhancement of the energy efficiency and 20 % share of energy from renewable energy sources in the total energy consumption. The ambitious target of the European Union on climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with 80 % below their 1990 level by 2050. Keywords: emission source categories, emission reduction measures, greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide, regions at risk
SMART2020: ICT & Climate Change. Opportunities or Threat? Chris Tuppen, BTcatherinewall
This is Chris Tuppen\'s presentation at the it@cork Green IT - Reduce CO2 Raise Profits Conference on Nov 26, 2008. Chris is the Director of Sustainable Development for BT
Germany has continued to improve its environmental performance over the past decade. It has ambitious climate targets with the aim to reach climate neutrality by 2045 and achieve negative emissions after 2050. Nevertheless, Germany will need to further accelerate climate action, particularly in the buildings and transport sectors, and address the triple crisis of energy, climate and biodiversity in an integrated and holistic manner. As part of its energy crisis response, Germany has taken a series of measures, which are historic in size and scope. They are set to massively accelerate its green energy transition in the coming years. It is also scaling up its engagement on climate change adaptation across all government levels and has initiated an ambitious programme to foster investments in nature-based solutions. This is the fourth OECD Environmental Performance Review of Germany. It provides 28 recommendations to help Germany further improve its environmental performance.
Development of 2050’s national long-term energy plans for carbon neutrality t...IEA-ETSAP
Development of national long-term energy plans, for 2050’s carbon neutrality targets, using the DESSTINEE model.
Dr. Gabriel David Oreggioni, Imperial College London
Ericsson Technology Review: Versatile Video Coding explained – the future of ...Ericsson
Continuous innovation in 5G networks is creating new opportunities for video-enabled services for both consumers and industries, particularly in areas such as the Internet of Things and the automotive sector. These new services are expected to rely on continued video evolution toward 8K resolutions and beyond, and on new strict requirements such as low end-to-end latency for video delivery.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explores recent developments in video compression technology and introduces Versatile Video Coding (VVC) – a significant improvement on existing video codecs that we think deserves to be widely deployed in the market. VVC has the potential both to enhance the user experience for existing video services and offer an appropriate performance level for new media services over 5G networks.
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND DIGITAL REALITIES
The key role that connectivity plays in our personal and professional lives has never been more obvious than it is today. Thankfully, despite the sudden, dramatic changes in our behavior earlier this year, networks all around the world have proven to be highly resilient. At Ericsson, we’re committed to ensuring that the network platform continues to improve its ability to meet the full range of societal needs as well as supporting enterprises to stay competitive in the long term. We know that greater agility and speed will be essential.
This issue of our magazine includes several articles that explain Ericsson’s approach to future network development, including my annual technology trends article. The seven trends on this year’s list serve as a critical cornerstone in the development of a common Ericsson vision of what future networks will provide, and what sort of technology evolution will be required to get there.
ERIK EKUDDEN
Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer and Head of Group Function Technology
Ericsson Technology Review: Integrated access and backhaul – a new type of wi...Ericsson
Today millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is valued mainly because it can be used to achieve high speeds and capacities when combined with spectrum assets below 6GHz. But it can provide other benefits as well. For example, mmWave spectrum makes it possible to use a promising new wireless backhaul solution for 5G New Radio – integrated access and backhaul (IAB) – to densify networks with multi-band radio sites at street level.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the IAB concept at a high level, presenting its architecture and key characteristics, as well as examining its advantages and disadvantages compared with other backhaul technologies. It concludes with a presentation of the promising results of several simulations that tested IAB as a backhaul option for street sites in both urban and suburban areas.
Ericsson Technology Review: Critical IoT connectivity: Ideal for time-critica...Ericsson
Critical Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity is an emerging concept in IoT development that enables more efficient and innovative services across a wide range of industries by reliably meeting time-critical communication needs. Mobile network operators (MNOs) are in the perfect position to enable these types of time-critical services due to their ability to leverage advanced 5G networks in a systematic and cost-effective way.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the benefits of Critical IoT connectivity in areas such as industrial control, mobility automation, remote control and real-time media. It also provides an overview of key network technologies and architectures. It concludes with several case studies based on two deployment scenarios – wide area and local area – that illustrate how well suited 5G spectrum assets are for Critical IoT use cases.
5G New Radio has already evolved in important ways since the 3GPP standardized Release 15 in late 2018. The significant enhancements in Releases 16 and 17 are certain to play a critical role in expanding both the availability and the applicability of 5G NR in both industry and public services in the near future.
This Ericsson Technology Review article summarizes the most notable new developments in releases 16 and 17, grouped into two categories: enhancements to existing features and features that address new verticals and deployment scenarios. This analysis and our insights about the future beyond Release 17 is an important component of our work to help mobile network operators and other stakeholders better understand and plan for the many new 5G NR opportunities that are on the horizon.
Ericsson Technology Review: The future of cloud computing: Highly distributed...Ericsson
The growing interest in cloud computing scenarios that incorporate both distributed computing capabilities and heterogeneous hardware presents a significant opportunity for network operators. With a vast distributed system (the telco network) already in place, the telecom industry has a significant advantage in the transition toward distributed cloud computing.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the future of cloud computing from the perspective of network operators, examining how they can best manage the complexity of future cloud deployments and overcome the technical challenges. Redefining cloud to expose and optimize the use of heterogeneous resources is not straightforward, but we are confident that our use cases and proof points validate our approach and will gain traction both in the telecommunications community and beyond.
Ericsson Technology Review: Optimizing UICC modules for IoT applicationsEricsson
Commonly referred to as SIM cards, the universal integrated circuit cards (UICCs) used in all cellular devices today are in fact complex and powerful minicomputers capable of much more than most Internet of Things (IoT) applications require. Until a simpler and less costly alternative becomes available, action must be taken to ensure that the relatively high price of UICC modules does not hamper IoT growth.
This Ericsson Technology Review article presents two mid-term approaches. The first is to make use of techniques that reduce the complexity of using UICCs in IoT applications, while the second is to use the UICCs’ excess capacity for additional value generation. Those who wish to exploit the potential of the UICCs to better support IoT applications have the opportunity to use them as cryptographic storage, to run higher-layer protocol stacks and/or as supervisory entities, for example.
Mobile data traffic volumes are expected to increase by a factor of four by 2025, and 45 percent of that traffic will be carried by 5G networks. To deliver on customer expectations in this rapidly changing environment, communication service providers must overcome challenges in three key areas: building sufficient capacity, resolving operational inefficiencies through automation and artificial intelligence, and improving service differentiation. This issue of ETR magazine provides insights about how to tackle all three.
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G BSS: Evolving BSS to fit the 5G economyEricsson
The 5G network evolution has opened up an abundance of new business opportunities for communication service providers (CSPs) in verticals such as industrial automation, security, health care and automotive. In order to successfully capitalize on them, CSPs must have business support systems (BSS) that are evolved to manage complex value chains and support new business models. Optimized information models and a high degree of automation are required to handle huge numbers of devices through open interfaces.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains how 5G-evolved BSS can help CSPs transform themselves from traditional network developers to service enablers for 5G and the Internet of Things, and ultimately to service creators with the ability to collaborate beyond telecoms and establish lucrative digital value systems.
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G migration strategy from EPS to 5G systemEricsson
For many operators, the introduction of the 5G System (5GS) to provide wide-area services in existing Evolved Packet System (EPS) deployments is a necessary step toward creating a full-service, future-proof 5GS in the longer term. The creation of a combined 4G-5G network requires careful planning and a holistic strategy, as the introduction of 5GS has significant impacts across all network domains, including the RAN, packet core, user data and policies, and services, as well as affecting devices and backend systems.
This Ericsson Technology Review article provides an overview of all the aspects that operators need to consider when putting together a robust EPS-to-5GS migration strategy and provides guidance about how they can adapt the transition to address their particular needs per domain.
Ericsson Technology Review: Creating the next-generation edge-cloud ecosystemEricsson
The surge in data volume that will come from the massive number of devices enabled by 5G has made edge computing more important than ever before. Beyond its abilities to reduce network traffic and improve user experience, edge computing will also play a critical role in enabling use cases for ultra-reliable low-latency communication in industrial manufacturing and a variety of other sectors.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the topic of how to deliver distributed edge computing solutions that can host different kinds of platforms and applications and provide a high level of flexibility for application developers. Rather than building a new application ecosystem and platform, we strongly recommend reusing industrialized and proven capabilities, utilizing the momentum created with Cloud Native Computing Foundation, and ensuring backward compatibility.
The rise of the innovation platform
Society and industry are transforming at an unprecedented rate. At the same time, the network platform is emerging as an innovation platform with the potential to offer all the connectivity, processing, storage and security needed by current and future applications. In my 2019 trends article, featured in this issue of Ericsson Technology Review, I share my view of the future network platform in relation to six key technology trends.
This issue of the magazine also addresses critical topics such as trust enablement, the extension of computing resources all the way to the edge of the mobile network, the growing impact of the cloud in the telco domain, overcoming latency and battery consumption challenges, and the need for end-to-end connectivity. I hope it provides you with valuable insights about how to overcome the challenges ahead and take full advantage of new opportunities.
Ericsson Technology Review: Spotlight on the Internet of ThingsEricsson
The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a fundamental cornerstone in the digitalization of both industry and society as a whole. It represents a huge opportunity not only in economic terms, but also from a global challenges perspective – making it easier for governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to address pressing food, energy, water and climate related issues.
5G and the IoT are closely intertwined. One of the biggest innovations within 5G is support for the IoT in all its forms, both by addressing mission criticality as well as making it possible to connect low-cost, long-battery-life sensors.
With this in mind, we decided to create a special issue of Ericsson Technology Review solely focused on IoT opportunities and challenges. I hope it provides you with valuable insights about the IoT-related opportunities available to your organization, along with ideas about how we can overcome the challenges ahead.
Ericsson Technology Review: Driving transformation in the automotive and road...Ericsson
A variety of automotive and transport services that require cellular connectivity are already in commercial operation today, and many more are yet to come. Among other things, these services will improve road safety and traffic efficiency, saving lives and helping to reduce the emissions that contribute to climate change. At Ericsson, we believe that the best way to address the growing connectivity needs of this industry sector is through a common network solution, as opposed to taking a single-segment silo approach.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explains how the ongoing rollout of 5G provides a cost-efficient and feature-rich foundation for a horizontal multiservice network that can meet the connectivity needs of the automotive and transport ecosystem. It also outlines the key challenges and presents potential solutions.
This presentation explains the importance of SD-WAN technology as part of the Enterprise digital transformation strategy. It goes over the first wave of SD-WAN in a single vendor deployment, with Do-it-yourself (DIY) as the preferred model. Then continues with the importance of orchestration in the second wave of SD-WAN deployments in a multi-vendor ecosystem, turning to SD-WAN Managed Services as the preferred model. It ends up with some examples of use cases and the Verizon customer case. More information on Ericsson Dynamic orchestration - http://m.eric.sn/6rsZ30psKLu
Ericsson Technology Review: 5G-TSN integration meets networking requirements ...Ericsson
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is becoming the standard Ethernet-based technology for converged networks of Industry 4.0. Understanding the importance and relevance of TSN features, as well as the capabilities that allow 5G to achieve wireless deterministic and time-sensitive communication, is essential to industrial automation in the future.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explains how TSN is an enabler of Industry 4.0, and that together with 5G URLLC capabilities, the two key technologies can be combined and integrated to provide deterministic connectivity end to end. It also discusses TSN standards and the value of the TSN toolbox for next generation industrial automation networks.
Ericsson Technology Review: Meeting 5G latency requirements with inactive stateEricsson
Low latency communication and minimal battery consumption are key requirements of many 5G and IoT use cases, including smart transport and critical control of remote devices. Thanks to Ericsson’s 4G/5G research activities and lessons learned from legacy networks, we have identified solutions that address both of these requirements by reducing the amount of signaling required during state transitions, and shared our discoveries with the 3GPP.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the why and how behind the new Radio Resource Control (RRC) state model in the standalone version of the 5G New Radio standard, which features a new, Ericsson-developed state called inactive. On top of overcoming latency and battery consumption challenges, the new state also increases overall system capacity by decreasing the processing effort in the network.
Ericsson Technology Review: Cloud-native application design in the telecom do...Ericsson
Cloud-native application design is set to become standard practice in the telecom industry in the near future due to the major efficiency gains it can provide, particularly in terms of speeding up software upgrades and releases. At Ericsson, we have been actively exploring the potential of cloud-native computing in the telecom industry since we joined the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) a few years ago.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the opportunities that CNCF technology has enabled, as well as unveiling key aspects of our application development framework, which is designed to help navigate the transition to a cloud-native approach. It also discusses the challenges that the large-scale reuse of open-source technology can raise, along with key strategies for how to mitigate them.
Ericsson Technology Review: Service exposure: a critical capability in a 5G w...Ericsson
To meet the requirements of use cases in areas such as the Internet of Things, AR/VR, Industry 4.0 and the automotive sector, operators need to be able to provide computing resources across the whole telco domain – all the way to the edge of the mobile network. Service exposure and APIs will play a key role in creating solutions that are both effective and cost efficient.
The latest Ericsson Technology Review article explores recent advances in the service exposure area that have resulted from the move toward 5G and the adoption of cloud-native principles, as well as the combination of Service-based Architecture, microservices and container technologies. It includes examples that illustrate how service exposure can be deployed in a multitude of locations, each with a different set of requirements that drive modularity and configurability needs.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
2. III. GHG EMISSIONS IN 2030
A. Overview of GHG emissions distribution 2000-2010
When studying the impacts of ICT a sectorial approach
seems reasonable as emissions data are available on a sector
level – and as the use of ICT could be more easily understood
at this level. A global GHG emission model developed by the
World Resources Institute (WRI) [3]-[5] was used to
understand how emissions have been distributed historically
between industry sectors (see table I) and to estimate the future
baseline emissions.
TABLE I. GLOBAL GHG EMISSIONS IN MTONNES CO2E FOR
THE MAIN SECTORS 2000, 2005 AND 2010
2000 2005 2010
Industry: Energy 3 996 4 389 6 464
Industry: Raw materials 5 578 6 339 8 080
Industry: Other 4 787 6 162 6 170
Buildings 6 369 7 359 8 766
Transports and travel 5 745 6 339 7 150
Agriculture 6 203 6 738 5 534
Land use 7 577 5 408 5 044
Waste 1 499 1 419 1 420
Total 41 755 44 153 48 629
B. Allocation of global GHG emissions and effects to end-
use sectors based on [3]-[5]
One challenge in this study was to allocate life cycle
emissions from basic resources like fuel, energy and raw
materials to end-use sectors.
Figure 2 shows the global GHG emissions in 2010
(including both GHG emissions and other effects with a global
warming potential such as deforestation) of the seven end-use
sectors (a) and how the emissions from primary resources (c)
have been allocated to these end-use sectors in our model.
Part (c) should be read from the bottom and upwards.
Firstly, applicable parts of the emissions related to primary
fuels are allocated to electricity, other energy (representing
district heating supplied as hot water or steam) and raw
materials production processes (c). In a next step the four
primary resources (fuel, electricity, other energy and raw
materials) are re-distributed into the intermediate categories of
fuel supply, raw materials supply and energy supply (b). As an
example, part of the electricity is combined with other energy
and forms energy supply. Finally, the intermediate categories
end up as embodied emissions in the end-use sectors.
Buildings, transports and travel are further divided into sub-
sectors primarily based on WRI but also other sources1
.
The resulting addressable emissions are shown in table IX.
The reason for this sub-division of sectors is to better map the
ICT solutions towards the addressable emissions.
1
The available space for this paper does not allow for details to be provided
but the author would be happy to share this information.
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Primary fuel
Electricity
Other energy
Raw materials (RM)
RM supply
Fuel supply
Energy supply
Waste
Land use
Agriculture
Travel
Transports
Buildings
Industry
Mtonne CO2e
Energy supply
Fuel supply
Raw materials
Allocated emissions:
Direct emissions (e.g. fossil fuel incineration, cement production, flaring)
Other emissions (e.g. fugitive emissions and land use effects)
Primary emissions:
a
b
c
Figure 2 Allocation of global GHG emissions in 2010 to seven end use sectors
C. Global GHG emissions and effects prognosis to 2030
IPCC estimates that the global GHG emissions and effects
will be in the range of 49 - 77 Gt CO2e in 2030 according to
their six main scenarios presented in IPCCs 4th
assessment
report (AR4) [2]. These main scenarios are referred to as
baseline scenarios in the recently released fifth assessment
report, which also includes a number of mitigation scenarios
that have not been further used here [1].
In this study we have used the average value of the six
scenarios, 63.5 Gtonnes CO2e, as a baseline. This corresponds
to an increase of 22 Gt CO2e compared to year 2000 emissions
as presented in section III.A. Combining the average value
from IPCC [2] with the sector information from WRI [3]-[5],
GHG emissions for each main sector are projected to grow as
shown in Table 2.
TABLE II. PROGNOSIS FOR FUTURE GLOBAL GHG EMISSION
GROWTH 2010-2030 PER SECTOR
Sector
Yearly
increas
e +
(%)
2030
[Mt]
This study
2030 [Mt]
Industry 14 790
- Raw materials +0.6% 9 000*** Allocated to buildings,
travel, transports, industry
and agriculture- Energy +1.1% 8 000***
- Other +1% 7 500*** Allocated to industry
Buildings +2.5% 12 300** 17 220
Transports and travel
+2% 10 600*
Split between travel and
transports:
- Transports 5 680
- Travel 9 490
Agriculture +2% 8 300* 8 430
38
3. Sector
Yearly
increas
e +
(%)
2030
[Mt]
This study
2030 [Mt]
Land use +0.7% 5 800* 5 800
Waste +2% 2 100* 2 100
Total +1.4% 63 500* 63 500
* Estimated by IPCC in AR4 [2]
** Figure modified based on IPCC [1] and WRI [5]
*** Extrapolated from WRI [5] and EcoFys [13] data for year 2000-2010 and an additional 2000
Mtonnes from Buildings was added
+ This column is used to show how different sector emissions are expected to develop until 2030
but these interpolated values are not used further since only year 2030 is in focus in this paper..
For buildings and industry IPCC and WRI allocate
emissions differently. To make the distribution between sectors
for 2030 comparable to Table I, the building data from IPCC
(14 300 Mtonnes) have been reduced by 2000 Mtonnes to align
better with the WRI data for year 2000-2010 extrapolated to
2030 (see Buildings in column 4 in Table II). These emissions
have instead been added to the industry sector. Thus the 2030
estimate for the industry sector (See Industry in column 4 in
Table II) takes into account extrapolation of emissions
estimated up to 2010 by WRI [5] and EcoFys [13] plus 2000
Mtonnes reallocated from buildings. In the present study
(column 5) building emissions are assumed to be higher than in
the combined IPCC/WRI projections (column 4) due to the
allocation of life cycle emissions of basic resources to the end-
use sectors, as described in III.B.
Comparing our model (column 5) and the combined
IPCC/WRI projections (column 4) in Table II, our model uses
the same sector distribution of GHG emissions as WRI [5],
with two exceptions. Firstly, the GHG emissions related to
energy and raw materials have been allocated to the sectors that
use them. Secondly, the travel and transports sector has been
divided into two separate parts.
Table I and II indicate that the total emissions for each
sector increases over time and the distribution of overall
emissions between sectors change somewhat.
D. Main assumptions for the 2030 baseline
The main assumption in the study is that the relative share
of GHG emissions for the different parts of the end-use sectors
(such as residential buildings and commercial buildings for
Buildings) remains the same in 2030. It is also assumed that the
share of embodied emissions remains the same.
IPCC takes into account improvements in energy
generation in some scenarios. To what extent this includes
measures that are enabled by ICT is not known. Consequently,
some IPCC scenarios may contain a hidden additional potential
to be associated with ICT. Alternatively, this may instead be
seen as the estimated ICT potential but potentially including
double-counting towards the baseline. This cannot be resolved
due to lack of data, and adds to the overall uncertainties.
IV. ICT SOLUTIONS
This section describes the different ICT solutions categories
and gives the background data for the GHG emissions
reductions potentials. The scenarios and the potentials used for
the scenarios are shown in section V.
A. Smart grid
The smart grid can be defined in different ways; often the
concept includes integration of renewable energy sources,
power load balancing and power grid optimization. Demand
management and time-of-day pricing, as well as a possible
reduction of transmission and distribution losses are other
features. ICT solutions are needed for the smart grid, but not all
potential GHG emissions reductions are due to ICT.
So far, mainly smart metering has been implemented. Smart
meters could lead to lower energy use by enabling visibility
and awareness of use patterns as well as more sophisticated
billing and could be implemented through automated systems
or behavioral changes.
TABLE III. BACKGROUND DATA FOR SMART GRID
Smart metering, [10]: Key research findings: Saving from direct and
indirect feedback can range from 3–15% and 0–
10% respectively. Specific customers examples:
6.5% average energy reduction due to in-home
displays and Home Area Network devices
respectively; and 2% reduction due to online
feedback of historical data and monthly online
reports respectively (BC Hydro)
Smart metering, [11] Residential electricity savings from real-time
feedback in nine pilots reviewed ranged from 0
to 19.5%, with average savings of 3.8%.
Smart metering, [12] 6% electricity reduction shown for 500 000
Korean households, 3% estimated for the country
Renewable energy
solutions, [13]
2020 impact ranges from a 2% to 7% increase in
the share of the renewable energy solutions in
electricity generation due to ICT.
Demand management
potential, [7]
Reduction factor 4% applicable to 0.24 of 11.8
Gtonnes global GHG emissions
Time-of-day pricing
potential, [7]
Reduction factor 1% applicable to an unknown
share of 11.8 Gtonnes global GHG emissions
Power load balancing
potential, [7]
Reduction factor 60% applicable to 0.24 of 11.8
Gtonnes global GHG emissions
Power grid optimizat-
ion potential, [7]
Reduction factor 30% applicable to 1.1 of 11.8
Gtonnes global GHG emissions
Virtual power plant
potential, [7]
Reduction factor 26% applicable to 0.14 of 11.8
Gtonnes global GHG emissions
Increased renewable
energy sources
potential [14]
This opportunity could reduce Australia's total
carbon emissions by 2.0% per annum (11.3
MtCO2e).
B. Smart buildings
In this category, solutions for automated heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems as well as
light control, building management and building auditing are
included. Also included are solutions related to the smart grid
like voltage optimization and local integration of renewable
energy sources. Not included in this category are reductions
related to smart electricity meters, which have been allocated to
the Smart grid category, section IV.A.
TABLE IV. BACKGROUND DATA FOR SMART BUILDINGS
Home energy
management systems,
[12]
1 billion kWh energy reduction estimated for
Korean households based on an assumption from
Telstra regarding a 50% reduction in of standby
power and electricity loss when implementing
39
4. home energy management systems
Smart building
management potential,
[7]
6% energy reduction potential (derived from an
absolute number divided by total number of
buildings)
Building management
potential, [19]
5-40% reduced energy consumption in buildings
Intelligent heating
potential, [20]
Potential for ICT to save 15% of energy in 2030
Intelligent heating
potential, [21]
Improved heating and cooling control in
buildings can provide 10-15% savings.
Control HVAC, [22] 25% potential energy reduction due to space and
hot water controls and appliances, lighting and
heating systems. Lifestyle change would have the
highest impact corresponding to 49% reduction..
Remote appliance
power management
potential, [14]
Assumption that remote appliance power
management can reduce related stand-by
emissions by 50%.
Context aware power
management
potential, [14]
Assumption that context aware power
management can reduce orphaned energy
emissions by 50% in one-third of Australian
homes and commercial buildings. Assumed that
15% of overall energy is orphaned in residential
and commercial buildings.
C. Smart transport
The Smart transport solutions taken into account in this
study include route optimization and fleet management which
both lead to reductions in fuel use for road transport, mainly for
trucks. Another type of solution deals with shifting transport
modes, for instance from truck and air transports to train or
ship transports. In this case ICT enables efficient logistics that
allows for optimized transport time etc.
Also Smart street lights could be allocated to this category.
However, such solutions have not been included in this study
as further detailed in section V.
TABLE V. BACKGROUND DATA FOR SMART TRANSPORTS
Fleet management,
[23]
165 000 fewer miles driven for entire fleet of 300
vehicles in California, USA, over 6 months.
(Verizon)
Fleet management,
[24]
23% reduction of fuel costs over three years for
30 000 vehicles (Vodafone)
Route optimization,
[25]
15% reduction in travelled miles and 8% in
average route in a German pilot study (DHL)
Route optimization,
[26]
Reduction of 41500 liter fuels for 380 cars in
Slovenia, estimation of -10% reduced fuel
(~50 000 l) for 300 cars in Macedonia (DT)
Connected public
waste bins, [27]
30 tonnes (18%) CO2 reduction compared to the
year before, corresponding to 373 car trips
Groningen, Netherlands
Real-time Freight
Management potential,
[14]
Assumption that real-time fleet management
increases Australian payload capacity factors
equivalent to 12% reduction in unladed distance.
Improved driver
performance potential,
[14]
Assumption that ICT enables more efficient
driving and more efficient vehicle performance
by 10% in nation-wide Australia
Dematerialization
leading to less freight
transport potential,
[20]
Under the most optimistic assumptions – there
could be less increase in freight transport by
roughly 25% due to ICT
Road network
condition information
(both travel and
transport), [28]
Overall travel time reduction by 1-2% in regular
congested areas
D. Smart work
Most smart work solutions can reduce business travel and
commuting which would affect both travelling patterns and the
need for hotels and offices. Videoconference and
teleconference solutions combined with the possibility to work
outside the office are considered as smart work solutions. The
solutions are to a large extent already available but are not
utilized to their full potential.
TABLE VI. BACKGROUND DATA FOR SMART WORK
Smart work Telia,
[29]
The direct CO2 emissions excluding infrastructure
have been reduced from about 3.2 ton to 1.9 ton, a
reduction of 1.3 ton per employee. (Telia)
Videoconferencing,
[30]
3 tonnes CO2 reduction per employee and year in
2006-2010 (Cisco)
Videoconference
potential, [14]
Assumes that one-third of business aviation trips
could be replaced with videoconference meetings.
Videoconferencing,
other sources
11 other references for videoconferencing from
company sources such as AXA, Deutsche Telecom,
British Telecom, and AT&T have been investigated
but cannot be described due to lack of space.
Telecommuting,
[31]
3,4 ktonnes CO2 reduced commuting mainly in
Japan by encouraging 330000 employees to
telecommute and have online meetings (Panasonic)
Telecommuting,
[32]
175 million commuted miles avoided annually for
130000 employees in USA (AT&T)
Teleworking,
[33],[34]
100 million miles annually avoided airplane travel,
(17ktonnes CO2 annually) for 80000 employees
USA/globally (Microsoft)
Teleworking, [35] Reduction in annual vehicle travel miles by 0.8%
or less 1988-1998 in a nationwide US study.
Telepresence, [12] 28000 km flight distance reduction potential if 895
oversees travels are avoided by the 1.1 % of the
companies in Korea having telepresence equipment
Teleworking
potential, [14]
Assumes that decentralized workplaces are used by
15% of employees who have jobs suitable for
telework, and that their commuting emissions are
reduced by at least 50%.
E. Smart travel
Within the travel category, the ICT solutions are used for
optimization of routes, variable speed applications and public
travels. As an example, there are crowd sourcing applications
that show traffic congestion, inform about different travel
modes and routes and which also support sharing of vehicles.
The potential for smart parking is assumed to form part of the
overall route optimization.
Smart public travel can lead to reduced private car travel. It
includes smart ticket systems, bus/train arrival information,
road tolls, etc. Note that this concept might include more than
ICT. The fleet car management is similar to the ICT solutions
for smart transport, but here the emissions are due to car
transports rather than goods transports on trucks.
40
5. TABLE VII. BACKGROUND DATA FOR SMART TRAVEL
Route optimization
for private car, [36]
Two implementations for Yokohama corresponding
to 8.7% and 17% CO2 reductions. 17% reduction
corresponded to 20% time savings (Nissan).
Route optimization,
[12]
11.8% estimated fuel consumption reduction in
Seoul, Korea
Fleet management,
electronic ticketing,
[37]
2 ktonnes CO2e reduction for 1928 buses in
Curitiba if bus operation efficiency increases by
1%
Bus information
system, [12]
More people use bus and leave car, 21% of
compound annual growth rate
Real time
information
potential, [12]
0.25 tonnes CO2e expected to be reduced in 2011
as more people use bus instead of car. At 21% of
compound annual growth rate this gives a Korean
reduction of 1.4 million tonnes CO2e by 2020
Internet based travel
planner, [38]
51% of current car users declare shift to public
transport but only 1% will totally abandon cars in
favor of public transports
Speed adaptation
[28]
Fuel reduction by 8% in UK study
Smart car travel
solutions potential,
[13]
According to simulation, ICT could avoid 10-19%
of the expected future (2020) car traffic. Note 2020
traffic expected to increase compared to 2000.
Virtual mobility
potential, [13]
6-8% of the future (2020) passenger transport level
estimated to be avoided due to virtual mobility
Personalized public
travel potential, [14]
Assumes that wireless broadband-facilitated
personalized public transport could move 10% of
Australian car commuters to public transports
Public transport
information
potential, [14]
Urban public transport trips increased both in
overall terms (10% increase in passenger distance
travelled) and as share of overall passenger task
(from 9.2% to 10.9%). Fuel price increase is part of
the explanation, but ICT innovations as well.
F. Smart services
Smart services is a category that includes solutions for e-
commerce or e-business, sometimes defined as the process of
buying and selling products or services online. It also includes
the shift from products to services, for instance ICT solutions
used for car pools and renting of machines, clothes and other
things. Sometimes the smart services and smart shopping are
grouped together with solutions for banking, entertainment and
government. However, that is not done here.
Few references have been found that includes actual GHG
reduction emissions data for smart services.
TABLE VIII. BACKGROUND DATA FOR SMART SERVICES
e-commerce,
[12]
Estimated reduction of -3 billion kilometer private car
travel and -0.63 billion kWh due to less cooling, heating
and lightning. This results in a reduction of 0.72 million
tonnes CO2e in the travel/transport sector and 0.29
million tonnes CO2e in the building sector in Korea 2011.
e-commerce
potential, [20]
Under the most optimistic assumptions made with regard
to all uncertain model parameters – ICT could reduce the
increase in freight transport by roughly 25% until 2020.
e-commerce,
[39],[40],[41]
3% reduction of total GHG emissions in Japan as a
potential for 2010. Estimate including both business-to-
business and private e-commerce, in 2003 and 2008.
Products-to-
services, [8]
Reductions between 3.75-37.5% in industrial production
in EU 2020. Reductions due to ICT-based products-to-
service shift estimated to be between 0% and 10%.
G. Agriculture and land use
Smart agriculture is about ICT solutions for soil
monitoring, weather forecasting, and smart watering systems
etc. Included are also solutions for managing large live stocks
and monitoring equipment, reducing overlaps when harvesting
and getting data to pro-actively diagnose problems and
coordinate fleets.
Although interesting, ICT solutions for agriculture and land
use have not been a focus of this study due to lack of time.
However, to get a more complete view on ICTs potential to
reduce GHG emissions, and to understand how overall results
compare with particularly the SMARTer 2020 report [7], the
results for agriculture and land use from [7] have been used.
The reader should know that these results are used as is without
in depth review of their quality. Thus, all results are presented
with these assumed reductions included as well as excluded.
H. Mapping between ICT solutions and end-use sectors
To understand how the ICT solutions apply to the different
end-use sectors a mapping is performed as described in III.A.
As an example, smart grid improvements will lead to emissions
reductions in all electricity using sectors, affecting mainly
industry and buildings, but to some extent also other sectors
(transport and travels). Figure 3 shows the mapping between
ICT solutions and main affected sectors. However, the applied
model is considering all interrelationships between the ICT
solutions and the sectors.
Figure 3 Mapping between ICT solutions categories and the GHG emission
categories as defined by IPCC.
V. EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL IN 2030
A. The scenarios
This study estimates the GHG emissions reduction potential
for two scenarios: the Medium Reduction Potential Scenario
(MRPS) and the High Reduction Potential Scenario (HRPS).
MRPS is representing the median of the potentials shown in the
references, with some modifications as described in section
V.B. HRPS corresponds to the highest potential from the
references which is considered as credible and reasonable to
apply as a global scale average - for instance the high potential
41
6. may represent the energy savings achieved by the best energy
savers among smart meter customers.
B. The potential GHG emissions reductions per ICT solution
Table IX shows the highest potential claimed in the
background data (column 2) as well as the potentials used for
the explored scenarios, MRPS and HRPS (column 3). The
percentage values represent overall reductions by 2030
compared to the 2030 baseline.
TABLE IX. REDUCTION POTENTIALS FROM REFERENCES AND
POTENTIALS USED FOR THE ICT SOLUTIONS
Enabling ICT
solutions
Ref.
high
%
MRPS/
HRPS
%*
Addressable emissions
% of emissions from
(sub)sector
Smart grids:
Smart metering
10 5 / 10
Residential buildings energy:
57% of Buildings sector
Power grid
optimization
60 15 / 30
Transmission and distribution
electricity losses:
8% of electricity, 2% of
global emissions
Facilitating renewable
energy sources
9 2 / 7
Electricity production:
25% of global emissions
Smart buildings:
Smart building
solutions for offices,
stores, hotels, schools,
etc.
40 10 / 15
Energy consumption in
offices, stores, hotels,
schools, etc.:
31% of Buildings sector
Smart building
solutions for
healthcare, food stores
and services, etc.
17 3 / 5
Energy consumption in
healthcare, food stores and
services, etc.:
9% of Buildings sector
Smart transports:
Route optimization,
fleet management
23 10 / 20
All road transport:
58% of Transport sector
Facilitating the choice
of transport mode with
help of ICT
50 5 / 10
Shift from air to train/ship,
10% of Transport sector
Smart work:
Telemeetings, etc.
60 20 / 30
Air business travel:
7% of Travel sector
Telemeetings, etc. 50 10 / 20
Car business travel:
12% of Travel sector
Telemeetings, etc. -
12.5 /
25
Hotels used for business,
1.6% of Building sector
Reduced office space,
due to ICT
25 10 / 20
Office buildings:
7% of Buildings sector
Teleworking 50 15 / 30
25% of private car travel is
allocated to employees who
could work from home to
some extent:
17.5% of Travel sector
Smart travel:
Smart public travel
10 5 / 10
Private car travel:
35% of Travel sector
Fleet car management 23 8 / 15
Commercial car travel:
12% of Travel sector
Route optimization 17 5 / 10
All road travel:
82% of Travel sector
Smart services:
e-commerce solutions,
products-to- services
10 5 / 10
All transports and industry:
100% of Transport sector
100% of Industry sector
Smart agriculture
incl. land use:
13 7 / 13
Agriculture incl land use:
100% of Agriculture sector
Table IX (column 4) shows the relative addressable
emissions for different ICT solutions expressed as percentage
of the sector emissions. Absolute addressable emissions for the
ICT solutions are calculated by multiplying those with the
absolute sector emissions of table II. The absolute addressable
emissions are then multiplied by the scenario potentials
(column 3) to calculate the reduction potential per ICT
solution. In this calculation double-counting between solutions
addressing the same emissions are carefully avoided within and
between sector
To understand how the reduction in GHG emissions from
each category impacts overall emissions, the reduction of each
category was divided by the total global GHG emissions in
2030 (see Table X). As an example, ICT solutions for smart
grid include smart metering, power grid optimization and
facilitating renewables (Table IX). The potentials of these are
multiplied by their addressable emissions while avoiding
double-counting to calculate the potential of the sector. This
potential is then divided by the 2030 baseline for overall global
GHG emissions (Table X).
TABLE X. INDIVIDUAL REDUCTION POTENTIALS FOR 2030
PER ICT SOLUTION CATEGORY
ICT solution category HRS MRS
Smart grid 3.9% 1.6%
Smart buildings 1.4% 0.9 %
Smart transport 1.1% 0.6%
Smart travel 1.9% 0.9%
Smart work 1.9% 0.9%
Smart services 3.2% 1.6%
Smart agriculture and land use
(inherited from SMARTer
2020)
2.9% 1.3%
Based on MRPS, the highest potentials for the different ICT
solution categories were estimated to 1-4% of the overall
global GHG emissions. The smart grid solution category has
the largest potential. Also worth noting is that the inherited
potential for agriculture and land use is relatively high.
The values in Table X show the potential for each ICT
solution category by its own, without considering solutions
from other categories addressing the same emissions. Hence, if
added together the resulting potential will be too high due to
double-counting effects. Total values without double-counting
are given in section V.D and represent overall reductions by
2030 compared to the 2030 baseline.
C. Inclusion and exclusion of ICT solutions
For all solution categories introduced in section IV, and
potentials according to section V.B, it is necessary to define the
boundaries applied in terms of included and excluded ICT
solutions etc.
Smart Grid: ICT is a facilitator for the introduction of
renewable energy sources, but it is not obvious to what extent
reductions could be claimed by ICT. This study applies the
potentials suggested in [13], including integration of small
42
7. scale renewable energy sources, but not general increase in the
use of wind power.
Smart Buildings: Reduction potentials for buildings with
critical activities, like healthcare and food storage, have been
assumed to be lower and the estimated figures have been set to
one third of the reduction potential estimated for other
buildings.
Smart Transports: For route optimizations, the reduction
potentials of company-owned cars and small trucks utilized for
transport purposes have been allocated to Smart Travel due to
the way companies report data. Further, the road transport
reductions do not include emissions from buses because this is
representing only a minor part of total emissions [42]. For fleet
management, no figures were found on reduced fuel use due to
shorter harbour times and better packed ships, therefore such
reductions are not included. ICT based solutions are already
widely adopted for both route optimization and fleet
management. In other words, the estimated reduction potential
has to some extent already been realized and is embedded in
the baseline. Therefore, we have used lower emission reduction
potentials than indicated by the available data to take this into
account.
For smart street lights, some data exists, for example in
[43], but no reduction potential has been included for two main
reasons. Firstly, smart street light projects often combine
change of lamp type (e.g. into LED lights) and control through
ICT, and reductions data does not distinguish between those.
Secondly, it has not been possible to identify the emissions
from streetlights within the total global GHG emissions.
This study also assumes that emissions from ship and train
transports will not increase in spite of the shift to these
transport modes, assuming that efficiency gains of these
transports will compensate for their increased use.
For the shift from air transports to train and ship, the
potentials are based on Ericsson’s own improvements in this
area [44]. It can be discussed to what extent ICT is enabling
these kind of changes, but it is believed ICT plays an important
role by enabling better control of the freight, thereby increasing
the probability for changes in transport mode. It is assumed
that the large GHG emission reductions experienced by
Ericsson (emission have roughly halved) due to the change of
transport mode are too high to be used for all freights globally.
Therefore a much lower potential has been set (5-10%).
Potentials related to co-optimization of different transport
modes have not been investigated.
Smart work: For impacts related to hotels, it is estimated
that 25% of the business related hotel nights can be avoided,
which is about half of the total number of hotel nights spent
[45]-[46].
The need for office space could be reduced due to
dematerializations including fewer bookshelves, thinner
screens, less paper, no fixed phones, fewer printers and so on,
but it is assumed that this potential has to a large extent already
been realized. However, some potential still remains in terms
of flexi-work spaces, open offices, etc., especially in the global
perspective.
For commuting, it is considered that half of the emissions
related to private car travel emerge from commuting [58].
Furthermore, our previous research [29] indicates that
approximately 40% of workers have tasks that could be
performed from home occasionally, and an Australian study
[14] declares that about 55% of Australian jobs are amendable
to telework. Also, these travellers are more likely to be car
commuters than the average employee [47]. Based on these
sources it is assumed that 25% of the GHG emissions for
private car travels is allocated to commuters that could work
from home to some extent. For these emissions a reduction
protential of 15% (MRPS) and 30% (HRPS) was used
Smart travel: In our scenarios the potentials for fleet
management for travels are set somewhat lower than for
transports as it is likely that car fleets from different companies
and sectors are not co-optimized as efficiently as the fleets
within truck companies. Also the route optimization potential is
set somewhat lower compared to the references listed, as the
figure is applied globally and for both urban and rural travel -
although it is assumed that main reductions occur in urban
areas and for short distance trips – the conditions applicable for
the reference case studies.
Smart services: The potentials used for HRPS correspond to
a total of 3% of all GHG emissions, which is the same figure as
in [39]-[41] and [8]. It is considered that smart services is
already widely adopted for some businesses, e.g. for the media
and music industry.
Agriculture and land use: Potentials for agriculture and land
use were not part of the data collection. Instead, reductions in
GHG emissions were included based on GeSI’s
SMARTer2020 report [7]. In that report a total of 12.4 Gtonnes
CO2e was reported for agriculture, while IPCC reports only
about 7 Gtonnes CO2e for agriculture [48]. If adding the GHG
emissions from land use and waste to the agriculture emissions
in the IPCC report, a total of 12.3 Gtonnes CO2e is estimated
for 2020. It is thus assumed that the SMARTer 2020 value
includes also impact from land use (which is to high extent
related to agriculture and clearing of forests to grow crops) and
waste (partly relates to organic waste from agriculture and the
food chain). No emission reductions for forestry are included.
The SMARTer2020 figure has been used as is. However,
some of the potential may be due to local electronic solutions
that should not be included if a deeper analysis of this sector
was performed, see [9].
D. Estimated GHG emission reductions per scenario
Based on the potentials in Table IX, and the emissions per
sector in Table II, the estimated reduction potentials were
calculated for the two scenarios. For HRPS a potential GHG
emissions reduction of about 8 Gtonnes CO2e was estimated
for the investigated ICT solutions. If also agriculture is added,
based on the SMARTer 2020 [7] estimate, the value increases
to about 10 Gtonnes. These potentials correspond to 12.4%
and 15.3% of the estimated global GHG emissions in 2030
(63.5 Gtonnes CO2e) respectively. In the MRPS a potential of 4
Gtonnes CO2e for 2030 was achieved without considering the
agriculture sector, corresponding to 6.1% of the global GHG
emissions. When including also the potential in the agriculture
43
8. sector, the reduction becomes 5 Gtonnes CO2e or 7.4% of the
global GHG emissions.
As shown in Figure 4, these potentials include some
embodied emissions reductions in, for instance, infrastructure
and manufacturing. Particularly, potentials are included due to
reductions in new building construction and road infrastructure
extension and maintenance due to less traffic. Without these
embodied emissions, the HRPS potential without agriculture
reduces to 10.7% and MRPS becomes 5.3%, see Figure 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
edium
duction
cenario
High
duction
cenario
cluding
culture
cluding
culture
Medium
reduction
scenario
%
High
reduction
scenario
Medium
reduction
scenario
High
reduction
scenario
12.4%
15.3%
6.1%
7.4%
Ericsson 2030
Embodied
emissions
Agriculture part
inherited from
SMARTer 2020
Without agriculture Including agriculture
Figure 4 Global reduction potentials 2030 due to assessed ICT solutions
relative to 2030 baseline of 63.5 Gtonnes CO2e.
VI. DISCUSSION
A. The approach
It is clear that a study of this kind is associated with high
uncertainties, which is the reason why different scenarios were
defined. The high uncertainty applies to both the medium and
the high reduction potential scenarios. However, it is not
regarded as meaningful (or possible) to quantify the
uncertainties associated with this kind of study. Uncertainty
sources include the many assumptions needed, the limited
availability of case studies and the use of scaling from
individual case studies to global potentials. On top of this the
uncertainties related to future development are added.
The strength of the approach is that it is based on real
achievements by ICT today, and that it tries to be as transparent
as possible regarding data, assumptions and uncertainties
within the available number of pages.
As published data on achieved reductions often do not
consider the footprint of ICT itself, the footprint of the ICT
solution has to be calculated and extracted from the positive
effect investigated in this paper.
B. Realization of the potential
The GHG reduction potentials set in this study are based on
the limited number of case studies available at the time of data
collection. Reduction potentials can – and should - be amended
as more references relating to actual emission savings becomes
available. Particularly, ICT solutions for agriculture and smart
consumer and services should be more thoroughly investigated.
Furthermore, the potentials and the addressable emissions
could be detailed in order to set more well-founded reduction
potentials for individual services. For instance, a better
understanding of how e-learning affects travelling requires that
the share of travels related to training and education is known.
The potentials set for HRPS are often somewhat lower than
found in specific references, taking into account that they
should be possible to realize globally. For instance some high
reduction potentials found for videoconferencing may not be
scalable if the baseline represents very intense travelling.
As described in section III, this paper uses an average value
from IPCC´s basic scenarios as a baseline for the overall GHG
emissions 2030. It is assumed that IPCC has taken some
general technology improvements into account when
developing their basic scenarios [2] but this could in our case
only lead to a partial double-counting of the potential related to
facilitated integration of small-scale renewable energy in our
scenarios. Even in the mitigation scenarios [1], which have not
been used in this study, non-technical factors such as life style
changes are not considered. Such factors are important
mechanisms for several ICT solutions [48]. Future studies,
could combine the results in this study with IPCC´s mitigation
scenarios (a 2030 reduction of 5-31 Gtonnes globally, or 7%-
45%) making sure to avoid double-counting of potentials.
Reduction potentials are applied on forecasted 2030 emissions
which are higher than today´s emissions. Hence, in absolute
numbers there might not be a reduction compared to today.
Rather, ICT can slow down the expected increase.
The GHG reductions potential forecasted in this paper is to be
seen as a potential for the assessed solutions which is reachable
based on the technology available today. Additional
opportunities for reductions may exist due to new technology
or new use of existing technology. On the other hand, the
reductions potential forecasted represent a technology potential
only. As most input data emerge from small scale projects,
often driven due to cost/energy or GHG saving initiatives, it
seems reasonable to assume that realization of global potentials
demands involvement of policy makers, companies and the
general public, through mechanisms such as policy measures,
and collaborations between industry and the public sector.
This study is focused on ICTs (positive) effects in other
sectors, while not evaluating if ICT might also have negative
effects beyond its direct footprint. For instance, rebound, the
risk that some efficiency gains are offset by increased
consumption, is not studied in this paper but may impact the
actual reductions considerably. As an example, smart services
which can reduce travel and transport may also lead to
increased shopping due to price reductions and improved
accessibility. E-shopping may also cause transports due to
return of goods. Consumer behavior analysis is needed to
increase awareness and mitigate rebound effects.
C. Comparison to GeSI SMARTer2020
In this study we estimate that the assessed ICT solutions
enable a global GHG reduction potential of 15.3% for 2030 in
HRPS including also the potential for agriculture sector. The
often cited SMARTer2020 report by GeSI [7], sees a higher
potential of 16.5% already for 2020. See figure 5.
As discussed in [9], there are other differences to consider
if comparing these estimates Firstly, by removing the double-
counting between categories from the SMARTer2020 results
the potential reduces to about 15% (second bar in Figure 5).
Secondly, potential reductions in SMARTer2020 include local,
44
9. not ICT-based, electronic solutions in building design,
manufacturing systems and electrical motors as well as large-
scale renewable electricity production. If the potential from
such solutions are removed the resulting potential becomes
11% (third bar in Figure 5). Also, there are other ICT solutions,
like eco-driving and minimization of packaging where ICTs
role could be discussed, but they have not been excluded in the
SMARTer 2020 re-calculations in Figure 5.
Considering the 2020 time frame, small-scale renewable
integration in buildings is not likely to happen on a large scale
(though included for SMARTer2020 in Figure 5). However, in
our scenarios, applying a 2030 perspective, the small-scale
renewable integration potential has been included.
In the Ericsson scenarios, reductions in life cycle stages
other than the use stage, have also been included, which was
not undertaken in the SMARTer2020 report.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
SMARTer
2020
High
reduction
scenario
...with
agriculture
…adjusted for
double-accounting
…adjusted for
non-ICT
solutions
16.5%
14.9%
11.1%
SaAwTer 2020 reductions
relative to 2020
GHG 2020 baseline: 55 Gt Ch2e
%
15.3%
GHG 2030 baseline: 63.5 Gt Ch2e
Ericsson assessed reductions
relative to 2030
12.4%
SaAwTer 2020
Agriculture part
in SaAwTer 2020
Still questionable
enablement potential
Ericsson 2030
hther life cycle stages
Figure 5 Comparison between GeSI’s SMARTer2020 study [7] and this study.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions apply:
• A total GHG emissions reduction of 8 Gtonnes CO2e
due to the studied ICT solutions (excluding agriculture)
is calculated for the high reduction potential scenario
(HRPS) for 2030. This corresponds to about 12% of
the global GHG emissions in 2030. If the potential for
agriculture is included the reductions are 10 Gtonnes
CO2e or about 15% of the global GHG emissions in
2030.
• In the medium reduction potential scenario (MRPS) a
GHG emissions reduction of 4 Gtonnes CO2e for 2030
was achieved without including any potential in the
agriculture sector. That corresponds to about 6% of the
global GHG emissions. If the potential in the
agriculture sector is added the reduction becomes about
5 Gtonnes or or 8% of the global GHG emissions.
• The 2030 potential for the different ICT solution
categories to reduce the global GHG emissions lies
around 1- 4%.
• The study confirms that ICT has a substantial potential
to mitigate climate change which could be leveraged
by society.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Nina Lövehagen, former Ericsson
employee, for her substantial and highly valued contribution.
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