Computer Assisted Instruction

Computer Assisted Instruction

• 1.
  EDU 03: TECHNOLOGYAND COMMUNICATION IN EDUCATION ASSIGNMENT: COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION Submitted by, Vismaya M D Roll no 50 Social science
• 2.
  INTRODUCTION Computers have becomeomnipresent and ubiquitous today and found in every walk of life. Computer influence every sphere of human activity and bring many changes in education, health care, scientific research, social science, law, music and painting. When computer is used as an aid to teaching method of instruction, it is called computer assisted instruction. CAI is the type of instruction which makes use of computers. CAI is the method of instruction in which there is a purposeful interaction between a learner and the computer device for helping the individual learner to achieve the desired instructional objectives with his own pace and abilities at his command. It is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place.
• 3.
  Computer Assisted Instruction Computerassisted instruction is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. It is a self learning technique, usually offline/online, involving the interaction of students with programmed instructional materials. CAI is a natural outgrowth of the application of Programmed instruction. The aim of CAI is to provide individualized instruction to meet the special needs of each learner. It needs some efficient and flexible device that can store a gigantic amount of organized information and use selected portion to meet the needs of individual learner. A computer is such a device, which can cater to the needs of individual learner. Computer can store a vast amount of information suiting to the needs of individual learner. CAI allows every student to move at his own speed. In classroom the teachers will be too fast or too slow for students. In either case the students will lose interest. CAI can eliminate this problem. It allows students to study any subjects at any time they wish. The normal school with a fixed timetable doesn’t give this freedom. The computer also gives special attention to each student, keeps tracks of their difficulties and is extremely patient. Apart from teaching subjects like mathematics, CAI can also be used for science experiments without the student going to a laboratory. CAI is particularly good for subjects like arithmetic, languages and computer programming. Even the retarded children will easily understand the concepts using the computerized classroom. CAI provides text, multiple choice questions, and problems, immediate feedback, notes on incorrect responses, summarizes student’s performance, exercise for practice, worksheets and tests. Characteristics of CAI Stored instructional program: it is an instructional technique, in which the computer must actually instruct the student, and the computer contains a stored instructional program designed to inform, guide and and test the student until a profile level of efficiency is retained.
• 4.
  Student’s response: thecomputer is used to control the presentation of stimulation to a student. Computer is based to accept and evaluate the student’s response and to present further stimuli based on that interaction calculated to shape student responses in the desired manner, the student uses a terminal is generally equipped with the information display and the student response devices. CAI uses the computer which follows for individual, individually paced and individualized instruction, since the computer’s behavior is dependent upon the responses of the student. In CAI there are two way interactions between an individual student and the computer just as happens in the tutorial system between the teacher and an individual student. The computer is able to display the instructional materials to the individual student. The individual student takes benefit of the displayed material and responds to it. These responses are attended by the computer for deciding the future course of instruction displayed to the learner. The interaction between the individual learner and the computer device helps in the realization of the set instructional objectives. Main Features of CAI Interactive and can illustrate a concept through attractive animation, sound, and demonstration Allow students to progress at their own pace and work individually or problem solve in a group. Provide immediate feedback, letting student know whether their answer is correct. If the answer is not correct, the program shows students how to correctly answer the questions. Offers different type of activity and a change of space from teacher led or group instruction Improve instruction for students with disabilities because students receive immediate feedback and do not continue to practice the wrong skills
• 5.
  Capture the student’sattention because the programs are interactive and engage the student’s spirit of competitiveness to increase their scores Move at the students own pace and usually do not move ahead until they have the mastered the skill Provide differentiate lessons to challenge students who are at risk, average or gifted. TYPES OF CAI CAI can take a variety of forms for providing self individualized instructions to a learner depending on the computer services availed. Informational instruction- It helps the learner get the desired information he needs, hence the computer can serve the role of an enquiry officer to respond to the students enquiry with answers it had stored. It provides minimal interaction between the student and computer programme. The purpose of this type of CAI is to provide essential information for the acquirement of concepts and skills. Drill and practice- It provide opportunities for students to repeatedly practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery. It helps in the development of variety of skills. The advanced programmes on drill and practice select the problem of varying difficulty levels on the basis of the student’s performance during the earlier sessions. The computer is known to have good memory for the errors of the learners and therefore provides a very effective teacher in providing the students proper materials for their drill and practice. Criteria for drill and practice  Format is interactive  User can establish the pace  Provision made the progression in levels of difficulty  Items of same level came selected at random  Employs motivational technique  Rewards presented for correct responses and incorrect responses handled appropriately
• 6.
   Teacher canmodify content Tutorial- It includes both the presentation of information and its extension into different forms of work, including drill and practice , games and simulation. The program teaches the student a body of knowledge by presenting the information and asking question, giving hints etc. tutorials can free the faculty members from teaching some of the routine basic material and at the same time the students may find the tutorials more interesting and fun than the instructor’s lecture Instructional Games – the learners are provided with a variety of well designed computer games, these games should not be confused with the academic type of games. Their purpose is only to provide intellectual challenge, stimulation of curiosity and serve as a source of motivation to the individual learner. Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest score and either beat others or beat the computer. Extend of learning depends on the type of game. Eg: games on spellings, name of places, and general knowledge Simulation- these software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require the expenses of real life or its risks. Students can get clear direction and high level of interest is maintained throughout the process. It is used for providing training to the students. Discovery- discovery approach provides a large database of information specific course or content area and challenge the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the data Problem solving – this focuses on the process of finding answer to the problem rather than the answer itself. Here, the students are provided with programmes that can make them think about the ways and means of solving the problem systematically. This helps children to develop specific problem solving skills and strategies. Practical work oriented instruction- CAI programmes can provide valuable help in supplementing laboratory and other practical work. A student can learn so many things about the science experiments before actually performing them in his practical class by watching and following a computer programme made for this
• 7.
  purpose. Thus, hegets necessary skills and experiences about the practical task in other fields before actually engaging such practical activities. Uses of CAI The capability of individualizing both the means and ends of instruction. The capability of doing research. It permits evaluation of effectiveness of the teaching procedures as well as teaching materials. It develops the way of assisting teachers and authors in the development of instructional materials. The capability of evaluating alternative media used to implement and support instruction. CAI means using computers to teach people, it does not mean teaching people to use computer or teaching people about educational technology. Computer can be used in education. It is a powerful tool for the teacher in the instructional process. CAI directly interacts with the students individually and with the teacher. Role of teacher in CAI There is no base in fearing that introduction of CAI will eliminate the teacher from instructional process. It is true that CAI can do a number of teaching functions quire effectively but this does not imply that it can diminish the role of the teacher. Even when education is imparted through CAI, teacher is very much there. Rather there may be more than one teacher. Of course in CAI the role of teacher will be changed. The role of delivering lectures will be substituted by the role of guiding the students in the proper use of computers. Through CAI teacher can improve the quality of their educational contribution to the teaching learning process. CAI can’t appreciate the emotions of the students. There must be teacher to appreciate it. Without the active participation of a teacher, CAI can’t solve psychological or educational problems of the students. In CAI it is the teacher who determines the objectives of education and plans the lessons,
• 8.
  which can achievebest results. To monitor and to evaluate the progress of students in CAI teacher has to evaluate it. By the introduction of CAI only the classroom will change, from chalkboard to monitor. There will only change in the role of teachers. Nothing can diminish the role of teacher in teaching learning process. Merits of CAI CAI enables instruction to be individualized. It is helpful in adult education and continuing education. It is helpful for physically impaired learners. It can provide learning inputs through audio and video. It will help in extending the reach of education to distant and remote areas and among various sections of the society. It is very useful in training of a variety of skills from typing to flying aero planes using the technique of simulation. It enables high quality instruction for distant learning, made possible through net varsities and the internet. The learning materials are usually available on CD ROMs and can be conveniently handled, since these digital discs possess large storage capacities, such discs are cheaper compared to equivalent quantities printed matter. The educational software not only carries information in the form of graphics, audio and video, but also provide interactive learning experience. They contain hyperlinks to navigate to related topics, provide quizzes and give feedback and reinforcement for correct answers, thus making learning a pleasant experience. CAI helps to the one to one interaction. It will act as a great motivator. It gives the freedom to experiment with different options. Instantaneous response or immediate feedback to the answers elicited. It allows students to proceed at their pace. CAI helps teacher to devote more time to individual students. Its privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learn. It pays individual attention. Every individual can learn more and more rapidly. Multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multisensory approach. It is a self directed learning method in which the student can decide when, where and what to learn. Limitations of CAI Speech and writing analysis by computer, in a useful form, seems to be many years away. The computer fails to appreciate the emotions of students. The emotional and warmth climate which is created by the teacher in direct classroom interaction with the students is missed by the students in CAI. The peripheral equipment puts
• 9.
  constraints in theways on which a student can interact with computer. It fails to develop essential features of language competency. Some students get more tired in CAI than conventional study. CAI is a sort of mechanical approach to education and learning becomes mechanical too. Over use of multimedia may divert the attention from the content. Lack of infrastructures and non availability of good CAI packages may also affect the learning process. Experts are needed in CAI. Computer aided instructions need the help of the computer engineers, lesson writers, system operator etc.CAI program do not in themselves solve psychological or educational problems. Computer programs of conventional type do not work like human beings at all. CAI fails to develop essential features of language competency where the ability to generate or construct meaningful sentences is essential. It was pointed out that some students got more tired than conventional study or felt like quitting the study.CAI can’t appreciate the students’ artistic endeavor and can’t strengthen his friendship and deepen his perception of those around him. The peripheral equipment puts constraints in the ways on which a student can interact with the computer.
• 10.
  CONCLUSION Now we areliving in the world of computer. It helps to do our activities easily. With the introduction of computer in the education system we can most of the students get a good benefit from this. Using computer assisted instruction students can get the information clearly. Through various types of CIA children will become more interest in their studies and it will help them to learn a concept till understood by the student. It is helpful for many students. It has many advantages in the education and it never removes the role of teacher in the education and it also has some limitation which can be cleared by a teacher. All of these will help children to study and understand their studies. REFERENCES www.researchgate.net https://link.springer.com www.readingrockets.org www.slideshare.net