Formwork is a temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. There are different types of formwork materials including timber, steel, and glass reinforced plastic. Proper formwork design and construction helps ensure safety, cost-effectiveness and quality of the finished concrete surface. Common causes of formwork failure include inadequate bracing, vibration, unstable soil or improper stripping. Safety precautions like secure fixing and inspections are important to prevent accidents. Permanent formwork is part of the permanent structure and remains in place for the life of the building, offering advantages like reduced construction time and costs.

1. ASSALAMUALAIKUM & GOOD MORNING
PSPEAK THE TRUTH AND BE A KIND PERSON

2. CONCRETE FORMWORK

3. • Formwork being erected

4. • Most of the pads and concrete footing
poured

5. • Formwork for the parkade walls is built for
each pour

6. • Most of the parkade walls been completed

7. 2 TYPES OF FORMWORK
Temporary Structure
- Temporary structure required to safely
support concrete until it reaches adequate
strength.
Permanent Structure

8. DEFINITION:
FORMWORKS FOR IN-SITU
CONCRETE WORK
“ A mould or box into which wet concrete can
be poured and compacted so that it will flow
and finally set to the inner profile of the box
or mould.”

9.  Forms mold the concrete to desired size and
shape and control its position and alignment
 Formworks also act as a temporary structure
that support:
a) it’s own weight +
b) The freshly placed concrete
c) Construction live loads (material ,
human, logistic)
FUNCTION

10. Formwork is a classic temporary structure in a
sense that:
a) It can be erected quickly
b) Highly loaded for a few hours during the
concrete placement
c) And within a few days it is disassembled
for future use

11. A good formwork would have the following
characteristics that is:
a)Safe
b)Cost effective or economical
c)High Quality – finished concrete surface is
of acceptable quality
- in the correct location
- able to produce the
required shape and surface

12. FORMWORK DESIGN
Loads include in design process are as follows
a) Fresh concrete
b) Rebar
c) Formwork material
d) Wind and lateral loads
e) Live loads due to – Formwork construction
- Reinforcing installation
- Concrete placement

13. MATERIAL FOR FORMWORK
CONSTRUCTION
Among the material that can be used for
construction of formwork:
a) Timber
b) Steel
c) Glass Reinforced Plastic

14. TIMBER FORMWORK
Timber Formwork:
After Concrete Was
Poured
Timber Formwork :
For The Slab

15. ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER FORMWORK
Among the advantages of timber formwork are
as follow:
a) Easy handling because it’s light weight
b) Easy to disassemble
c) Damaged parts can be replaced with new one
d) Very flexible

16. DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
FORMWORK
Among the advantages of steel formwork are as follow:
a) Can’t be used for long. Have limited re-use. Can only
be re-used 5 or 6 times
b) If the timber is dry, it will absorb moisture from wet
concrete which could weaken the resultant concrete
member.
c) Timber with high moisture content (more than 20 %
moisture content), wet concrete will shrink & cup
leading to open joints & leakage of grout.

17. Timber formwork used for the
construction of 2nd and the 3rd floor.

18. ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FORMWORK
Among the advantages of steel formwork are
as follow:
a) Very strong and able to carry heavy load
b) Easy to be fixed
c) Uniform size and surface
d) Can be used for a very long time

19. DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL
FORMWORK
Among disadvantages of steel formwork are
as follow:
a) Limited size or shape
b) Excessive loss of heat
c) A very smooth surface will be produced
which would give problems for finishing
process
d) Limited fixing (Pemasangan terhad)

20. STEEL FORMWORK

21. • The first floor circular columns were
constructed using steel column forms.
The steel column form should be oiled
before concreting.

22. • After concreting to the first floor
columns, the steel column forms were
dismantled easily.

23. ADVANTAGES OF GLASS REINFORCED
PLASTIC FORMWORK
Among the advantages of glass reinforced
plastic formwork are as follow:
a) Very useful for complex shape and special
features
b) Easy to disassemble
c) Light (not heavy)
d) Damages on the formwork can be easily
be repaired

24. DISADVANTAGES OF GLASS
REINFORCED PLASTIC FORMWORK
Among the disadvantages of glass reinforced
plastic formwork are as follow:
a) Expensive at first

25. CAUSES OF FORMWORK
FAILURE
• Formwork failures are the cause of many
accidents and failures that occur during
concrete construction which usually happen
when fresh concrete is placed
• Generally some unexpected event causes
one member to fail, then others become
overloaded or misaligned and the entire
formwork structure collapses

27. Causes of Formwork Failure
Improper stripping and shore removal
Inadequate bracing
Vibration
Unstable soil under mudsills, shoring not
plumb
Inadequate control of concrete placement
Lack of attention to formwork details

28. Inadequate bracing
More frequent causes of formwork failure
Inadequate cross bracing and horizontal
bracing of shores is one of the factors most
frequently involved in formwork accidents.

29. Vibration
Forms sometime collapse when their
shores/ jack are displaced by the vibration
caused
 passing traffic
 movement of workers & equipment on the
formwork
 the effect of vibrating concrete to
consolidate it

30. Unstable Soil Under Mudsills,
Shoring Not Plumb
Formwork should be safe if it is adequately
braced and constructed so all loads are
carried to solid ground through vertical
members.
Site drainage must be adequate to prevent a
washout of soil supporting the mudsills.

31. SAFETY PRECAUTION
Among the precautions that can be taken to
ensure formwork function as it suppose to be
are as follow:
 Material used for the construction of
formwork must fulfill the specification.
 Formwork is fixed firmly & properly
 Construction area must be protected to
prevent vandalism of formwork.

32.  Warning sign must be put up at the area
where the formwork is fixed to prevent
entrance of people that may damage the
formwork.
 The formwork must be inspected before the
concrete is poured.

33. PERMANENT FORMWORK

34. Permanent Formwork
It’s a part of the permanent
structure of the building.
Permanent formwork is a
structural element that is used to
contain the placed concrete, mould
it to the required dimensions and
remain in place for the life of the
structure.

35. Among the Advantages
• Reducing the skill level needed on
site.
• Increasing the potential for
standardisation and repetition.
• Permitting off-site fabrication in
factory conditions followed by
scheduled and appropriate
deliveries.
• Speeding up erection times,
particularly in building works.

36. 4) Eliminating the need to strike
formwork and falsework.
5) Allowing early access for
following or concurrent
operations.
6) Eliminating the programme
limitations of reuse of formwork.

37. Use of Permanent Formwork:
1) reduce construction and
maintenance costs
2) shorten construction time
3) improve safety by reducing
hazards during construction.
4) reduces construction waste
generation during construction.

38. SYUKRAN JAZILAN = THANK YOU
WORK HARD AND PRAY FOR YOUR SUCCESS