Includes CAI and CAL in detail

1. Computer Assisted Instructions
and
Computer Assisted Learning
Presented by: Anjali Arora
M.Sc. Nursing -1ST Year
College Of Nursing
Institute Of Liver and Biliary Sciences

2. Computers are incredibly fast, accurate and stupid;
humans are incredibly slow, inaccurate and brilliant;
together they are powerful beyond imagination.
-Albert Einstein

3. Introduction
 Computers capture the students 'attention because the programs
are interactive and engage the students’ spirit of competitiveness
to increase their scores.
 computer programs can illustrate a concept through attractive
animation, sound and demonstration.
 Computers provide immediate feedback ,letting students know
whether their answer is correct, if incorrect, program shows
students how to correctly answer the question.

4. Computer assisted
Instruction

5. Definition
 Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) refers to the use of
the computer as a tool to facilitate and improve instruction.
or
 When the computer is used as an aid to teaching the method
of instruction it is called computer assisted Instruction.
or
 CAI is an interactive instructional technique whereby a
computer is used to present the instructional material and
monitor the learning that takes place.

6. CAI Provides
 Text or multimedia content.
 Multiple choice questions.
 Problems.
 Immediate feedback.
 Notes on incorrect responses.
 Summarizes students' performance.
 Exercises for practice.
Worksheets and tests.

7. Development of a programmed
instruction
1. •PREPARATORY PHASE
2. •WRITING PHASE
3. •VALIDATION PHASE

8. Preparatory Phase
It involves the following steps:
 Viewing the programmers on any topic
 Selecting a topic
 Preparing a content outline.
 Specification of objectives in behavioral terms
 Specifications (assumptions about learner)
 Prerequisite skills
 Preparation of pretest
 Terminal behavior. Expected performance of the learner at the
end of a course
 Preparation of posttest, i.e. preferably criterion test.

9. Writing Phase
It involves 5 steps:
 Present the material in frames
 Provide answers for confirmation
 Correction of student responses
 Use prompts to guide students' response
 Provide careful sequential of the frames
Frame: It is small segment of information that calls for particular student
response. The response elicited may be right or wrong and the same is
then compared with the actual correct response.

10. Validation Phase
 It Involves:
 Try out and Revision
 Individual Tryout
 Small group Tryout
 Master validation
 Editing, reviewing and modifying the
programme for final preparation based
on fruits of tryout.

11. Types of computer assisted
Instruction Programs
Drill and practice
Logo
Simulation
Tutorial
Games
Discovery
Problem solving
Controlled learning

12. Types of Computer Assisted
Instruction Programs
Drill and practice provide opportunities for students to
repeatedly practice the skills that have previously been
presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery. An
example of this would be educating individuals about the
importance of food safety and demonstrating to them the basic
techniques.
Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information
and its extension into different forms of work. An example of
this would be educating women about breast cancer and
warning signs.

13. Types of computer assisted
Instruction Programs
 Logo is simple programming language, which can be taught to
children. The programme provides instruction, which can be used
to generate designs such as flowers or faces on screens.
 Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest
score and either beat others or beat the computer.
 Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality
that does not require the expense of real life or its risks. Video
pictures, graphics can be incorporated in the design of software.

14. Types of computer assisted
Instruction Programs
Discovery approach provides a large database of information specific
to a course or content area and challenges the learner to analyze,
compare, infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the data.
Problem Solving approach helps children develop specific problem-
solving skills and strategies. The real-life situations will be presented to
assist in problem solving and decision-making skills in a safe
environment.
Controlled learning It indicates both drill and practice. The Computer
provides immediate feedback to learners and performance is furnished
to the teacher for evaluation.

15. Basic Assumptions
The computer-assisted instruction meant for auto individualized
instruction, rests on the following basic assumptions:
 Instruction for a number of learners at a time.
 Automatic recording of the learner’s performance.
 Variety in the use of methods and techniques.

16. IMPLEMENTATION OF CAI

17. Experts Needed in CAI
Computer Engineer
Lesson Writer
System Operator

18. Advantages of CAI
 One-to-one interaction.
 Great motivator.
 Freedom to experiment with different options
 Instantaneous response immediate feedback to the answers
elicited.
 Self-pacing allows students to proceed at their own pace.
 Helps teacher can devote more time to individual students.

19. Advantages of CAI
 Multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through
multisensory approach.
 Privacy helps the slow learner to learn.
 Individual attention.
 The large amount of information stored in the computer is made
available to the learn more rapidly.

20. Limitations of CAI
 May feel overwhelmed by the information and resources
available.
 Overuse of multimedia may divert the attention from the
content
 Learning becomes too mechanical.
 Non availability of good CAI packages
 Computer fails to appreciate the emotions of the students
 Inadequate training of teachers and inadequacy of
Instructional material
 It is prohibitively expensive
 Lack of infrastructure

21. Role of Teacher in Computer Aided
Instruction
A powerful tool for the teacher in the instructional process:
The teacher will be liberated from his routine duty.
The computer aided instruction can compile accurately and
rapidly analyze huge data.

22. Computer assisted
Learning(CAL)

23. Introduction
 Computer assisted learning and teachings are great help to
teachers as well as to students as students do not get bored in
classroom teaching with permeable slides and teachings which
earlier was not used because of conventional classroom teaching.
 It is a powerful method of reinforcing concepts and topics.
 It is used to comprehend complex concepts and to convey a vast
amount of information in a very short period of time.

24. Meaning of CAL
 Computer-assisted learning means to teach the students using
computers by which the students can easily learn.
 CAL can test attainment at any point, provide faster or slower
routes through the material for people of different aptitudes, and
can maintain a progress record for the instructor.

25. Definition of CAL
 Bhatt and Sharma (1992), state that 'CAI is an interaction between
students, a computer-controlled display and a response entry device
for the purpose of achieving educational outcomes-
 In CAI there is an interaction between an individual student and the computer just
as happens in tutorial system between the teacher and an individual student.
 The computer is able to display the instructional material to the individual student
individual student takes benefit of the displayed the instructional material and
responds to it.
 These responses are attended by the computer for deciding the future course of
instruction displayed to the learner.
 The interaction between the individual learner and the computer device helps in the
realization of the set instruction objectives

26. Aims of CAL
 To increase the teaching productivity.
 To develop the learning capacity of students.
 To improve the effectiveness of instructors.

27. Impediments of CAL
 The teacher should try to maintain equilibrium in student-computer interaction.
 The teacher should regularly check the students to make sure they are learning by
asking questions on what is being taught.
 The first-time computers are introduced into the teaching process, the students
may not be familiar with what is going to be presented before them and this may
result in general anxiety.
 There is also an undesirable state when the students become so excited with what
they are seeing on the computer that they hardly pay attention to what is being
taught.
 They may get fascinated by the multimedia images to the point that, at the end of
the class, they wouldn’t have grasped the core concepts of the lesson.

28. Computer assisted Writing
Instructions
 A computer programme for writing helps students with
developing ideas, organizing, outlining and brainstorming.
Computer Programmes for
Writing
Word prediction Text-to-speech
Speed-to-text Spell checker

29. Computer Programmes for
Writing
 Word prediction: Speech-specific programmes that identify words
students use repeatedly; when a student types the first few letters, the
programme list the frequently used words that start with those letters.
Speeds up the typing process.
 Speed to text: Students speak into a microphone and the
programme types the words. Programme must be taught how to use
the programme. Increased speed from voice to text.
 Text-to-speech: Students can hear what they have typed to check if
says what they want it to say. Good for editing.
 Spell checker: Helps students identify misspelled words.
Automatically corrects words if the teacher sets to the programme that
way.

30. Benefits of Computer assisted
learning in Education

31. BENEFITS OF COMPUTER ASSISTED
LEARNING IN OTHER FIELDS
 Increases accuracy and decreases the chances of leaking information
as well as provides unbiased results.
 Information can be stored in computers for longer time period, which
helps in taking decisions presently as well as for future.
 Increases the productivity because of reduction in time to do work
manually.

32. Benefits of computer assisted
learning in other fields
 Help the medical personnel to keep a record of inventories
related to equipment and drugs Patients are continuously
monitored on instruments such as cardiac monitors
 Telemedicine helps the individual to get medical treatment while
setting at a distance. This is only possible with the knowledge of
computers.
 Computer assisted learning helps the medical personnel to view
the video clippings prepared at a time of operation to have
proper understanding of the technique of operations.

33. Disadvantages of computer assisted
learning
 All topics may not be suited.
 May not be cost effective and time consuming.
 Keeping pace with the new computer developments may not
be very easy.

34. Difference between CAI and CAL
CAI CAL
When the computer is used as an aid
to teaching the method of instruction
it is called computer assisted
instruction (CAI)
Any learning that is mediated by a
computer and which requires no
direct interaction between the user
and a human instructor in order to
run.
It is an individualized method of self-
study using computers.
Computer assisted learning (CAL) is
to convey a vast amount of
information in a very short period of
time.
CAI is a term that refers to
interactive instructional strategies
that use computers to convey and
teach instructional material to
students, as well as monitor their
learning.
It is a powerful method of reinforcing
concepts and topics and enables you
in a powerful way to comprehend
complex concepts

35. Use of CAI and CAL in
Nursing
 Computers are valuable for patient and nursing education.
Hospitals often use computer programs to teach patients
about chronic disease management or to provide educational
handouts.
 Preprinted documents such as discharge or preoperative
instructions can also be stored in the computer and printed as
necessary.

36. Use of CAI and CAL in Nursing
Education
 In India, INC has prescribed to integrate computer education in
basic nursing curriculum.
 In nursing education, use of computer technology is expanding to
include computer application for learning and testing purposes.
 Nurses use computers for a variety of continuing education
programs as part of the relicensure process and can also complete
educational programs on the computer to obtain advanced degrees

37. RESEARCH ARTICLE
“The Effects of Mobile-Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning: Meta-Analysis and
Critical Synthesis”
-Yao-Ting Sung, Je-Ming Yang, and HanYueh Lee
 One of the trends in collaborative learning is using mobile devices for supporting the process and
products of collaboration, which has been forming the field of mobile-computer -supported
collaborative learning (CSCL). The present meta-analysis, which included 48 peer-reviewed
journal articles and doctoral dissertations written over a 16-year period (2000–2015) involving
5,294 participants, revealed that CSCL has produced meaningful improvements for
collaborative learning, with an overall mean effect size of 0.516. Moderator variables, such as
domain subject, group size, teaching method, intervention duration, and reward method were
related to different effect sizes.
 The results provided implications for future research and practice, such as suggestions on how to
appropriately use the functionalities of mobile devices, how to best leverage CSCL through
effective group learning mechanisms, and what outcome variables should be included in future
studies to fully elucidate the process and products of CSCL.

38. SUMMARY

39. CONCLUSION
 To overcome computer anxiety, the use of computers should
be encouraged among students and teachers and practical
computer skill classes should be infused in the educational
curriculum.
 Depending on the resources available, post-nursery/primary
computer should be made mandatory in order to speed up
the level of computer literacy among all students.

40. References:
 Ioana Iacob: The Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Classes for English as a
Second Language; “Tibiscus” University of Timisoara, Romania. Annals. Computer
Science Series. 7th Tome 1st Fasc. – 2009.
 Leonardo Da Vinci Language Competences: Introduction to Computer Assisted
Language Learning; www.languages.dk
 Ramazan Basturk: The Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Instruction in Teaching
Introductory Statistics; Educational Technology & Society, 8 (2), 170-178. 2005
 Sıtkı Külür: New Possibilities for The Photogrammetry Education in Turkey;
Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Commission VI, Working
Group VI/2
 WWW.PUBMED.COM