The document discusses concepts of srotas (channels) in Ayurveda and their relation to the nervous system from both Ayurvedic and modern perspectives. According to Ayurveda, srotas are innumerable channels that allow vayu to circulate and enable all physiological functions. Srotas have macro and micro structures and adopt the color of surrounding tissues. Modern science recognizes that the nervous system, with its neurons, pathways, and electrical signaling, functions similar to how srotas were described to control all body functions and allow the mind to travel throughout the body. Both perspectives emphasize the crucial role of channels or pathways for normal physiological and functional activities.
Every science or literature should be perfect without any mistakes.
It should give a perfect clear cut meaning to the reader.
If any defects or the demerit in the meanings, words, construction of sentences, sequence of topics are found in a Shastra then the validity, popularity and importance of that Shastra is lost by its readers.
So every scholar should have the knowledge of these Tantra Doshas while preparing a new compositions, research papers and books etc. or reading a book.
The document provides an introduction to the Ayurvedic concept of Vyadhi (disease). It discusses the etymology and definitions of Vyadhi, as well as synonyms. Various classifications of Vyadhi are described based on factors like prognosis, intensity, location, causes, and site of origin. Single-fold, two-fold, and three-fold classifications are presented, differentiating types of Vyadhi according to these factors. The document serves as an overview of the fundamental Ayurvedic understanding of the nature and categories of disease.
Kala refers to time or period in Ayurveda. It is considered one of the nine Karana Dravyas or causative factors. Kala is described as eternal, all-pervading and responsible for past, present and future applications. It is responsible for changes in creation, maturation of tissues, and directing living beings towards life and death. Kala is divided into various units from nimesha to samvatsara and governs all physiological and pathological processes according to these time periods. Understanding Kala and its impact on drug shelf life, treatment protocols, disease management and progression is essential for Ayurvedic physicians.
1. The document discusses the concepts of aahara, parinama and bhaava in Ayurveda. Aahara refers to food consumed, parinama refers to the digestion and metabolism of food, and bhaava refers to the factors in the body responsible.
2. It identifies the six main bhaavas or factors responsible for parinama - ushma, vayu, kleda, sneha, kala and samayoga. Their specific roles in digestion are described.
3. The process of digestion and the roles of the digestive organs like the mouth, stomach, small intestine and their secretions are summarized.
1. The document discusses the importance of following ritucharya or seasonal routines in Ayurveda for preventing disease.
2. It describes the six seasons or ritus in India based on changes in weather, their characteristics and impact on doshas.
3. For each ritu, it provides details on suitable diet, lifestyle practices and activities to follow or avoid, as well as common illnesses seen and their treatment approach.
4. Following the appropriate ritucharya for each changing season helps expel accumulated doshas and avoid seasonal illnesses, while gradual adjustment between seasons is advised.
BY
Prof. Dr. N. Satya Prasad, M.D., PGDHM
GOLD MEDALIST
Sr. Reader / Civil Surgeon
Post Graduate department of Kayachikitsa
Dr. B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic college
Hyderabad, A.P., India
Email: satyapnamburu@gmail.com
Every science or literature should be perfect without any mistakes.
It should give a perfect clear cut meaning to the reader.
If any defects or the demerit in the meanings, words, construction of sentences, sequence of topics are found in a Shastra then the validity, popularity and importance of that Shastra is lost by its readers.
So every scholar should have the knowledge of these Tantra Doshas while preparing a new compositions, research papers and books etc. or reading a book.
The document provides an introduction to the Ayurvedic concept of Vyadhi (disease). It discusses the etymology and definitions of Vyadhi, as well as synonyms. Various classifications of Vyadhi are described based on factors like prognosis, intensity, location, causes, and site of origin. Single-fold, two-fold, and three-fold classifications are presented, differentiating types of Vyadhi according to these factors. The document serves as an overview of the fundamental Ayurvedic understanding of the nature and categories of disease.
Kala refers to time or period in Ayurveda. It is considered one of the nine Karana Dravyas or causative factors. Kala is described as eternal, all-pervading and responsible for past, present and future applications. It is responsible for changes in creation, maturation of tissues, and directing living beings towards life and death. Kala is divided into various units from nimesha to samvatsara and governs all physiological and pathological processes according to these time periods. Understanding Kala and its impact on drug shelf life, treatment protocols, disease management and progression is essential for Ayurvedic physicians.
1. The document discusses the concepts of aahara, parinama and bhaava in Ayurveda. Aahara refers to food consumed, parinama refers to the digestion and metabolism of food, and bhaava refers to the factors in the body responsible.
2. It identifies the six main bhaavas or factors responsible for parinama - ushma, vayu, kleda, sneha, kala and samayoga. Their specific roles in digestion are described.
3. The process of digestion and the roles of the digestive organs like the mouth, stomach, small intestine and their secretions are summarized.
1. The document discusses the importance of following ritucharya or seasonal routines in Ayurveda for preventing disease.
2. It describes the six seasons or ritus in India based on changes in weather, their characteristics and impact on doshas.
3. For each ritu, it provides details on suitable diet, lifestyle practices and activities to follow or avoid, as well as common illnesses seen and their treatment approach.
4. Following the appropriate ritucharya for each changing season helps expel accumulated doshas and avoid seasonal illnesses, while gradual adjustment between seasons is advised.
BY
Prof. Dr. N. Satya Prasad, M.D., PGDHM
GOLD MEDALIST
Sr. Reader / Civil Surgeon
Post Graduate department of Kayachikitsa
Dr. B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic college
Hyderabad, A.P., India
Email: satyapnamburu@gmail.com
The document discusses Medhya Rasayana in Ayurveda. It defines Medhya Rasayana as substances or activities that promote mental competence. It classifies and describes various Medhya drugs mentioned in Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita, Astang Hridya and Astang Sangraha. The document explains how Ushnavirya and Sheeta Virya drugs work to improve memory, retention and other cognitive functions. It concludes with some research studies conducted on Medhya Rasayan.
The document discusses the different times (kala) for administering medicines according to Ayurveda. It describes 11 different times including administering medicines on an empty stomach, before meals, after meals, between meals, with each morsel of food, etc. The appropriate time depends on factors like the dosha involved, the disease location, the digestive fire strength, and the intended action of the medicine. Administering medicines at the proper time maximizes the therapeutic benefits and outcomes for patients.
Lifestyle Disease or NCD (non communicable diseases / diseases of civilization) are diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become industrialized and life span increases.
The presentation describes about Features of person with vata constitution as described in Sharangadhara samhita, Vangasena Samhita, Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.
The ppt was presented in ARIA - Ayurveda Russian Indian Association.
The document discusses the concept of trividhahetu or threefold causes of disease according to Ayurveda. The three causes are: 1) asatmya indriyartha samyoga or improper engagement of senses, 2) pranjaparadha or intellectual errors, and 3) parinama or changes over time. Understanding these three causes helps in diagnosing and managing diseases by identifying their root triggers. The document also explains the sub-categories under each cause and how maintaining a balanced lifestyle and senses promotes health.
The document discusses the concept of Shodhana in Ayurveda. It defines Shodhana as the cleansing or elimination of vitiated doshas from the body. It lists the five main types of Shodhana procedures as Niruha basti, Vamana, Virechana, Nasya, and Rakta mokshana. The benefits of properly performed Shodhana include complete cure of disease, increased strength and complexion, and long life. The best seasons for Shodhana are Sharad, Vasanta, and Pravrit according to Ayurvedic texts.
We look upon every Ancient creation is inferior to our own misguided intellect
Faith in Ayurveda leads to Worshiping
Knowledge of Ayurveda helps in Healthy living
Wisdom of Ayurveda brings Eternity
Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka
Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word “prapaka” is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.
This document provides an introduction to Roganidana, the Ayurvedic science of disease diagnosis and pathogenesis. It defines Roganidana as the description of disease through its causes (nidana), premonitory signs (purvaroopa), signs and symptoms (roopa), pathogenesis (samprapthi), treatment response (upashaya), non-response (anupashaya), and curability (sadhya) or non-curability (asadhyata). The importance of understanding Roganidana is explained as it allows for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment planning, and disease prevention. A proper knowledge of causative factors, dosha involvement, and the nature of the disease is crucial for
Vyākhyā is one of the tantraguṇa or qualities that improves a text. There are 15 types of vyākhyā or commentaries described. 11 types are still known today including pinḍa (concise), pada (splitting words), padārtha (explaining meanings of split words), adhikaran (elaborating a topic), and phala (expressing one's view with others' views). Commentaries help readers understand texts properly by providing meanings, drawing conclusions, and clearing doubts with references.
Nidanarthakara roga refers to diseases that act as causes for other diseases. They are classified as ekarathakari or ubhayarthakari. Examples provided are jwara causing raktapitta or vice versa. Vyadhi sankara means a group of diseases where one disease can lead to others or they share common causes or symptoms. Improper treatment or one disease being the cause of another can result in vyadhi sankara situations.
This document provides an overview of the concept of Manas (mind) according to Ayurveda. It defines Manas as that which gives knowledge when associated with Atma (soul) and Indriyas (senses). Manas is described as subtle and singular in nature. Its functions include controlling the senses, self-control, analysis, and logical thinking. There is some debate around the location of Manas, with suggestions including the heart, head, and entire body. Overall, the document outlines the key characteristics, functions, objects, and conceptualization of Manas in Ayurvedic philosophy.
This document provides a review and discussion of Ritucharya (seasonal practices) as described in Charaka Samhita. It begins with definitions of key terms like ritu (season) and discusses how the year is divided into 6 seasons according to the sun's movement in the northern and southern courses. It describes the characteristics of each season in detail, including how doshas are accumulated or aggravated, and provides recommendations for diet, lifestyle, and behaviors according to season. The document focuses specifically on describing Hemanta and Shishira ritucharya. In summary, it outlines the seasonal practices and regimens in Ayurveda to maintain health throughout the year based on the classical texts.
1. Tamaka shwasa is a type of respiratory disease characterized by excessive mucus production that obstructs the flow of prana vayu or vital air.
2. It is caused by vitiation of vata and kapha doshas, leading to blockage of the pranavaha and other channels by thick mucus.
3. Tamaka shwasa presents with symptoms like coughing, breathlessness, wheezing, and difficulty expectorating thick mucus. It can be managed but not cured, as it involves deep tissues over long periods and multiple doshas.
The document provides an introduction to the Caraka Samhita, a fundamental text of Ayurveda. It notes that the Caraka Samhita has 8 sections totaling 120 chapters and is primarily a text on internal medicine. It explains the basic principles of Ayurvedic science for healthy living. The summary briefly outlines some of the 8 sections and provides 3 short quotes from the text on the importance of diagnosis, the 3 doshas (vata, pitta, kapha), and the 8 branches of Ayurveda.
‘Ayurveda’, the science of life is constituted by two words, ‘ayus’ and ‘Veda’ meaning the science of ayus or the knowledge of life. ‘Ayus’ in this context denotes the continuity of consciousness or unified state of physical body, cognitive organs, mind, and soul. The physical body ‘sareera’ represents the gross structural and anatomical component of ‘ayu’ upon which the abnormalities of even the other subtle elements of ayus manifest.
The body and cognitive organs are perceptible only in the combination of ‘ayus’. The father of general medicine in ayurveda, Acharya Charaka explains the body; the seat of ‘chetana’ as an equilibrated combination of the modification of the five gross elements –‘Panchabhutavikara’. As per the principles of ayurveda, Panchamahabutas are involved right from the beginning of the development of fetus (fetal developments). the tridoshãs ‘vata’, ‘pitta’and ‘kapha’ performing the coordinating, transformative and generative functions of the body are also made up of panchmahabhutas (five elements). The entire body is constituted by ‘Paŕmanus”; the minutest units of panċhabhutas according to the philosophy of vaisheshika. The theory of tridoshã explains the process of health and diseases. Vata is predominantly constituted by Akashabhuta and vayubhuţa, Pitha by Agni bhuţa and Kapha by apbhuta and pŕthvibhuta. These somatic humors in a state of equilibrium work complimentary to each other, performing and controlling all physiological process of the body and mind to maintain health.
The entire human body is constituted by panchabhutas. This fact has been asserted by all Acharyas of Ayurveda. However the on the basis of predominance of bhuta composition the srothrendiya, sabdha and the conducting system in the body has been attributed to akasha bhuta, the sparsanedriya, the tactile sensations and all the movements of the body to Vayubhuta, the chakshurindriya the perception of vision, luster and metabolism to agnibhuta, rasanendriya the nutritive faculty and the various fluids in the body to the apyabhuta and the ghranendriya, the faculty of smell and the still grosser components of body like asthi, mamsa etc to prithvibhuta. This clearly demonstrates that all the components of sareera that is dosha , dhathu, mala etc are fundamentally panchabhoutika in nature.
Satwa, raja and thama are the trigunas. The satva guna predominance in human constitution leads to pure knowledge and health while the rajoguna and thamoguna predominance leads to ignorance, vitiation of tridoshãs and illhealth.
Acharya Suśhruta, the father of Indian surgery has defined ‘maŕma’ as primary seat of trigunas , tridoshãs and prâna. He has stated that the fatality attributed to maŕmagata is due to the vitiation of the three factors leading to deadly manifestation or even death.
Relevance of topic – maŕma
Muskulo-skeletal disorders are one of the chief challenges en
Dr. Sreedhar Rao is a clinical specialist at the All India Institute of Ayurveda. The document discusses Prakruti, which refers to an individual's biological constitution or genetic makeup that remains constant throughout life. Prakruti manifests as physical attributes and physiological and psychological responses. Understanding one's Prakruti helps select an appropriate lifestyle and understand susceptibility to diseases. Factors like parental health, food, season, and geography influence the formation of a person's Prakruti.
Rajayakshma or Tuberculosis by Dr.Sandeep sharmaDrSandeep Sharma
1. Rajayakshma is a type of tuberculosis that is difficult to treat and causes wasting away of the body. It is caused by various factors like overexertion, suppression of urges, irregular diet, and wasting of tissues.
2. The disease involves vitiation of vata, pitta, and kapha doshas which obstruct channels in the body, dry up tissues, and lead to production of ama toxin. Common symptoms include cough, fever, hemoptysis, breathlessness and wasting of the body.
3. The text describes various historical, pathological and clinical features of the disease according to ancient Ayurvedic medical literature. Prognosis depends on the patient's
Muscles contract through the sliding filament mechanism, where actin filaments slide past myosin filaments. Contraction is regulated by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction releasing acetylcholine, which triggers excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. Skeletal muscle contractions can be graded, tetanic, or isometric depending on stimulus frequency. Muscles require ATP generated through aerobic and anaerobic pathways to fuel contraction and fatigue results from an inability to continue contracting.
The document discusses Medhya Rasayana in Ayurveda. It defines Medhya Rasayana as substances or activities that promote mental competence. It classifies and describes various Medhya drugs mentioned in Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita, Astang Hridya and Astang Sangraha. The document explains how Ushnavirya and Sheeta Virya drugs work to improve memory, retention and other cognitive functions. It concludes with some research studies conducted on Medhya Rasayan.
The document discusses the different times (kala) for administering medicines according to Ayurveda. It describes 11 different times including administering medicines on an empty stomach, before meals, after meals, between meals, with each morsel of food, etc. The appropriate time depends on factors like the dosha involved, the disease location, the digestive fire strength, and the intended action of the medicine. Administering medicines at the proper time maximizes the therapeutic benefits and outcomes for patients.
Lifestyle Disease or NCD (non communicable diseases / diseases of civilization) are diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become industrialized and life span increases.
The presentation describes about Features of person with vata constitution as described in Sharangadhara samhita, Vangasena Samhita, Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.
The ppt was presented in ARIA - Ayurveda Russian Indian Association.
The document discusses the concept of trividhahetu or threefold causes of disease according to Ayurveda. The three causes are: 1) asatmya indriyartha samyoga or improper engagement of senses, 2) pranjaparadha or intellectual errors, and 3) parinama or changes over time. Understanding these three causes helps in diagnosing and managing diseases by identifying their root triggers. The document also explains the sub-categories under each cause and how maintaining a balanced lifestyle and senses promotes health.
The document discusses the concept of Shodhana in Ayurveda. It defines Shodhana as the cleansing or elimination of vitiated doshas from the body. It lists the five main types of Shodhana procedures as Niruha basti, Vamana, Virechana, Nasya, and Rakta mokshana. The benefits of properly performed Shodhana include complete cure of disease, increased strength and complexion, and long life. The best seasons for Shodhana are Sharad, Vasanta, and Pravrit according to Ayurvedic texts.
We look upon every Ancient creation is inferior to our own misguided intellect
Faith in Ayurveda leads to Worshiping
Knowledge of Ayurveda helps in Healthy living
Wisdom of Ayurveda brings Eternity
Vipaka comes under the five concepts under the study of a dravya (Rasapanchakas). In Ayurveda the digestion & metabolism of any substance is explained in two stages:
Avasthapaka
Nishtapaka
Avasthapaka is the first phase considered as digestion.
In charaka the word “prapaka” is used as the synonym for avasthapaka.
Nishtapka or Vipaka is the second phase and considered as metabolism.
This document provides an introduction to Roganidana, the Ayurvedic science of disease diagnosis and pathogenesis. It defines Roganidana as the description of disease through its causes (nidana), premonitory signs (purvaroopa), signs and symptoms (roopa), pathogenesis (samprapthi), treatment response (upashaya), non-response (anupashaya), and curability (sadhya) or non-curability (asadhyata). The importance of understanding Roganidana is explained as it allows for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment planning, and disease prevention. A proper knowledge of causative factors, dosha involvement, and the nature of the disease is crucial for
Vyākhyā is one of the tantraguṇa or qualities that improves a text. There are 15 types of vyākhyā or commentaries described. 11 types are still known today including pinḍa (concise), pada (splitting words), padārtha (explaining meanings of split words), adhikaran (elaborating a topic), and phala (expressing one's view with others' views). Commentaries help readers understand texts properly by providing meanings, drawing conclusions, and clearing doubts with references.
Nidanarthakara roga refers to diseases that act as causes for other diseases. They are classified as ekarathakari or ubhayarthakari. Examples provided are jwara causing raktapitta or vice versa. Vyadhi sankara means a group of diseases where one disease can lead to others or they share common causes or symptoms. Improper treatment or one disease being the cause of another can result in vyadhi sankara situations.
This document provides an overview of the concept of Manas (mind) according to Ayurveda. It defines Manas as that which gives knowledge when associated with Atma (soul) and Indriyas (senses). Manas is described as subtle and singular in nature. Its functions include controlling the senses, self-control, analysis, and logical thinking. There is some debate around the location of Manas, with suggestions including the heart, head, and entire body. Overall, the document outlines the key characteristics, functions, objects, and conceptualization of Manas in Ayurvedic philosophy.
This document provides a review and discussion of Ritucharya (seasonal practices) as described in Charaka Samhita. It begins with definitions of key terms like ritu (season) and discusses how the year is divided into 6 seasons according to the sun's movement in the northern and southern courses. It describes the characteristics of each season in detail, including how doshas are accumulated or aggravated, and provides recommendations for diet, lifestyle, and behaviors according to season. The document focuses specifically on describing Hemanta and Shishira ritucharya. In summary, it outlines the seasonal practices and regimens in Ayurveda to maintain health throughout the year based on the classical texts.
1. Tamaka shwasa is a type of respiratory disease characterized by excessive mucus production that obstructs the flow of prana vayu or vital air.
2. It is caused by vitiation of vata and kapha doshas, leading to blockage of the pranavaha and other channels by thick mucus.
3. Tamaka shwasa presents with symptoms like coughing, breathlessness, wheezing, and difficulty expectorating thick mucus. It can be managed but not cured, as it involves deep tissues over long periods and multiple doshas.
The document provides an introduction to the Caraka Samhita, a fundamental text of Ayurveda. It notes that the Caraka Samhita has 8 sections totaling 120 chapters and is primarily a text on internal medicine. It explains the basic principles of Ayurvedic science for healthy living. The summary briefly outlines some of the 8 sections and provides 3 short quotes from the text on the importance of diagnosis, the 3 doshas (vata, pitta, kapha), and the 8 branches of Ayurveda.
‘Ayurveda’, the science of life is constituted by two words, ‘ayus’ and ‘Veda’ meaning the science of ayus or the knowledge of life. ‘Ayus’ in this context denotes the continuity of consciousness or unified state of physical body, cognitive organs, mind, and soul. The physical body ‘sareera’ represents the gross structural and anatomical component of ‘ayu’ upon which the abnormalities of even the other subtle elements of ayus manifest.
The body and cognitive organs are perceptible only in the combination of ‘ayus’. The father of general medicine in ayurveda, Acharya Charaka explains the body; the seat of ‘chetana’ as an equilibrated combination of the modification of the five gross elements –‘Panchabhutavikara’. As per the principles of ayurveda, Panchamahabutas are involved right from the beginning of the development of fetus (fetal developments). the tridoshãs ‘vata’, ‘pitta’and ‘kapha’ performing the coordinating, transformative and generative functions of the body are also made up of panchmahabhutas (five elements). The entire body is constituted by ‘Paŕmanus”; the minutest units of panċhabhutas according to the philosophy of vaisheshika. The theory of tridoshã explains the process of health and diseases. Vata is predominantly constituted by Akashabhuta and vayubhuţa, Pitha by Agni bhuţa and Kapha by apbhuta and pŕthvibhuta. These somatic humors in a state of equilibrium work complimentary to each other, performing and controlling all physiological process of the body and mind to maintain health.
The entire human body is constituted by panchabhutas. This fact has been asserted by all Acharyas of Ayurveda. However the on the basis of predominance of bhuta composition the srothrendiya, sabdha and the conducting system in the body has been attributed to akasha bhuta, the sparsanedriya, the tactile sensations and all the movements of the body to Vayubhuta, the chakshurindriya the perception of vision, luster and metabolism to agnibhuta, rasanendriya the nutritive faculty and the various fluids in the body to the apyabhuta and the ghranendriya, the faculty of smell and the still grosser components of body like asthi, mamsa etc to prithvibhuta. This clearly demonstrates that all the components of sareera that is dosha , dhathu, mala etc are fundamentally panchabhoutika in nature.
Satwa, raja and thama are the trigunas. The satva guna predominance in human constitution leads to pure knowledge and health while the rajoguna and thamoguna predominance leads to ignorance, vitiation of tridoshãs and illhealth.
Acharya Suśhruta, the father of Indian surgery has defined ‘maŕma’ as primary seat of trigunas , tridoshãs and prâna. He has stated that the fatality attributed to maŕmagata is due to the vitiation of the three factors leading to deadly manifestation or even death.
Relevance of topic – maŕma
Muskulo-skeletal disorders are one of the chief challenges en
Dr. Sreedhar Rao is a clinical specialist at the All India Institute of Ayurveda. The document discusses Prakruti, which refers to an individual's biological constitution or genetic makeup that remains constant throughout life. Prakruti manifests as physical attributes and physiological and psychological responses. Understanding one's Prakruti helps select an appropriate lifestyle and understand susceptibility to diseases. Factors like parental health, food, season, and geography influence the formation of a person's Prakruti.
Rajayakshma or Tuberculosis by Dr.Sandeep sharmaDrSandeep Sharma
1. Rajayakshma is a type of tuberculosis that is difficult to treat and causes wasting away of the body. It is caused by various factors like overexertion, suppression of urges, irregular diet, and wasting of tissues.
2. The disease involves vitiation of vata, pitta, and kapha doshas which obstruct channels in the body, dry up tissues, and lead to production of ama toxin. Common symptoms include cough, fever, hemoptysis, breathlessness and wasting of the body.
3. The text describes various historical, pathological and clinical features of the disease according to ancient Ayurvedic medical literature. Prognosis depends on the patient's
Muscles contract through the sliding filament mechanism, where actin filaments slide past myosin filaments. Contraction is regulated by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction releasing acetylcholine, which triggers excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. Skeletal muscle contractions can be graded, tetanic, or isometric depending on stimulus frequency. Muscles require ATP generated through aerobic and anaerobic pathways to fuel contraction and fatigue results from an inability to continue contracting.
This presentation introduces the topic of Ayurveda doshas, which are biological energies or principles that affect a person's physical and mental constitution. It discusses bad habits, foods, and sleeping patterns that are unhealthy according to Ayurveda principles. The presentation emphasizes finding balance in life through diet, exercise, and managing one's dosha type.
Ayurveda has a very unique and scientific concept of Dosas.
Dosas are the physiological entities which performs the normal activities of body.
But if they are disturbed they are responsible for diseases.
watch this presentation and know the Dosas...
This document contains a presentation by Prof. Dr. R.R. Deshpande on the introduction of Dhatus (body tissues) in Ayurveda. It discusses the seven Dhatus - Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Medas, Asthi, Majja, and Shukra. It also covers related concepts like Doshas, transport and transformation theories (Kedar Kulya Nyaya and Kshir Dadhi Nyaya), and the relationship between Doshas, Dhatus and health. The goal is to share this Ayurvedic knowledge on body tissues and their role in maintaining health.
This document is a presentation by Prof. Dr. R.R. Deshpande about Panchakarma and verses from Ashtang Hrudaya Sutra sthana. It contains 123 slides covering topics like the benefits of learning verses from Ashtang Hrudaya, properties of doshas, digestion, seasonal routines, natural urges, Panchakarma therapies and procedures, herbal groups for balancing doshas, oleation techniques, and the utility of oleation. The presentation aims to teach practitioners Ayurvedic principles and therapies directly from classical texts.
This document contains a PowerPoint presentation by Prof. Dr. R.R. Deshpande about important scholastic principles of Dravyaguna (herbal properties) in Ayurveda. It includes definitions and properties related to herbs, tastes, post-digestive tastes, energies, effects, processing methods, formulations, and more. The presentation is intended to help Ayurvedic students, teachers and practitioners understand fundamental concepts regarding herbs and herbal formulations in Ayurveda.
Pranavata initiates impulse from Shirasa (Buddhi Hrudayendriya chittam – druk = aspect) travels through nose, tongue, pharynx, neck till Uras understood as – reticular formation form the Medulla oblongata with higher center connected especially “Respiratory center”
Dravyaguna part 1 By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande & Dr.Ila Bhorrajendra deshpande
This ppt is prepared & uploaded by Prof.dr.R.R.Deshpande & Dr.Ila Bhor .This ppt is very useful for Ayurvedic Students .This includes raw & wet Herbs with nice photos & information of their properties ,Uses & products.This ppt is a part of Pack of 7 PPTS .So viewers must also see Dravyaguna Part 1 to 7 .Please feel free to discuss any thing to us on 922 68 10 630 or 9423211003
Charak & 50 Mahakashay – Part 1 – By Prof.Dr.R.R.deshpande
• This Topic is very Popular in Ayurvedic field .This 50 Groups are like Readyrecknor or Practical Prescriber for Ayurvedic Medical Practice. This Topic is a part of Syllabus in 2 subjects of BAMS course –1) Dravyaguna vignyan ( Paper 1 Part A ,Point 10 –Dashemani Gan 2) Charak Purvardha ( Charak Sutrasthan ,Chaper 4 –Shadvirechan Shatiya) .Each group consists of 10 Herbs .So 50 x 10 = 500 Herbs .But unfortunately many Herbs are controversial & many are not available .Students will easily now note ,which plants are not available from this PPT .Also this PPT will explain the Pharmacodynamics of these herbs .So students by their own intelligence can add other herbs also in this Group
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 9226810630
Rasa Dhatu
– By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
Uploaded on 11 Feb 2017
This PPT is a part of First BAMS .Syllabus of Sharir Kriya .Paper 2 & Part A. Point 1 . Introduction of Dhatu .This PPT contains --- Information of Rasa Dhatu
12 Points to study Physiological Aspect of Rasa Dhatu –i) Name, Nirukti, Synonyms ii) Rasa - Sthana or site iii) Rasa -- Swarup, Sanghatan ( Structure & Composition iv) Rasa -- Dhatu Prakar ( Types) v) Rasa ------ Dhatu --- Tridha Parinaman ( Metabolism) vi) Rasa Dhatu Poshan kal ( Time for Formation of Dhatu) vii) Rasa Dhatu Guna ( Properties or Attributes) viii) Rasa Dhatu Praman ( Quantity) ix) Rasa Dhatu Karya ( Functions) x) Rasa Dhatu Sarata ( Quality of Dhatu) xi) Rasa -- Upadhatu ( Secondary Tissuers) xii) Rasa -- Dhatu Mala ( Waste Products)
2 Points to study Pathological Aspect of each Dhatu – i) Rasa Dhatu Vruddhi ( Pathological Excess) ii) Rasa Dhatu Kshaya ( Deficiency)
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This document provides seasonal regimens for healthy living according to Ayurveda. It describes the six seasons in India - Vasant, Greeshma, Varsha, Sharad, Hemant, Shishir - and the doshas predominant in each. For every season, it recommends foods to eat and avoid, activities, common diseases, and interventions. The key points are to avoid common disease triggers in each season, gradually adjust between seasonal regimens, and not encourage unhealthy habits long-term. Following the traditional Ayurvedic principles of each season can help maintain health and prevent illness.
Power Point Presentation On Ama Vata (Rheumatoid Arthritis),
Created by Dr R.L.D.S. Ranasinghe, Medical Officer, Post Graduate Scholar, Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University Of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
This document provides an outline and case presentation for a patient with joint pain and swelling. The patient, a 52-year-old male, presented with 20 years of pain, edema and stiffness in his right knee, both elbows, left hip and hands. On examination, swelling and deformities were observed in these joints. Laboratory tests were unremarkable. Based on the symptoms and Ayurvedic examination, the diagnosis was determined to be Sandhigata Vata (joint disorder caused by vitiation of Vata dosha), a chronic condition affecting the joints. The document reviews the characteristics, treatment principles and lines of management described for Sandhigata Vata in Ayurvedic texts.
This document contains questions and answers related to the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins by listing structures that pass through various spaces in the arm and forearm, such as the brachial artery and median nerve passing through the cubital fossa. It then covers the muscles, nerves, arteries and veins of the upper limb in more detail, describing their origins, innervations and relationships to surrounding structures. Key areas discussed include the shoulder, axilla, elbow, and the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm.
Ayurved is the ancient Indian system of keeping good health. Paradigm of ayurved is distinctly different from that of allopathy. While allopathy focuses on curing diseases at a profit, the central theme of ayurved is good health for all. Allopathy follows an analytical-mechanistic approach. Ayurved is a holistic system that takes every aspect of human living as well as the environment into account. Allopathy is based on the mindset of killing the enemy (in this case - micro-organisms like bacteria etc.). Ayurved emphasises harmony and balance. This Presentation dicusses the paradigm of ayurved and also gives a quick overview of ritucharya - the sytem of living one's life in harmony with the changing seasons.
This document contains a 20 question multiple choice quiz on muscles of the upper extremity. The quiz was framed by Dr. Amol Bapurao Jadhav, a PhD scholar in the Department of Rachana Sharira. Each question is followed by 4 answer choices, and the key is provided at the end with the correct answer for each question. The questions cover topics like muscle attachments, innervation, actions, and identification based on diagrams.
Comparative study of indriyas in relation to functional aspect of sense organspharmaindexing
This document discusses sense organs (indriyas) in Ayurveda and their functional aspects. It notes that Ayurveda describes 11 indriyas - 5 senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing), 5 organs of action, and the mind. Each sense organ is associated with a particular element - sight with fire, taste with water, smell with earth, hearing with space, and touch with air. The senses allow humans to gain knowledge about the world through sensations of sound, touch, form, taste, and smell. The mind plays a key role in perception and decision making. Proper functioning of the indriyas and doshas like vayu are important for physical and mental
Ayurveda and yoga have common origins in ancient Vedic knowledge and share philosophical foundations. Both aim to achieve health and longevity to enable spiritual realization and liberation from cycles of rebirth. They view the body and mind as composed of the same fundamental elements and qualities. Ayurveda focuses on balancing the doshas for health while yoga uses techniques like asana, pranayama and meditation to purify the mind and transcend identification with the body to realize the eternal self. Their individualized approaches can be integrated to treat each kosha or sheath of the person.
Sleep is a complex programme in built in the human body naturallypharmaindexing
This summary provides an overview of key points about sleep from an Ayurvedic perspective:
1. Ayurveda considers sleep to be a natural, in-built process in the human body that is essential for recharging the brain and bringing peace and harmony.
2. Improper or irregular sleep can negatively impact physiological processes and mental health, and in some cases even lead to death according to Ayurvedic texts.
3. Ayurveda views the mind (mana) as playing an important role in the sleep process, as sleep occurs when the mind becomes tired and detaches from sensory inputs and mental activities. Increased stress and overactivity of the mind are seen as contributing to insomnia.
Gujarat Vibrant - National Ayurveda Summit 2014Vibrant Gujarat
The document discusses key concepts in ancient Indian philosophy related to the formulation of life and the human body according to Ayurveda. It explains that life is a combination of the body, senses, mind and reincarnating soul. It also describes theories of the five elements (Panchmahabhuta) and their combination to form the seven materials (Saptadhatu) that make up the human body, as well as the seven chakras that regulate energy flow.
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that views health as a balance between the mind, body, and spirit. It is based on five fundamental elements - space, air, fire, water, and earth - that combine to form three biological energies or doshas (vata, pitta, kapha), seven tissues (dhatus), and three waste products (malas) in the body. Ayurveda aims to achieve physical, mental, and spiritual well-being through lifestyle practices, herbal remedies, yoga, and meditation.
Introduction to Pranavaha Srotas with Relation to the Function of Prana Vata ...ijtsrd
In Ayurveda, srotas is very unique concept and plays a major role to understand either the physiological or pathological. Acharyas explained purusha as assumed to be made from innumerable srotas. The equilibrium state of dosha, dhatu and mala is said to be maintain the normal health of human being. To maintain the normal healthy life cycle, body elements have to be continuously regulated, nourished, and replenished. Srotas are the channels or inner transport system of the body which is the site for the activities of other bodily elements like dosha, dhatu, mala, agni etc. Among the total 13 types of srotas pranavaha is first mentioned in all the classic because it maintain the prana support of life, carry prana all over the body and hence given the prime importance. Here an attempt is made to understand srotas regarding pranavaha srotas how prana vaha srotas related to respiratory system, cardiovascular system and alimentary canal. Dr. Fareeda Begum Sheikh | Dr. Puja Yadav "Introduction to Pranavaha Srotas with Relation to the Function of Prana Vata- Review Article" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59638.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/59638/introduction-to-pranavaha-srotas-with-relation-to-the-function-of-prana-vata-review-article/dr-fareeda-begum-sheikh
Kaya Kalpa Yoga developed by Vethathiri Maharishi is very good for those who suffer from PCOS. It also benefits Diabets. It has been proved that Kaya Kalpa yoga is also good for Psycho and physiological effect. Please learn from trained yoga master.
Ayurveda is a comprehensive system that focuses on balancing the body, mind and spirit to prevent disease and enhance health. It views health as a perfect balance between the physical body, senses, mind and soul. The core components of life according to Ayurveda are the physical body which is made up of five elements (space, air, fire, water, earth), the senses, the mind which has three qualities (goodness, passion, ignorance), and the soul. Disease is seen as an imbalance of the three doshas - vata, pitta, and kapha - which are kinetic energy, thermal energy, and potential energy respectively. Treatment aims to restore balance and bring happiness through lifestyle and dietary changes
Ayurveda is divided into eight parts. Hence it is also known as Ashtanga ayurveda.
These are as follows: Kaya, Bal, Graha, Urdhwa, Shalya, Dhanstra, Jara, Vrishan.
The document provides an overview and summary of the first chapter of the classical Ayurvedic text Ashtanga Hridaya. It discusses the purpose of life according to Ayurveda as fourfold: dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. It emphasizes the importance of having a long life to fulfill this purpose. It also outlines some key concepts in Ayurveda, including the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), the eight branches of Ayurveda, and how the doshas are distributed throughout the body and each day. Maintaining balance of the doshas is important for health, while imbalance can lead to disease.
Explore how the chakra in body have been talked about throughout the historical time and way to unlock the potential of human body through these chakras
This document provides an overview of Ayurveda, the traditional health science of India. It discusses that Ayurveda is one of the oldest medical systems, treating the whole person including body, mind and soul. The key concepts and principles of Ayurveda are explained, including the three doshas (biological elements), tissues, waste products, digestion and more. Diagnosis and treatment approaches like panchakarma are summarized. Overall, the document presents Ayurveda as a holistic medical system that focuses on balance, health promotion and treating the whole person.
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that treats the individual as a whole. It believes that health results from a balance between the body, mind and soul. When this equilibrium is disturbed, disease can occur. The document discusses Ayurvedic principles like the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), use of herbs and natural remedies to restore balance and focus on prevention over curing symptoms alone. It highlights how Ayurveda takes a holistic approach compared to Western medicine.
The document discusses Ayurveda, the ancient Indian medical system. It provides details on:
1) The origin and branches of Ayurveda, tracing its origins back to Lord Brahma and discussing its eight main branches.
2) Key Ayurvedic concepts like the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), their qualities and spread in the body.
3) Digestion and digestive traits like the four types of digestive fires and three types of digestive tracts.
4) Body types (Prakriti) and their qualities.
The document provides information about yoga, Ayurveda, diet, and their connections. It discusses key Ayurvedic concepts like the three doshas, seven dhatus, Panchamahabhutas, trigunas, and six rasas. It explains that Ayurveda views diet and nutrition as essential for health of the mind, body and soul. Yoga diet is discussed as being natural, moderate and aligned with principles of non-violence, purity and balance. Sattvic foods that promote well-being are highlighted.
Eastern philosophy and medicine, originating in ancient India and China, have traditionally regarded body structures and the life processes occurring within as inseparable. Their terminology resides halfway between structure and function and identifies certain entities in the human body, representing the flow of life energy and, in some sense, conduits for that flow that do not correspond to anatomical structures recognized by Western science and medicine. The chakras are the energy centers in a person’s biological field and are responsible for his or her physiological and psychological condition as well as certain groups of organs. All vital functions of the human body are determined by energy that spins in the chakras. These can be defined as
“whirlpools referred,” and in Indian, they are considered “energy bursts” or “wheels.”
The process of energy transformation happens exactly in these centers. Vital energy, along with blood, circulates around the meridians in the chakras and fuels all organs and systems in the human body. When the circulation in these meridians stagnates, the human body becomes susceptible to various disorders. An excellent preventative method, designed explicitly to battle such stagnation is Chi Gun, an ancient Chinese method for self-healing which activates the energy centers. Chi Gun teaches people to release the energy themselves by massaging specific areas corresponding to the different chakras.
Concept of health, mind and disease, a comparison of ayurveda with homoeopathySubhash Baweja
This document provides an overview of concepts of health, mind, and disease in Ayurveda and Homoeopathy. It discusses Hahnemann's concept of the vital force and its relationship to the mind and physical body. It notes that Ayurveda may provide further insights into these relationships through its concepts of doshas, gunas, and how the mind and body interact. The document also summarizes key Ayurvedic principles including the definition of health, purpose of life, and the role of the three doshas (vata, pitta, kapha) and three gunas in maintaining physical and mental balance.
Similar to Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurology (20)
Patient compliance: Challenges in management of cardiac diseases in Kuala Lum...pharmaindexing
Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance among cardiac patients who attend the health facilities in Kuala Lumpur and Perak, Malaysia. The reasons for non-compliance and recommendations from healthcare professionals were also evaluated.
Method
A cross-sectional study of 400 patients and 100 healthcare professionals was carried out. This study utilizes variables on external factors and internal factors as the measurement tools. The questionnaire which consists of Morisky self-reported medication adherence questions was administered to patients and causes for non-compliance sought. Questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to determine strategies that can improve compliance rate.
Results
The study revealed a 15.8% of high adherence rate, 54.3% of moderate adherence rate and 30% of poor adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The chi-square tests showed the strong association between dependent and independent variables. The model chosen for testing the patient compliance through external and internal factors gives an R2 value of 85.0% with an adjusted R2 of 84.7%. The F value (317.187) was also significant (p=0.000) which means that the variables have better fit in the multivariate model. The major reasons determined for non-adherence were attitudes and beliefs, lifestyle, side effects and cost of medications. The study recommends that pharmacists and dispensing technicians should be adequately qualified to provide proper counselling to cardiac patients on their medicines and disease conditions.
Conclusion
The result of this study is of value to health care providers. Compliance to cardiovascular medications will avoid treatment failures encountered in therapy.
Overview on Recurrence Pregnancy Loss etiology and risk factorspharmaindexing
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) can be defined as more than two to three consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks’ gestation; it affects approximately 1% to 2% of women. RPL is a multifactorial disease. It is very important to study the etiology and risk factors of RPL to find the best diagnostic tests and suitable therapeutic intervention. This article will discuss the current understanding etiologies and risk factors of RPL.
Novel treatments for asthma: Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.pharmaindexing
Asthma management is a challenge due to the prevalence of disease in the world. Based on the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms of asthma, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory participate greatly in the treatment plan. Due to different reasons, there is still an unmet need to develop new agents in this field. A lot of compounds with anti-inflammatory effect are investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agentspharmaindexing
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio chemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.
Carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson syndrome: A case reportpharmaindexing
Drugs are the most common cause that induces Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and includes antiepileptic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, Sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Multivitamins. The genetic markers are also the cause for carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In our study, the antiepileptic drug (Carbamazepine) is the cause for Steven Johnson Syndrome. A female patient aged 25 years came to the hospital with the complaints of bubbling over the skin and all over the body with papillary vesicles associated with pain and irritation, fever, myalgia, and nausea. The patient is known case of Phenytoin induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In this case the patient developed the Steven Johnson Syndrome approximately after one month after starting the carbamazepine.By the withdrawal of the drug, the condition of the patient was improved.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1pharmaindexing
Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.
A descriptive study on newborn care among postnatal mothers in selected mater...pharmaindexing
The newborn health challenge faced by India is more formidable than that experienced by any other country in the world. The newborn health is inevitably affected by the traditional care practices of the mothers causing high infant morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study were determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and to determine the association between these as well as with the selected demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care in selected maternity centres in Madurai. Survey approach was employed to select sample and it consisted of 100 postnatal mothers. Data was collected using structured interview schedule. Findings of the study showed that 65% of postnatal mothers had moderate knowledge; 61% had favourable attitude and 57% of them had high practice of new born care. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.567), knowledge and practice (r=+0.388), attitude and practice (r=+0.321) .There was a significant association between knowledge and education, monthly family income and obstetrical score at p<0.05. Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care. Awareness and attitude of the mothers towards new born care still has lots of lacunae especially in those who belong to the lower socio economic statusand poorly educated postnatal mothers. So it is imperative to provide comprehensive training in the field of new born care for mothers during pregnancy
Late 19th century was evident of intelligent biomaterial; which has changed researcher’s perspective towards science and technology. This intelligent biomaterial are envisioned to have huge impact on Healthcare from sequential signalling of biomedical molecule, mimicking natural gene, an effective drug carrier, to high resolution diagnostic tool.From drug discovery aspect many of NCE fail to reach therapeutic potential due to PK/ PD profile. Nanotechnology has changed the face of drug discovery form chemical evaluation to structure of proteins in signalling pathways and development of chemical antibody. Nanotechnology from lab to market approval is long process due to regulatory evaluation. Though it seems to be bright future market it has to go through a long process from being innovation to complete market product. This makes whole process expensive making investor reluctant to invest in big projects.Western world is aware of dramatic potential of nano-projects; which has its limitation in financial investments; with major challenge of transforming nano science to commercial pharmaceutical product.
The Flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in ter...pharmaindexing
This case study summarizes the treatment of a 4-year old child with congenital urinary tract obstruction who presented with constipation, fever, and cough. Laboratory tests found low electrolyte levels, high blood acids, and kidney damage. The child's treatment included surgery, dialysis to correct electrolyte imbalances, and antibiotics for chest infection. However, the case study notes discrepancies in the post-operative treatment, including questionable antibiotic selection and prescribing of calcium channel blockers not recommended for children. The study concludes there is a need for clinical pharmacists on the healthcare team to improve rational medication use.
Corticosteroid induced disorders – An overviewpharmaindexing
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of many inflammatory, allergic, immunologic, and malignant disorders, and the toxicity of glucocorticoids is one of the commonest causes of iatrogenic illness associated with chronic inflammatory disease.Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch or type II muscle fiber atrophy. Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Osteoporosis remains one of its major complications.Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of open angle glaucoma occurring as an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Glucocorticoids induce hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance.Glucocorticoid treatment impairs both glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Corticosteroid-induced psychosis represents a spectrum of psychological changes that can occur at any time during treatment. Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. Physicians must be aware of these adverse effects and be equipped to manage them.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Lucinactant: A new solution in treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrom...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes research on Lucinactant, a novel synthetic surfactant approved by the FDA in 2012 for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It contains a peptide called sinapultide that mimics the function of human surfactant protein B. Studies found Lucinactant was as effective as or more effective than previous animal-derived surfactants in reducing mortality from RDS, but its pharmacokinetics are not fully understood. The document reviews clinical trials and mechanisms of Lucinactant and discusses its efficacy, safety profile, and potential cost benefits compared to other surfactants.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
This study aimed to isolate soil bacteria with potential bioactive properties against human pathogens. 36 bacterial strains were isolated from 3 soil samples and screened against common pathogens. 14 isolates showed antibacterial activity, including against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi. The 3 most active bacterial isolates were selected for further production and isolation of their bioactive metabolites. Testing found the metabolites had prominent antibacterial effects against the clinical pathogens studied, indicating their potential as a source of new antimicrobials given the rise in drug resistance.
A study on sigmoid Volvulus presentation and managementpharmaindexing
A study on sigmoid volvulus presentation and management was a 2yr retrospective study done at RMMCH.The diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was made from a history of large bowel obstruction (constipation, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain), which were often recurrent and plain abdominal radiographs.The morbidity associated isSuperficial wound infection occurred in four patients. All the infected wounds eventually healed with conservative measures. Clinical anastomotic dehiscence was noted in 1 patient for which during relaparotomy proximal colostomy and mucous fistula was done. The mortality associated is shown is there were 9 deaths of which 7 were due to sepsis and 2 were due to comorbid illness. Two out of eight patients for whom a colopexy was done had a recurrent attack of sigmoid volvulus. The duration of hospital stay ranged between 10 and 21 days. Use of sigmoidoscopic detorsion for viable colon should be encouraged. Sigmoidopexy, which is associated with a recurrence rate of 20% in our series of patients, should be used selectively.Hartmann’s procedure is a safe option in sigmoid volvulus with gangrenous bowel. Primary anastomosis in emergency situation can be carried out with morbidity and mortality in patients with viable colon
Evaluation of Preliminary phytochemical on various some medicinal plantspharmaindexing
The present study was carried out to evaluate the physical status and percentage yield of methanolic extract and its fractions of whole plant of Leucas cephalotes, leaves of Hiptage benghalensis and leaves of Kydia calycina were recorded for future references and Preliminary phytochemical screening of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroidal and phenolic compounds. MLC revealed the presence of all the above mentioned phytoconstituents except saponins and also MKC steroidal compounds. The fractions of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids.
Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
This study compared the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against various clinical isolates. 120 bacterial isolates from patient samples were tested for susceptibility to cefoperazone and levofloxacin using disc diffusion. Results showed levofloxacin had lower resistance than cefoperazone for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, while cefoperazone was more effective against S. aureus. However, resistance to both antibiotics was gradually increasing, highlighting the need for regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
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Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurology
1. ~ 36 ~
* Corresponding author: Amit Swarnakar.
E-mail address: dramit.swarnakar@gmail.com
ISSN: 2347-6567 IJAMSCR |Volume 2 | Issue 1 | Jan-Mar - 2014
www.ijamscr.com
Review article
Concept of Srotas from Ayurvedic Perspective with Special
Reference to Neurology
1
Amit Swarnakar, 2
Jyotirmay Choudhury, 3
T.Borah, 4
D.Baruah,5
B.K.Bharali.
1
SRF (Ayurveda), 2
Senior Consultant, 3
RO (S-4)Ayu, 4
RO (S-3) Ayu, 5
AD (S-4) Incharge
North eastern India Ayurveda research Institute, Bletola, Guwahati, Assam, India.
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels)
spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the
srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without
which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the
ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour
of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing
but innumerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no
functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Key words: Srotas (channels), Vayu, Pathways, Mana (human mind).
INTRODUCTION
The human body is a house of miracles. It is made
up of sophisticated electrical wires flooded
throughout the human body. Even a small single
hair of the body is dependent on these electrical
wires that are electrical signals. Speaking, looking,
smelling, hearing, walking, reading, writing, eating,
discharge of fecal matters, happiness, sorrow,
enthusiasm, sleeping are all dependent on these
electrical signals of the human body. Research is
going throughout the world to understand the
physiology behind this phenomenon. Some
questions could have been established but some
still remain mystery. So, from the above said
phenomenon it is now clear that we are dealing
with a very high sophisticated machine that the
present human being may even dare to think of it.
Ayurvedic review
Ayurveda is a life science and according to it the
human body is made up of three types of dosas
namely vayu, pitta and kapha and they follow
routes to perform their activities. Different
acharyas of Ayurveda has given their own views
regarding the functional aspects of vata, pitta and
kapha. Ayurveda has accepted that the human body
to be made up of innumerable channels which are
responsible for performing all the physiological
and functional activities. Without these channels
human life will not exist. All the three dosas of the
body perform their functional activities with the
help of these channels.For the proper development
of the human body the proper functioning of these
signals are very necessary. Because of these signals
there is development of cells to tissues, tissues to
organs and organs to systems. After that a well
developed human body is formed. This type of
signaling continues throughout the life of a human
being and stops when the person attains death.
The age of Ayurveda is about 5000 years old. In
those periods the researchers of Ayurveda could
rule out the presence of nervous system which is
controlling each and every functional and
physiological activities of the human body. The
nervous system which is scattered to every nook
and corner of the human body has been designated
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by Ayurvedic acharyasas srotas or channels.
1
According to charaka in a human body formation
of every chemical and their movements, discharge
of unwanted products from the body, feeling of hot,
cold, dry, rough, heavy etc as well as the functional
activities of the sense organs in other words
increase and decrease in functional activities occurs
with help of srotas. 2
Chakrapani, one of the
commentators of Charaka Samhita has put
forwarded a maxim called “Santan Nyay”.
According to this maxim the life is nitya(constant)
and the atman is also nitya(constant). Since the life
is nitya(constant) therefore formation of every
substances producing inside the body as well as
their movements are also nitya(constant). Increase
and decrease of the substances occurs depending on
the dietary intact, therefore they are also
nitya(constant). Even though the life of a person
comes to an end but it is not possible that the whole
world become lifeless.Therefore due to santan nyay
between life and buddhi or knowledge the flow of
atman is also nitya(constant). From the above said
phenomenon it is clear that as long as the life exist
in this world the neurological activities will never
come to an end. It will continue to an endless
period. Therefore these activities are also
nitya(constant).
3
Human body is made up of seven types of dhatus
namely- rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda,asthi, majja and
sukra. The formation and development of the
dhatus occurs due to srotas(channels). 4
Again,
Ayurveda accepts that, mana(human mind) can
travel throughout the body and it follows a proper
route to perform its activities. So, without
srotas(channels) mana cannot travel from one place
to another. That means, mana(human mind) has its
own srotas through which it is performing its
activities.5
Again, one more concept has been
depicted is that even though vata, pitta and kapha
has got different srotas but vayu is present in all the
srotas of the body. Without vayu, pitta and kapha
will not be able to perform their activities.
6
Regarding this matter Ayurveda says that Pitta,
kapha, discharge of unwanted substances outside
the body and the poshana (nourishment) of dhatus
will not be possible without vayu because vayu is
the main controlling factor behind this
phenomenon. 7
Again, the word vata means gati and
gandha, are the two fundamental principles through
which it is performing its activities.. The word gati
means gaman, gyan, prapti and moksha and the
gandha means suchan or conduction. So, vata has
the quality of movement which is necessary from
the physiological point of view. Without movement
the functional activities of the body will stop. But
for such movement an action potential is needed
and after that conduction occurs which is generated
by proper functioning of vayu. 8
During the
embryonic stage, vayu is responsible for producing
all the channels of the body. This concept is
depicted by acharya charaka in sutrasthana 12
number chapter. In this chapter the detail
description regarding the physiological functions of
vayu has been described. Some of the features are
as follows as per charakapradipika:-
9
Vayu is responsible for controlling all the
organs of the body. With the help of srotas or
channels it is travelling to every nook and
corner of the body. Vayu is responsible for
supplying the nutrients to all micro and macro
structures of the body.
10
Vayu is responsible for all kinds of
movements inside the body. Here movement
means all the physiological and functional
activities of the body. Mana attains knowledge
or no knowledge, the responsible factor behind
this is vayu. Vayu is responsible for
controlling mana. Again Vayu is responsible
for helping mana to go towards the things
which mana wants.
11
The srotas which are responsible for the
movement of gyanendria and the srotas
responsible for the movement of karmendria
bring knowledge and for the prabritti and
nibritti of the knowledge with atman is the
karya of vayu.
12
The knowledge attained by gyanendria and
karmendria established relation with buddhi
and atma by the help of vayu. That means
whatever the knowledge is obtained by
gyanendria and karmendria reaches the higher
centers with the help of vayu and only after
that prabritti of buddhi occurs.
13
Vayu is responsible for the formation of all
the parts of the body and is also responsible for
healing and re-uniting the damaged body parts.
14
Vayu is the responsible factor of sabda and
sparsha because the panchabhautik sangathana
of vayu is akash and vayu. Again, vayu is the
main responsible factor for srotra and
sparshan. According to panchabhautik
sangathana, aakash is the dominant mahabhuta
for srotra indriya and vayu is the dominant
mahabhuta for sparsha indriya. Since the
panchabhautik sangathana of vata is vayu and
aakash therefore for srotra and sparsha indriya,
vayu is the main responsible factor. According
to susruta, the five sense organs of the body all
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the five mahabhutas are present that is prithvi,
aakash, vayu, jala and agni. But in each sense
organs one dominant mahabhuta is present that
is in chakshu (eye) – agni mahabhuta, srotra
(ear) – aakash mahabhuta, ghrana (nose) -
prithvimahabhuta, rasanendriya (tongue) -
jalamahabhuta and sparshanendriya ( twacha )-
vayu mahabhuta.
15
Vayu is the responsible factor behind the
formation of voice. The voice is converted into
speech due to the prabritti of atma.
That means vayu circulating in the urah
Pradesh (chest region) creates words slowly
and steadily.
16
Vayu is the main responsible factor behind
happiness and joy. Happiness and joy are the
activities of mana (human mind). But vayu is
responsible for controlling mana (human
mind). For this reason it has been told by the
acharyas of Ayurveda that vayu is the
responsible factor behind happiness and joy.
17
Vayu is the responsible factor for the
formation of petty and magnanimous channels
of the body. During fetal stage vayu and
aakash guna are present abundantly as
resultporosity develops in the body. That
means an open space between dhamani (veins)
and shira (arteries) is produced due to vayu
and aakasha guna.
18
Vayu is responsible to give proper shape to
the fetus.
So, these are some of the functional aspects
generated by proper functioning of vayu.19
Acharya
Charaka has used several synonymous words for
srotas (channels). These are as followsSrotas,
Shiraand Dhamani, Rasayani nadi, Nadi, Panthan,
Marga, Orifice of the body, open and close orifice,
place, asaya and niketa. These are the name of the
channels present inside the dhatus. Some of them
are visible and some are not. When these srotas
become prakupita then the dhatus of the body also
become prakupita. The srotas as well as dhatus of
the body become prakupita due to the abnormal
status of vata, pitta and kapha.
20
Acharya Charaka has given vivid description
regarding the swarupa of srotas
The srotas which represents a particular dhatu
attains colour of that particular dhatu. That means
the colour of the srotas depends upon the colour of
the dhatu. The structure of the srotas is round,
magnanimous or petty as well as they are long like
climber plants. As the climber plants used to spread
throughout the area in the same way the srotas
spreads to every nook and corner of the body.
Modern review
21
The evolution of the Nervous System dates back
to the first development of nervous system in
animals. Neurons developed as specialized
electrical signaling cells in multicellular cells,
adopting the mechanism of action potentials
present in single motile celled and colonial
eukaryotes. These use calcium rather than sodium
action potentials, but the mechanism was probably
adopted into neural electrical signaling in
multicellular animals. 22
At a more integrated level,
the primary function of the nervous system is to
control the body. It does this by extracting
information from the environment using sensory
receptors, sending signals that encode this
information to determine an appropriate response,
and sending output signals to muscles or glands to
activate the response. The evolution of a complex
nervous system has made it possible for various
animal species to have advanced perception
abilities such as vision, complex social interactions,
rapid co-ordination of organ system, and integrated
processing of concurrent signals. In human, the
sophistication of nervous system make it possible
to have language, abstract representation of
concepts, transmission of culture, and many other
features of human society that would not exist
without human brain.
23
The nervous system derives its name from nerves,
which are cylindrical bundles of fibers that emanate
from the brain and central cord, and branch
repeatedly to innervate every part of the body.
Nerves are large enough to have been recognized
by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, but
their internal structure was not understood until it
became possible to examine them using a
microscope.
The nervous system is involved in much way in
nearly every body function. Many tracts, pathways
and channels are present in the nervous system that
plays a key role in activating the functional
activities of the nervous system. 24
Neuron cell body
contains a single nucleus. As with any other cells,
the nucleus of the neuron is the source of
information for gene expression. Extensive rough
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and
mitochondria surround the nucleus. Large number
of neurofilaments (intermediate filaments) and
microtubules organize the cytoplasm into distinct
areas. Dendrites are short, often highly branching
cytoplasmic extensions. Dendrites usually receive
information from the other neurons or from sensory
receptors and transmit the information towards the
neuron cell body. An axon is a long cell process
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extending from the neuron cell body. Each neuron
has a single axon that extends from the cell body.
The area where the axon leaves the neuron cell
body is called the axon hillock. Each axon has a
uniform diameter and may vary in length from a
five millimeter to more than a meter.
25
Gray matter consists of groups of neuron cell
bodies and their dendrites, where there is little
myelin. In the CNS, gray matter on the surface of
the brain is called the cortex, and clusters of gray
matter located deeper within the brain are called
nuclei. In the PNS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies
is called ganglion. White matter consists of bundles
of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths, which
are whitish in colour. White matter of the CNS
forms nervetracts or conducting pathways, which
propagate action potentials from one area of the
CNS to another. In the PNS, bundles of axons and
their connective sheaths are called nerves.
26
All the cells exhibit electrical properties. The
inside of most cell membrane is negatively charged
compared to the outside of the cell membrane,
which is positively charged. This uneven
distribution of charge means the cell is polarized.
In an unstimulated ( or resting ) cell, the uneven
charge distribution is called the resting membrane
potential. The difference in membrane permeability
is due to the difference in the number of open ion
channels. Ions move freely across the cell
membrane, instead, ions must flow through ion
channels, which are protein embedded in the cell
membrane. Ions flow through channels due to the
differences in their concentrations across the
membrane. There are two basic types of ion
channels: leak channels and gated ion channels.
Leak ion channels are always open. Thus, as the
name suggests, ion can leak across the membrane
down their concentration gradient. When a cell is at
rest, the membrane potential is established by
diffusion of ions through leak channels. Because
there are 50-100 times more K+
leak channels than
Na+
leak channels, the resting membrane has much
greater permeability to K+
than to Na+
; therefore,
the K+
leak channels have the greatest contribution
to the resting membrane potential. Gated ion
channels are closed until opened by specific
signals. Chemically Gated channels are opened by
neurotransmitters or other chemicals, whereas
voltage gated channels are opened by a change in
membrane potential. When opened, the gated
channels can change the membrane potential and
are thus responsible for the action potential.
27
Neurons are organized within the CNS to form
pathways ranging from relatively simple to
extremely complex. The two simplest pathways are
converging and diverging pathways. In a
converging pathway, two or more neurons synapse
with the same neuron. This allows information
transmitted in more than one neuronal pathway to
converge into a single pathway. In a diverging
pathway, the axon from one neuron divides
(diverges) and synapses with more than one other
neuron. This allows information transmitted in one
neuronal pathway to diverge into two or more
pathways.
28
The Spinal Cord extends from the foramen
magnum at the base of the skull to the second
lumbar vertebra. A cross section of the spinal cord
reveals that the spinal cord consists of a peripheral
white matter portion and a central gray matter
portion. The white matter consists of myelinated
axons, and the gray matter is mainly a collection of
neuron cell bodies. The white matter in each half of
the spinal cord is organized into three columns,
called the dorsal, ventral and lateral columns. Each
column of the spinal cord contains Ascending and
Descending tracts or pathways.
29
Ascending Tracts
The spinal cord and brain stem contains Ascending
Tracts or Pathways, that transmit information’s via
action potential from the periphery to various parts
of the brain.
Pathway - Function
Spinothalamic - Pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensations.
Dorsal Column - Proprioception, touch, deep pressure, and vibration.
Spinocerebellar
(anterior and posterior)
- Proprioception to cerebellum.
Pathways connecting the Spinal Cord to the
Cerebral Cortex
30
Spino Thalamic Pathways
a) Anterior and Lateral spinothalamic tracts.
b) Dorsolateral spino thalamic tracts
c) Spino-cervico thalamic pathways
31
The Posterior column – Medial Lemniscus
Pathway
a) Fasciculus gracilin and fasciculus cuneatus
b) Medial Lemniscus.
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32
Ascending Pathways ending in the
brainstem
a) Spinoreticular Tracts
b) Spino-Olivary tracts
c) Spinomesencephalic Tracts
33
Spinocerebellar Pathways
a) Dorsal spinocerebellar tract.
b) Ventral spinocerebellar tract
c) Cuneocerebellar tract
d) Rostral spinocerebellar pathways
e) A cervicocerebellar pathway
34
Propriospinal Tracts
a) Tract of Lissauer
b) Comma tract
c) Septomarginal tract
d) Cornu commissural tract
35
Descending Tracts
The descending tract control different types of
movements. Tracts in the lateral columns are most
important in controlling goal directed limb
movements such as reaching and manipulations.
Pathway Function
Lateral corticospinal Muscle tone and skilled movements, especially of hands.
Anterior corticospinal Muscle tone and movements of trunk muscles.
Indirect
Rubrospinal Movement coordination
Reticulospinal Posture adjustments, especially during movements
Vestibulospinal Posture and balance
Tectospinal Movement in response to visual reflexes.
36
Descending tracts ending in Spinal Cord
a) Corticospinal tracts
b) Rubrospinal tracts
c) Tectospinal tracts
d) Vestibulospinal tracts
e) Olivospinal tracts
f) Reticulospinal tracts
37
Descending tracts ending in the brain stem
a) Corticonuclear tracts
b) Cortico ponto cerebellar pathways
38
Afferent Autonomic Pathways
Sensory neuron related to the autonomic nervous
system are general visceral afferent neurons and
that their arrangement is similar to that of afferent
fibers in cerebrospinal nerves. The neurons
concerned are located in spinal ganglia, or in
sensory ganglia of cranial nerves. They carry
impulses arising in viscera, and in blood vessels, to
the central nervous system. They may be associated
with parasympathetic as well as the sympathetic
systems. Autonomic afferents are necessary for
various visceral reflexes. Most of these impulses
are not consciously perceived. Some normal
visceral sensations that reach consciousness include
those hunger, nausea, distension of the urinary
bladder or rectum, and sexual sensations. Some of
touch or pressure perceived by the tongue and
pharynx, and the sensation of taste are also visceral
sensations. Sensory impulses from the same organ
may travel both along sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves.
39
Action Potentials
Muscles and nerve cells are excitable cells,
meaning that the resting membrane potentials
changes in response to stimuli that activate gated
ion channels. The opening and closing of gated
channels can change the permeability
characteristics of the plasma membrane and hence
change the membrane potential. The channels
responsible for the action potentials are voltage
gated Na+
and K+
channels. When the plasma
membrane is at rest, the voltage gated channels are
closed. When a stimulus is applied to a muscle cell
or nerve cell, following neurotransmitters
activation of chemically gated channels, Na+
channels open very briefly, and Na+
diffuse quickly
into the cell. This movement of Na+, which is
called local current, causes the inside of the cell
membrane to become more positive, a change
called depolarization. This depolarization results in
a local current. If depolarization is not strong
enough, the Na+ channels close again, and the local
potential disappears without being conducted along
the nerve cell membrane. If depolarization is large
enough, Na+
enter the cell so that the local potential
reaches a threshold value. This threshold
depolarization causes voltage gated Na+
channels to
open. Threshold is most often reached at the axon
hillock, near the cell body. The opening of these
channels causes a massive, 600- fold increase in
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membrane permeability to Na+
. Voltage gated K+
channels also begin to open. As more Na+
enter the
cell, depolarization occurs until a brief reversal of
charge take place across the membrane- the inside
of the cell membrane become positive relative to
the outside of the cell membrane. The charge
reveals causes Na+
channels to close and K+
channels to open. Na+
then stops entering the cell,
and K+
leaves the cell. This repolarizes the cell
membrane to its resting membrane potential.
Depolarization and repolarization constitute an
action potential. In summary, the resting membrane
potential is set by the activity of the leak channels.
On stimulations, chemically gated channels are
opened and initiate local potentials. If sufficiently
strong, the local potentials activate voltage gated
channels to initiate action potentials.40
Gastro
intestinal physiology is a branch of human
physiology addressing the physical function of the
gastrointestinal (GI) system. The major processes
occurring in the GI system are that of motility,
secretion, regulation, digestion and circulation. The
function and coordination of each of these actions
is vital in maintaining GI health, and thus the
digestion of nutrients for the entire body.The GI
tract generates motility using smooth muscles
subunits linked by gap junctions. These subunits
fire spontaneously in either a tonic or a phasic
fashion. Tonic contractions are those contractions
that are maintained from several minutes up to
hours at a time. These occur in the sphincters of the
tract, as well as in the anterior stomach. The other
type of contractions, called phasic contractions,
consist of brief periods of both relaxation and
contraction, occurring in the posterior stomach and
the small intestine, and are carried out by the
muscularis externa.The stimulation for these
contractions likely originates in modified smooth
muscle cells called interstitial cells of Cajal. These
cells cause spontaneous cycles of slow wave
potentials that can cause action potentials in
smooth muscle cells. They are associated with the
contractile smooth muscle via gap junctions. These
slow wave potentials must reach a threshold level
for the action potential to occur, whereupon Ca2+
channels on the smooth muscle open and an action
potential occurs. As the contraction is graded based
upon how much Ca2+
enters the cell, the longer the
duration of slow wave, the more action potentials
occur. This in turn results in greater contraction
force from the smooth muscle. Both amplitude and
duration of the slow waves can be modified based
upon the presence of neurotransmitters, hormones
or other paracrine signalling. The number of slow
wave potentials per minute varies based upon the
location in the digestive tract. This number ranges
from 3 waves/min in the stomach to 12 waves/min
in the intestines.
Discussion
Ayurveda has given utmost importance to srotas for
every murtiman bhavas of the body. By saying
murtiman bhavas Ayurveda means that flow of
blood, neurological activities, activities of the
organs, systems, nutrition to all the cells of the
body are dependent on srotas (Channels).
Dhatuposhana siddhanta, physiological and
functional activities of the human body, formation
of diseases are dependent on srotas
(channels).Modern neurobiologist accepts the
importance of channels or pathways. Without the
presence of these channels the human society will
not exist. The nervous system is involved in much
way in nearly every body functions. In this way
concept of srotas (channels) is very important from
every aspects. Without srotas the physiological as
well as functional activities of the human body will
not be possible. Vata follows all the srotas
(channels) of the body to perform its activities.
Here vata can be assumed to be a local current
following all the channels of the body. Without the
presence of this electrical current no action
potentials can work and this current is even
necessary for cell to cell interactions and it is an
established phenomenon.Ayurveda says that there
is sanyoga and biyoga between the paramanus of
the human body and for this sanyoga (connection)
and biyoga (disconnection) vayu, karma (activity)
and swabhawa (nature) is responsible. Here
chakrapani has pointed out that vayu has the
quality to establish connectionbetween the
paramanus (cells) for the development of the
human body and when disconnection occurs then
destruction of the human body occurs. That means
vayu is following a particular srota for the
communication between the paramanus (cells)
which can be told in broad sense as cell signaling.
The signal that is obtained by a particular cell is
transferred to another cell and this procedure
continues throughout the life and destructions come
when there is disconnection between the cells
occurring at a particular age of a person.41
In this
regard modern neurobiologist says that, during
mouse cortical development, few physiological
changes occur at late embryonic stages when
newborn neurons generated in the ventricular zone
migrate through the intermediate zone. The
majority of these migrating neurons express
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immature sodium and potassium currents
characterized by small amplitudes relative to adult
cortical neurons. In contrast, after reaching the
cortical plate, rapid maturation occurs in which IK
+
,
INa
+
, and action potential amplitudes increase in
parallel with a decrease in AP durations.
Simultaneously, early postnatal neurons gain the
capacity to fire repetitive trains of AP’s. These
characteristics, together with synaptic activity,
comprise the hallmarks of a mature functional
neuron. 42
As a person ages, sensory function
gradually declines because in the number of
sensory neurons, the function of the remaining
neurons, and CNS processing. Again Ayurveda
accepts that mana (human mind) can travel to every
nook and corner of the human body and it follows a
proper route to perform its activities. As we know
that the activities of mana (human mind) is
controlled by vayu therefore if vayu will not work
hand to hand with mana (human mind) then the
activities will become stabdha. These features can
be seen in case of paralysis especially in LMN
disease. When one particular part of the body is
affected then the patient cannot move that part even
though thinking process is going on in the human
brain. That means there is some deformity in the
movement of vayu in that particular part due to
some pathological condition. From above said
example, the dominancy of vayu can be
ascertained. Human being is grasping the
knowledge by the conjoint function of atma, mana,
indriya and indriya arthas and this knowledge is
carried out as sharira chesta by the functional
activities of vayu.Again, gati or movement and
suchan or conduction is the meaning of the word
vata. That means movement of vata is occurring
throughout the body with the help of srotas and the
sharira chestas of the body that physiological and
functional are occurring through proper
conduction. For this reason acharya Charaka has
said that vayu by using its own pathway vata
performs its activities both on the human mind as
well as human body. By dividing the pathways that
is sharirik and manashik we can assume that all the
electrical activities that is happening in the human
brain and body are due to two active principles of
vayu that is movement and conduction.Vayu is
responsible for controlling all the organs of the
body. All the organs of the body have their own
functional acpects and these functions are occurring
in the presence of Sama avastha of vayu. The
organs of the body are getting proper nutrition due
to proper functioning of vayu. After the digestion
of food substances the nutrient part is carried to all
the parts of the body due to proper functioning of
vayu. This factor is described by acharya charaka
in 28 number chapter of sutrasthana. Modern
neurologist also accepts the same phenomenon.
Many pathways have been demarcated controlling
the body posture of a person and many pathways
are been established controlling the physiological
functions of the body. Again, vayu is responsible
for all kinds of movements inside the body. Prana,
udana, vyana, samana and apana are the five types
of vayu. All the functional and physiological
movements of the body are controlled by these 5
types of vayu. These 5 types of vayu by residing in
their dominant areas carry put the functional
activities of the body. Here it can be assumed that
the functions of the vayu vary. Some are acting as a
local current and some are acting as pressure
gradient and some are acting as a force gradient
and because of this reason the ayurved researchers
have divided vayu into five types depending on
their functional activities.Again, vayu is
responsible for controlling the activities of mana
(human mind). Prabritti of mana in subha vishayas
and nibritti of mana from asubha vishayas are
controlled by vayu. But when the normal function
of vayu is disrupted then prabritti of mana in
asubha vishayas occurs and the person indulge
themselves in pragyaparadh (sinful activities)
activities and pragyaparadh itself is controlled by
mana (human mind).Here it can be assumed that
the developmental process of the nervous system
has made it possible for such complex interactions.
Again, vayu is responsible for the stimulation of
both the karmendriya and gyanendriya. Regarding
this matter acharya charaka has said that for
attaining knowledge indriya, indriya artha, mana
and atma should be present and only after that
utpatti of buddhi (knowledge) occurs. After the
utpatti of buddhi (knowledge) the person can be
able to the functional activities and the dharana of
buddhi (knowledge) is one of the functional
activities of prana vayu. So, without vayu the
functional activity of the body will be absurd.Again
many acharyas of Ayurveda has accepted that vayu
is the responsible factor for the formation of the
parts of the body because for the formation of body
parts proper signaling is necessary between the
cells and Ayurveda has given clear cut description
regarding the matter and pointed out that for
sanyoga and biyoga between the paramanus vayu,
karma and swabhawa is necessary.Again acharyas
of Ayurveda has accepted that the formation of
voice and the conversion of voice to word is one of
the functional activities of vayu. The function is
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generated by vyan vayu. Vyan vayu residing in the
Urah Pradesh carry out these functional activities.
Vayu is the responsible factor for bringing
happiness and peace in one’s life. These are related
factors of mana (human mind). Again, mana is
controlled by vayu. So when vayu is in normal
state the function of mana will also be normal and
Ayurveda also accepts that the karyas of mana are
the karyas of atma. So, by the above mentioned
phenomenon we can make out that when the
functional activities of vayu is in sama avastha then
the knowledge obtained by atma and prabritti of
atma will be in subha vishayas.
Conclusion
From the vivid discussion we can make out that
channels are present in every nook and corner of
the body and they are responsible for carrying out
each and every functional activities of the human
body. Ayurvedic researchers could make out the
presence of srotas or channels 5000 years earlier
and they by using their techniques could make out
the importance of srotas in the human body. By
using their skilled techniques they could make out
that some are visible and some are not because it
can be seen that some of the channels are so micro
in structure that they need high power microscope
to understand the basic structure of such channels.
Nerve itself is a channel and it spreads throughout
the body like a climber plants. All the channels are
governed by the flow of electric currents
responsible for the development of the action
potentials without which none of the functional
activities of the human will take place. Ayurveda
also accepts the same concepts that for the
development of functional and physiological
activities of the human body srotas and vayu are
essential otherwise none of the body activities will
take place. For the formation of diseases also
channels are responsible because in a diseased state
the signaling process is hampered. All the complex
interactions of the human mind are controlled by
the nervous system. Emotions , happiness, joy,
enthusiasm, sorrow as well as addictions are some
of the features of the human being occurs because
of the secretions of some kinds chemicals and the
flow of these chemicals are occurring with the help
of their of their respective pathways. These are
some of the evolutionary development of the
nervous system. So at the end it can be concluded
that srotas as Ayurveda has depicted in Ayurveda
literatures are nothing but complex pathways or
channels of the nervous system governed by vayu
for carrying out the functional and physiological
activities of the human body. This article needs
further discussion so that we can a final conclusion
in the near future.
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[2] Vaidya Harishchandra Singh Kushwaha, Bimansthana, page number 629.
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