Education

1. ComputerAssisted Instruction (CAI)
कं यूटर सह-अनुदेशन/अिधगम
K.K. Chauhan
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Education,
C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur
Email: aprof.kkc@gmail.com

4. HISTORY/ORIGIN
 The first commercial computer was operative in 1951 in Census Bureau.
 In the mid-1950s and early 1960s a collaboration between educators at Stanford
University in California and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
introduced CAI into selected elementary schools.
 Initially, CAI programs were a linear presentation of information with drill and
practice sessions.
 A recent development with far ranging implications for CAI is the vast expansion of
the Internet, a consortium of interlinked computers. By connecting millions of
computers worldwide, these networks enable students to access huge stores of
information, which greatly enhances their research capabilities.

5.  PRINCIPLE: This strategy is based on the principle of machine on
one hand and principles of programmed instruction on the other.
 PURPOSE: The main purpose of CAI programme is to provide
individual instruction to students according to their abilities and
interests.

6. CONCEPT
 CAI is a method of instruction that uses the computer as a tool to assist in
identifying and meeting the needs of individual learners.
 This method is based on a human machine relationship where there is two-
way communication between the learner and the computer.
 The objective of CAI is human learning and retention; consequently, the
instruction is learner-centered.
 The method of communication is customarily based on a stimulus-response-
feedback signal flow.

7.  The computer contains a stored instructional program designed to inform,
guide, control, and test the student until a prescribed level of proficiency is
reached.
 The learner interacts with the computer, information and/or a stimulus is
presented on monitors, and the learner receives feedback from the computer.
 For a system to be defined as CAI, the computer must instruct, not just serve
as a tool to assist in problem solving and information retrieval.
 Individual programs have a degree of control over the sequencing of
instructions, whether or not the learner must go through all parts of the
program or skip sections if he/she already has learned that part.

8. DEFINITIONS:
 Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique
whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and
monitor the learning that takes place.
 A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving the interaction of
students with programmed instructional materials.
 “CAI is an interaction between a student, a computer controlled display and a
response entry device for the purpose of achieving educational outcomes.”
Bhatt and Sharma (1992)

10. Basic Assumptions of CAI
 CAI can be arranged for large students. It can cope with the problem of quality and quantity
in education.
 One can learn at his own pace, receives immediate and personalized feedback, i.e.,
completely individualized instruction.
 In CAI, each learner’s performance during the course and on the test is automatically recorded
and can be feedback to the teacher so that he may promptly evaluate the learner’s
performance and use the data in designing the best teaching strategy for the learners in
future.
 It can used in all types of teaching learning programmers.
 Any lesson in any subject can be programmed for CAI provided that the lesson aerial can be
represented in words, picture and experiments to be presented to the students.
 CAI system has been used at all levels of education ranging from elementary school to post
graduate study and on job training in almost all subjects.

11. FOCUS of CAI
 CAI is a natural outgrowth of the application of the principles of programmed
instruction of learning.
 The main objective of the programmed instruction is to provided individualized
instruction just to fulfill the special needs of the individual pupil.
 In order to achieve this objective, some efficient device is required. This device
should be flexible and it can store huge amounts of organized information.
 The device may enable a person to use some selected part of the stored
information.
 In short, CAI covers the entire educational system by proving itself in useful tool in
teaching various subjects.

12. STEPS INVOLVED IN CAI
In this paradigm computer has taken teacher’s place. His teaching
process is divided into two-stage progression
 1. Pre-Tutorial Phase
 2. Tutorial Phase
Pre-tutorial phase: The main purpose of the phase is that the student must
achieve the objectives by using a specific type of instruction. Here the
objectives of instruction are first determined and then instructional
programme is prepared and fed in the computer.
Tutorial phase: Its main focus is to select a proper instruction and present
before the learner. It will control the learner’s responses also. The learner may
select one or more than one instructions at a time.

13. Various Type of Instructional Modes
 There are various instructional modes which can be facilited by computer
assisted instruction (CAI).
 Tutorial Mode - In tutorial information, is presented in small units followed
by a questions. The pupils’ response is analyzed by the computer and
appropriate feedback is given. A network of branches or pathways can be
programmed to each. The pupils are allowed to work on their own pace.
 Drill of practice - In this mode, the program leads the learner through a series
of examples to develop dexterity and fluency in using the skill. All correct
responses are reinforced.

14.  Discovery Mode – Here, inductive approach is followed. The problems are
presented and the pupil solves problems through trial and error. It is just like
laboratory learning. It aims at the deeper understanding of the results
obtained from discovery. Hence, complex problems can be solved.
 Gaming Mode – This mode may or may not be instructional but it is
recreational. Sometimes learning takes place through games.
 Simulation Mode – Here the pupil faces scaled down approximation of a real
life situations. Hence, realistic practice takes place without involving any risk.
 Inquiry Mode- In this CAI system responds to student’s inquiry with answers
it has stored. In this mode instructional staff must learn how the system
operates.

15. ROLE OF TEACHER IN CAI
 CAI directly interacts with the students individually and with the teacher.
Teachers are to play their role in CAI.
 Human teachers cannot be eliminated from teaching- learning process. We
can highlight the role of a teacher in CAI in the following manner.
 CAI is compatible with line teaching. The teacher can devote his time for more
creative activities.

16. Advantages of CAI
 one-to-one interaction
 great motivator
 freedom to experiment with different options
 instant response/immediate feedback to the answers elicited
 Self pacing - allow students to proceed at their own pace
 Helps teacher can devote more time to individual students
 Privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learns
 Individual attention
 learn more and more rapidly
 multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multi sensory approach
 self directed learning – students can decide when, where, and what to learn.
 CAI is being used in formal land non-formal education at all the levels.

17. Limitations of CAI
 1. Experts Needed in CAI - Compute aided instructions need the help of the
following experts -
 i) Computer Engineer – A computer engineer is a technical person and knows
about basic principles and techniques of programming.
 ii) Lesson Writer - The losson writer is an expert who is familiar with lesson
writing. Lesson writers may be experienced teachers or an experienced teacher
may be a lesson writer. He knows theories of learning.
 iii) System Operator – He knows the system thoroughly and can cope with all
commonly thoroughly and can cope with all commonly occurring failures of
software and hardware in the system.

18. References
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