The document discusses the concepts of protocol layers, the advantages of layering in network systems, and the role of protocols in communication between peers. It highlights the distinction between proprietary and open systems, emphasizing the importance of interoperability and the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model in facilitating communication. Additionally, it outlines the Internet protocol stack and the relationship between various network protocols in supporting communication processes.

1. In this video we are going to discuss
• Protocol Layers
• Advantages of Layering
• Protocols
• Open System Protocols
• Network Protocols
• Internet Protocol Stack
• Postal Network
• Protocol Layering & Data

2. Protocol Layers
• The idea: a series of steps
• A way for organizing structure of network

3. Advantages of Layering
explicit structure allows identification & relationship of complex
system’s pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance & updating of system
change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to rest of system

4. Protocols
 A protocol is a set of rules and formats that govern the communication
between communicating peers
 set of valid messages
 meaning of each message
 Necessary for any function that requires cooperation between peers

5. Protocols
A protocol provides a service
For example: the post office protocol for reliable parcel transfer service
Peer entities use a protocol to provide a service to a higher-level
peer entity
for example, truck drivers use a protocol to present post offices with the
abstraction of an unreliable parcel transfer service

6. Protocol Layers
A network that provides many services needs many protocols
Some services are independent, But others depend on each other
A Protocol may use another protocol as a step in its execution
for example, ground transfer is one step in the execution of the example
reliable parcel transfer protocol
This form of dependency is called layering
Post office handling is layered above parcel ground transfer protocol.

7. Open Systems
Proprietary system A system that uses technologies kept private by a
particular commercial vendor
 One system couldn’t communicate with another, leading to the need for
Interoperability The ability of software and hardware on multiple
machines and from multiple commercial vendors to communicate
 Leading to
Open systems System based on a common model of network
architecture and a suite of protocols used in its implementation

8. Open Systems
The International
Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
established the Open
Systems Interconnection
(OSI) Reference Model
Each layer deals with a
particular aspect of
network communication
Figure : The layers of the OSI Reference Model

9. Network Protocols
Network protocols are layered such that each one relies on the
protocols that underlie it
Sometimes referred to as a protocol stack
Figure : Layering of key network protocols

10. Open protocols and systems
A set of protocols is open if
protocol details are publicly available
changes are managed by an organization whose membership and
transactions are open to the public
A system that implements open protocols is called an open system
International Organization for Standards (ISO) prescribes a
standard to connect open systems
open system interconnect (OSI)
Has greatly influenced thinking on protocol stacks

11. Postal network
Application: people using the postal system
Session and presentation: chief clerk sends some priority mail, and some by
regular mail ; translator translates letters going abroad.
mail clerk sends a message, retransmits if not acked
postal system computes a route and forwards the letters
datalink layer: letters carried by planes, trains, automobiles
physical layer: the letter itself

12. Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting network applications
 ftp, smtp, http
 transport: host-host data transfer
 tcp, udp
 network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
 ip, routing protocols
 link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
 ppp, ethernet
 physical: bits “on the wire”
application
transport
network
link
physical

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transport
network
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physical
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transport
network
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physical
source destination
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Protocol layering and data