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The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were large in size, and relied on machine language. The second generation used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, were smaller in size, and introduced symbolic and high-level programming languages. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits and smaller sizes. The fourth generation included microprocessors that put all computer components on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and technologies like voice recognition.
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GENERATION OF COMPUTERS.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, were enormous in size, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and more reliable. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, which were miniaturized transistors on silicon chips. The fourth generation included microprocessors, which located all computer components on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
Computer Generations
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, were enormous in size, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and more reliable. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, which allowed multiple applications to run simultaneously. The fourth generation included microprocessors that placed all components on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
Lec 4 comp_generations
The document outlines the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, unreliable machines. The second generation used transistors, which were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, allowing multiple applications to run at once. The fourth generation used microprocessors, making computers smaller and more powerful. Current computers are considered fourth generation, utilizing continued improvements in processing power and capacity. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop machines capable of artificial intelligence and natural language processing.
PPT on Computer Basics
This document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors. The third generation used integrated circuits. The fourth generation used microprocessors. The fifth generation, still in development, is based on artificial intelligence using techniques like natural language processing and machine learning. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, speed, and capabilities.
computer-generations.pdf
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which saw the development of high-level programming languages. Integrated circuits miniaturized components onto silicon chips in the third generation, allowing multiple applications. The fourth generation introduced microprocessors that located all components onto a single chip. Fifth generation computers are based on artificial intelligence and parallel processing.
what are three effects of transistor scaling on computer architectur.pdf
what are three effects of transistor scaling on computer architecture development. Please also
explain these effects in details and make a comparison between old-time computer architecture
and current computer architecture
Solution
Computer architecture: is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware
technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short, computer
architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible
with.
Let’s understand Moore\'s Law in simple words:
Every two years the Smartphone you are carrying, the computer or tablet you are using or your
TV at home gets twice as powerful/smart while the cost of that computing power dramatically
reduces over time.
Now coming to question, effects of Computer architecture:
1. Higher Level of integration enables more complex architectures.
Ex: On chip memory, super scalar processor.
2. Higher level of integration enables more application specific architectures.
Ex: A variety of microcontrollers
3. Larger logic capacity and higher performance allow more freedom in architecture trade-off.
Comp arch can focus more on what should be done rather than worrying about physical
constraints.
4. Lower cost generates a wider mater. Profitability and competition stimulates arch innovations.
Generations of Computer:
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes: The first computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replace vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The
transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.
The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room
could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output
controls—on a single chip.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intellig.
Bangladesh university of business & technology
The document discusses the five generations of computers from 1946 to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors and were more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers smaller and more affordable. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation uses ULSI technology and focuses on artificial intelligence and parallel processing. [/SUMMARY]
Introduction of Computers
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of information technology. It discusses the definition of a computer as a machine that performs calculations and processes information quickly and accurately. It then covers the characteristics, classifications, and generations of computers from the first generation that used vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focused on artificial intelligence. The document explains how each new generation incorporated technological advancements like transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors to make computers smaller, faster, and more powerful over time.
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The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, were enormous in size, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and more reliable. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, which were miniaturized transistors on silicon chips. The fourth generation included microprocessors, which located all computer components on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
Computer Generations
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, were enormous in size, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and more reliable. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, which allowed multiple applications to run simultaneously. The fourth generation included microprocessors that placed all components on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
Lec 4 comp_generations
The document outlines the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, unreliable machines. The second generation used transistors, which were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, allowing multiple applications to run at once. The fourth generation used microprocessors, making computers smaller and more powerful. Current computers are considered fourth generation, utilizing continued improvements in processing power and capacity. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop machines capable of artificial intelligence and natural language processing.
PPT on Computer Basics
This document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors. The third generation used integrated circuits. The fourth generation used microprocessors. The fifth generation, still in development, is based on artificial intelligence using techniques like natural language processing and machine learning. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, speed, and capabilities.
computer-generations.pdf
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. First generation computers used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which saw the development of high-level programming languages. Integrated circuits miniaturized components onto silicon chips in the third generation, allowing multiple applications. The fourth generation introduced microprocessors that located all components onto a single chip. Fifth generation computers are based on artificial intelligence and parallel processing.
what are three effects of transistor scaling on computer architectur.pdf
what are three effects of transistor scaling on computer architecture development. Please also
explain these effects in details and make a comparison between old-time computer architecture
and current computer architecture
Solution
Computer architecture: is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware
technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short, computer
architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible
with.
Let’s understand Moore\'s Law in simple words:
Every two years the Smartphone you are carrying, the computer or tablet you are using or your
TV at home gets twice as powerful/smart while the cost of that computing power dramatically
reduces over time.
Now coming to question, effects of Computer architecture:
1. Higher Level of integration enables more complex architectures.
Ex: On chip memory, super scalar processor.
2. Higher level of integration enables more application specific architectures.
Ex: A variety of microcontrollers
3. Larger logic capacity and higher performance allow more freedom in architecture trade-off.
Comp arch can focus more on what should be done rather than worrying about physical
constraints.
4. Lower cost generates a wider mater. Profitability and competition stimulates arch innovations.
Generations of Computer:
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes: The first computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replace vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The
transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.
The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room
could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output
controls—on a single chip.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intellig.
Bangladesh university of business & technology
The document discusses the five generations of computers from 1946 to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors and were more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers smaller and more affordable. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation uses ULSI technology and focuses on artificial intelligence and parallel processing. [/SUMMARY]
Introduction of Computers
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of information technology. It discusses the definition of a computer as a machine that performs calculations and processes information quickly and accurately. It then covers the characteristics, classifications, and generations of computers from the first generation that used vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focused on artificial intelligence. The document explains how each new generation incorporated technological advancements like transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors to make computers smaller, faster, and more powerful over time.
computer-generations1.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums for memory, and punched cards. They were large, expensive, and prone to malfunctions. The second generation used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, were smaller, and introduced high-level programming languages. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, which miniaturized components onto a single chip. This allowed multiple applications to run simultaneously. The fourth generation placed thousands of components onto a single microprocessor chip. It introduced graphical user interfaces. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and natural language interfaces.
Improvement of hardware in computer generation
This document discusses the five generations of computers from 1946 to the present. It describes the key technologies and improvements that define each generation, including the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic core memory. Subsequent generations saw the introduction of transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and advances like graphic interfaces and artificial intelligence. The document also briefly defines different types of computers including microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
generation of computer
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first to fifth generation. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive, and unreliable. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers even faster, smaller, and cheaper. The fourth generation used microprocessors which further decreased size and cost. The fifth generation is still in development and aims to develop artificial intelligence capabilities. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, speed, and capabilities.
Computer Generation
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from 1946 to present. It discusses the defining technologies and characteristics of each generation including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, VLSI chips, and ULSI. Each new generation resulted in computers that were smaller, more powerful, efficient, faster and reliable than the previous generation due to advances in processing technology. The document also categorizes computers based on size as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers.
computer-generations.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, and relied on machine language. The second generation used transistors, were smaller in size, and used symbolic and high-level programming languages. The third generation used integrated circuits, were smaller still, and allowed users to interact through keyboards and monitors. The fourth generation used microprocessors built onto silicon chips and saw the development of GUIs. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop devices that can understand natural language and are capable of learning.
Generation of Computers: A Survey
Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the
computer. Computers are such an integral part of our everyday
life now most people take them and what they have added to life
totally for granted. Even more so the generation who have grown
from infancy within the global desktop and laptop revolution
since the 1980s. The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to the different generations of computing
devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the
product development process. This term is also used in the
different advancements of new computer technology. As new
technology was emerging, it was being used in the making of
computer. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten
smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before
it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and com-
puter memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are
constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and
play.
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computer-generations.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and used symbolic language. Integrated circuits were developed in the third generation, making computers even smaller. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors that put all computer components on a single chip and allowed for GUIs. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
Introduction to five generation of computer
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and used symbolic language. Integrated circuits were developed in the third generation, making computers even smaller. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors that put all computer components on a single chip. Current and future computers are exploring artificial intelligence and parallel processing as part of the fifth generation.
computer-generations.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and used symbolic language. Integrated circuits were developed in the third generation, making computers even smaller. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors that put all computer components on a single chip and allowed for GUIs. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
computer-generations.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and used symbolic language. Integrated circuits were developed in the third generation, making computers even smaller. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors that put all computer components on a single chip. Current and future computers are exploring artificial intelligence and parallel processing as part of the fifth generation.
computer-generations.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and used symbolic language. Integrated circuits were developed in the third generation, making computers even smaller. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors that put all computer components on a single chip and allowed for GUIs. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
Generation Of Computers
Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
Fundamentals of computer
The document discusses the history and generations of computers. It covers 5 generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors and were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers smaller yet. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation uses ULSI and focuses on artificial intelligence, parallel processing, and natural language capabilities. Each generation brought improvements in cost, size, reliability and capabilities.
Unit 1 computer programming
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive machines. The second generation saw the introduction of transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits which further miniaturized computers. The fourth generation began using microprocessors which enabled the development of personal computers. Current and future computers are exploring artificial intelligence and neural networks. The document also covers computer components, classifications, and how different units work together in basic computer organization.
Generations of computers
The document discusses the five generations of computers from first to fifth generation. It summarizes the key characteristics of each generation as follows:
1) First generation computers (1946-1958) used vacuum tubes and were very large in size, expensive, and slow.
2) Second generation computers (1959-1964) used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, were faster, and used magnetic storage.
3) Third generation computers (1965-1974) were smaller due to use of integrated circuits (ICs) as memory and had faster processing speeds.
4) Fourth generation computers (1975-1990) were smallest due to VLSI chips and were faster, cheaper, and more reliable than previous generations.
Evolution of computers
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from 1945 to the present. Each generation is characterized by a major technological development, such as the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits and microprocessors, that increased computers' capabilities while reducing their size, cost, and energy usage. The document also categorizes computers as supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, or microcomputers based on their processing power, size, cost, and intended use.
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This document provides an overview of computer systems architecture and the history of computers. It discusses:
1) The components that make up a computer system including hardware, software, data, and communication elements.
2) The five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focusing on artificial intelligence and cloud computing.
3) Examples of microprocessors used in different computer systems from the Intel 4004 to current multi-core processors.
Generations of computer
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large. The second generation used transistors which made computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits which further increased speed and reduced size. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors which placed all computer components on a single chip. The fifth generation focuses on artificial intelligence and technologies like quantum computing and nanotechnology. Each generation brought improvements in size, speed, cost and capabilities.
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The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums for memory, and punched cards. They were large, expensive, and prone to malfunctions. The second generation used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, were smaller, and introduced high-level programming languages. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, which miniaturized components onto a single chip. This allowed multiple applications to run simultaneously. The fourth generation placed thousands of components onto a single microprocessor chip. It introduced graphical user interfaces. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and natural language interfaces.
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computer-generations.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, and relied on machine language. The second generation used transistors, were smaller in size, and used symbolic and high-level programming languages. The third generation used integrated circuits, were smaller still, and allowed users to interact through keyboards and monitors. The fourth generation used microprocessors built onto silicon chips and saw the development of GUIs. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop devices that can understand natural language and are capable of learning.
Generation of Computers: A Survey
Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the
computer. Computers are such an integral part of our everyday
life now most people take them and what they have added to life
totally for granted. Even more so the generation who have grown
from infancy within the global desktop and laptop revolution
since the 1980s. The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to the different generations of computing
devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the
product development process. This term is also used in the
different advancements of new computer technology. As new
technology was emerging, it was being used in the making of
computer. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten
smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before
it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and com-
puter memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are
constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and
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The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and used symbolic language. Integrated circuits were developed in the third generation, making computers even smaller. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors that put all computer components on a single chip and allowed for GUIs. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
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computer-generations.ppt
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on machine language. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation, which were smaller and used symbolic language. Integrated circuits were developed in the third generation, making computers even smaller. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors that put all computer components on a single chip and allowed for GUIs. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through parallel processing and superconductors.
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Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
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The document discusses the history and generations of computers. It covers 5 generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors and were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers smaller yet. The fourth generation used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation uses ULSI and focuses on artificial intelligence, parallel processing, and natural language capabilities. Each generation brought improvements in cost, size, reliability and capabilities.
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The document discusses the history and evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive machines. The second generation saw the introduction of transistors, making computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits which further miniaturized computers. The fourth generation began using microprocessors which enabled the development of personal computers. Current and future computers are exploring artificial intelligence and neural networks. The document also covers computer components, classifications, and how different units work together in basic computer organization.
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The document discusses the five generations of computers from first to fifth generation. It summarizes the key characteristics of each generation as follows:
1) First generation computers (1946-1958) used vacuum tubes and were very large in size, expensive, and slow.
2) Second generation computers (1959-1964) used transistors instead of vacuum tubes, were faster, and used magnetic storage.
3) Third generation computers (1965-1974) were smaller due to use of integrated circuits (ICs) as memory and had faster processing speeds.
4) Fourth generation computers (1975-1990) were smallest due to VLSI chips and were faster, cheaper, and more reliable than previous generations.
Evolution of computers
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from 1945 to the present. Each generation is characterized by a major technological development, such as the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits and microprocessors, that increased computers' capabilities while reducing their size, cost, and energy usage. The document also categorizes computers as supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, or microcomputers based on their processing power, size, cost, and intended use.
CSA
This document provides an overview of computer systems architecture and the history of computers. It discusses:
1) The components that make up a computer system including hardware, software, data, and communication elements.
2) The five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focusing on artificial intelligence and cloud computing.
3) Examples of microprocessors used in different computer systems from the Intel 4004 to current multi-core processors.
Generations of computer
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were very large. The second generation used transistors which made computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits which further increased speed and reduced size. The fourth generation saw the development of microprocessors which placed all computer components on a single chip. The fifth generation focuses on artificial intelligence and technologies like quantum computing and nanotechnology. Each generation brought improvements in size, speed, cost and capabilities.
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Graspan: A Big Data System for Big Code Analysis
We built a disk-based parallel graph system, Graspan, that uses a novel edge-pair centric computation model to compute dynamic transitive closures on very large program graphs.
We implement context-sensitive pointer/alias and dataflow analyses on Graspan. An evaluation of these analyses on large codebases such as Linux shows that their Graspan implementations scale to millions of lines of code and are much simpler than their original implementations.
These analyses were used to augment the existing checkers; these augmented checkers found 132 new NULL pointer bugs and 1308 unnecessary NULL tests in Linux 4.4.0-rc5, PostgreSQL 8.3.9, and Apache httpd 2.2.18.
- Accepted in ASPLOS ‘17, Xi’an, China.
- Featured in the tutorial, Systemized Program Analyses: A Big Data Perspective on Static Analysis Scalability, ASPLOS ‘17.
- Invited for presentation at SoCal PLS ‘16.
- Invited for poster presentation at PLDI SRC ‘16.
LORRAINE ANDREI_LEQUIGAN_HOW TO USE ZOOM
Zoom is a comprehensive platform designed to connect individuals and teams efficiently. With its user-friendly interface and powerful features, Zoom has become a go-to solution for virtual communication and collaboration. It offers a range of tools, including virtual meetings, team chat, VoIP phone systems, online whiteboards, and AI companions, to streamline workflows and enhance productivity.
Automated software refactoring with OpenRewrite and Generative AI.pptx.pdf
https://2024.springio.net/sessions/automated-software-refactoring-with-openrewrite-and-generative-ai/
OpenMetadata Community Meeting - 5th June 2024
The OpenMetadata Community Meeting was held on June 5th, 2024. In this meeting, we discussed about the data quality capabilities that are integrated with the Incident Manager, providing a complete solution to handle your data observability needs. Watch the end-to-end demo of the data quality features.
* How to run your own data quality framework
* What is the performance impact of running data quality frameworks
* How to run the test cases in your own ETL pipelines
* How the Incident Manager is integrated
* Get notified with alerts when test cases fail
Watch the meeting recording here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbNOje0kf6E
A Study of Variable-Role-based Feature Enrichment in Neural Models of Code
Understanding variable roles in code has been found to be helpful by students
in learning programming -- could variable roles help deep neural models in
performing coding tasks? We do an exploratory study.
- These are slides of the talk given at InteNSE'23: The 1st International Workshop on Interpretability and Robustness in Neural Software Engineering, co-located with the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2023, Melbourne Australia
UI5con 2024 - Keynote: Latest News about UI5 and it’s Ecosystem
Learn about the latest innovations in and around OpenUI5/SAPUI5: UI5 Tooling, UI5 linter, UI5 Web Components, Web Components Integration, UI5 2.x, UI5 GenAI.
Recording:
https://www.youtube.com/live/MSdGLG2zLy8?si=INxBHTqkwHhxV5Ta&t=0
What is Augmented Reality Image Tracking
Augmented Reality (AR) Image Tracking is a technology that enables AR applications to recognize and track images in the real world, overlaying digital content onto them. This enhances the user's interaction with their environment by providing additional information and interactive elements directly tied to physical images.
Webinar On-Demand: Using Flutter for Embedded
Flutter is a popular open source, cross-platform framework developed by Google. In this webinar we'll explore Flutter and its architecture, delve into the Flutter Embedder and Flutter’s Dart language, discover how to leverage Flutter for embedded device development, learn about Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) and its consortium and understand the rationale behind AGL's choice of Flutter for next-gen IVI systems. Don’t miss this opportunity to discover whether Flutter is right for your project.
原版定制美国纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Empowering Growth with Best Software Development Company in Noida - Deuglo
Do you want Software for your Business? Visit Deuglo
Deuglo has top Software Developers in India. They are experts in software development and help design and create custom Software solutions.
Deuglo follows seven steps methods for delivering their services to their customers. They called it the Software development life cycle process (SDLC).
Requirement — Collecting the Requirements is the first Phase in the SSLC process.
Feasibility Study — after completing the requirement process they move to the design phase.
Design — in this phase, they start designing the software.
Coding — when designing is completed, the developers start coding for the software.
Testing — in this phase when the coding of the software is done the testing team will start testing.
Installation — after completion of testing, the application opens to the live server and launches!
Maintenance — after completing the software development, customers start using the software.
E-Invoicing Implementation: A Step-by-Step Guide for Saudi Arabian Companies
Explore the seamless transition to e-invoicing with this comprehensive guide tailored for Saudi Arabian businesses. Navigate the process effortlessly with step-by-step instructions designed to streamline implementation and enhance efficiency.
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers. This video you can watch from my youtube channel at https://youtu.be/m-F-mZA3MkU
openEuler Case Study - The Journey to Supply Chain Security
openEuler Case Study - The Journey to Supply Chain Security
SWEBOK and Education at FUSE Okinawa 2024
Takashi Kobayashi and Hironori Washizaki, "SWEBOK Guide and Future of SE Education," First International Symposium on the Future of Software Engineering (FUSE), June 3-6, 2024, Okinawa, Japan
Unveiling the Advantages of Agile Software Development.pdf
Learn about Agile Software Development's advantages. Simplify your workflow to spur quicker innovation. Jump right in! We have also discussed the advantages.
Using Xen Hypervisor for Functional Safety
An update on making Xen hypervisor functionally safe and enhancing its usage in automotive and industrial use cases
What is Master Data Management by PiLog Group
PiLog Group's Master Data Record Manager (MDRM) is a sophisticated enterprise solution designed to ensure data accuracy, consistency, and governance across various business functions. MDRM integrates advanced data management technologies to cleanse, classify, and standardize master data, thereby enhancing data quality and operational efficiency.
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)
SQL has attained widespread adoption, but Business Intelligence tools still use their own higher level languages based upon a multidimensional paradigm. Composable calculations are what is missing from SQL, and we propose a new kind of column, called a measure, that attaches a calculation to a table. Like regular tables, tables with measures are composable and closed when used in queries.
SQL-with-measures has the power, conciseness and reusability of multidimensional languages but retains SQL semantics. Measure invocations can be expanded in place to simple, clear SQL.
To define the evaluation semantics for measures, we introduce context-sensitive expressions (a way to evaluate multidimensional expressions that is consistent with existing SQL semantics), a concept called evaluation context, and several operations for setting and modifying the evaluation context.
A talk at SIGMOD, June 9–15, 2024, Santiago, Chile
Authors: Julian Hyde (Google) and John Fremlin (Google)
https://doi.org/10.1145/3626246.3653374
GreenCode-A-VSCode-Plugin--Dario-Jurisic
Presentation about a VSCode plugin from Dario Jurisic at the GSD Community Stage meetup
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UI5con 2024 - Keynote: Latest News about UI5 and it’s Ecosystem
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computer-generations-1.pptx
- 1. COLLEGE OF AGRI-BUSINESS MANAGEMENT SARDARKRUSHINAGAR DANTIWADA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY SARDARKRUSHINAGAR – 385 506
- 2. SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED To :- Lokeshkumar Saini Reg no :- 08-00246-2022 ABM (MBA),SDAU Er.Devanshi Chandarana Assistant professor SDAU , Dantiwada
- 3. 3
- 4. Generations of Computer The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine. The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of the generations of computer. Each generation of computer is designed based on a new technological development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller computers that are more powerful, faster and efficient than their predecessors. 4
- 5. Generations of Computer Currently, there are five generations of computer. In the following subsections, we will discuss the generations of computer in terms of the technology used by them (hardware and software), computing characteristics (speed, i.e., number of instructions executed per second), physical appearance, and their applications. 5
- 6. First Generation Computers (1940-1956) The first computers used vacuum tubes(a sealed glass tube containing a near-vacuum which allows the free passage of electric current.) for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were often enormous and taking up entire room. First generation computers relied on machine language. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions(defect or breakdown). The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. 6
- 7. First Generation Computers Advantages : It was only electronic device First device to hold memory Disadvantages : Too bulky i.e large in size Vacuum tubes burn frequently They were producing heat Maintenance problems 7
- 8. Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. • Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic. • High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. • These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory. 8
- 9. Second Generation Computers Advantages : Size reduced considerably The very fast Very much reliable Disadvantages : They over heated quickly Maintenance problems 9
- 10. Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips, called semiconductors. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system. Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time. 10
- 11. Third generation computers Advantages : ICs are very small in size Improved performance Production cost cheap Disadvantages : ICs are sophisticated 11
- 12. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present) The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer. From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip. . Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. 12
- 14. Fifth Generation Computers (present and beyond) Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence. Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. 14