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Computer Networks workshop
This document provides an introduction to computer networking. It discusses: - The history and importance of computer networks, including the ARPANET. - Types of networks classified by size (LAN, WAN, MAN, CAN, PAN) and structure (peer-to-peer, client-server). - Common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree. - Popular transmission media including twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. - Network vendors and considerations around guided vs. unguided transmission media.
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Computer Networks workshop
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- 2. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Who R We?? شبابنفس دماغهم ف فى دماغك ف بتجيى اللى الفكار الجازه Why We do that ? ... .. .. ..اكتب فيديو اشرح شير ترجم أعلن ... 2
- 3. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Index:
- 4. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Computer Networks : • Group of interconnected computers • First Network : The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded the design of the "Advanced Research Projects Agency Network" (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defense 4
- 5. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Importance of Networks: • Sharing information • Do you prefer these? 5 • Or this?
- 6. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking • Sharing hardware or software 6 • E.g. print document 6 • Centralize administration and support • E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same administrative or support application from their PCs
- 7. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 7 5.5. Network Types…Network Types… Size…Management…TopologySize…Management…Topology
- 8. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Network Classification : 1 • By Size or Scale – LAN – WAN – MAN – CAN – PAN 8
- 9. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Local Area Network (LAN) • Contains printers, servers and computers • Contained in one office or building • Organizations often have several LANS • Small network, short distance • Limited by no. of computers and distance covered • Serve a department within an organization • Examples: • Network inside the Student Computer Room • Network inside your home 9
- 10. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 10 • Wide Area Network (WAN) • Two or more LANs connected Over a large geographic area • Typically use public, leased lines phone lines • Examples: • Internet WAN Student Computer Centre Your home USA
- 11. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 11 • Example WAN technologies: • ISDN – Integrated Service Digital Network • Basic rate: 192 Kbps Primary rate: 1.544Mbps • ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode • Support B-ISDN: 155Mbps or 622Mbps or higher
- 12. Large network thatconnects different organizations Shares regional resources 12 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- 13. A LAN inone large geographic area Resources related to the same organization Each department shares the LAN 13 Campus Area Networks (CAN)
- 14. Very small scalenetwork Range is less than 2 meters Cell phones, connectify :D 14 Personal Area Network (PAN)
- 15. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Network Classification : 2 • By Structure / Functional / Management Relationship : 1- Peer to Peer. 2- Client / Server. 15
- 16. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 16 Peer-to-Peer Networks • Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup • No hierarchy among computers ⇒ all are equal • No administrator responsible for the network Peer-to-peer
- 17. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 17 • Advantages of peer-to-peer networks: • Low cost • Simple to configure • User has full accessibility of the computer • Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks: • May have duplication in resources • Difficult to uphold security policy • Difficult to handle uneven loading • Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate: • 10 or less users • No specialized services required • Security is not an issue • Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
- 18. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 18 Clients and Servers • Network ClientsClients (WorkstationWorkstation) • Computers that request network resources or services • Network ServersServers • Computers that manage and provide network resources and services to clients • Access to data controlled by server • Server is the most important computer • Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk space than clients • Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data, but also users, groups, security, and applications on the network
- 19. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 19 • Advantages of client/server networks • Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and control • Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance • Enhance security – only administrator can have access to Server • Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to- peer networks • Disadvantages of client/server networks • High cost for Servers • Need expert to configure the network • Introduce a single point of failure to the system
- 20. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Network Classification : 3 By Topology / Physical Connectivity – BUS – STAR – RING – MESH – TREE Network Topology – Logical layout of wires and equipment – Choice affects Network performance Network size Network collision detection20
- 21. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 21 Topology ― 3 basic types • How so many computers are connected together? Bus Topology Ring Topology Star Topology Hub
- 22. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 22 • Bus Topology (Linear) • Simple and low-cost الدش توصيلة • A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment) connects all nodes • Only one computer can send messages at a time • Terminator ends the wires Advantages Easy to setup Small amount of wire Disadvantages Slow Easy to crash
- 23. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Star Topology: (Centralized Device) Most common topology• Each computer has a cable connected to a single point • More cabling, hence higher cost • All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire network down • All nodes connect to a hub….Packets sent to hub…Hub sends packet to destination Advantages : Easy to setup One cable can not crash network Disadvantages One hub crashing downs entire network Uses lots of cable 23
- 24. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 24 How to construct a network with Bus / Star Topology? Star Topology Bus Topology BNC T-Connector Coaxial cable Network Card
- 25. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 25 • Ring Topology :(الخارجيه )مبنى • Every computer serves as a repeater to boost signals • Typical way to send data: • Token passing • only the computer who gets the token can send data • Disadvantages • Difficult to add computers • More expensive • If one computer fails, whole network fails
- 26. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking MESH • All computers connected together • Internet is a mesh network • Advantage – Data will always be delivered • Disadvantages – Lots of cable – Hard to setup 26
- 27. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking TREE • Hierarchal Model • Advantages – Scalable – Easy Implementation – Easy Troubleshooting 27
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- 29. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Vendors : • http://www.cisco.com/ • http://www.nortel-us.com/ • http://www.avaya.com/usa/ • http://www.juniper.net/ • http://www8.hp.com/us/en/home.html 29
- 30. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 30 • Links that connect nodes with certain Speed, Security, and Size • Two main categories: – Guided ― wires, cables – Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound, sonar • We will concentrate on guided media first: – Twisted-Pair cables: Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables – Coaxial cables – Fiber-optic cables Transmission Media
- 31. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 31 • If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors. • Most common LAN cable • Called Cat5 or 100BaseT • Four pairs of copper cable twisted • May be shielded from interference • Speeds range from 1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps Twisted-Pair Cables
- 32. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 32 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) • Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection) • A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires MetalInsulator
- 33. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 33 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) • STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated wires
- 34. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 34 Coaxial Cables • In general, coaxial cables, or coax, • Similar to cable TV wire • One wire runs through cable • Shielded from interference • Speeds up to 10 Mbps • Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that completes the circuit
- 35. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 35 Fiber-Optic Cables • Data is transmitted with light pulses • Glass strand instead of cable • Immune to interference • Very secure • Hard to work with • Speeds up to 100 Gbps • Beyond the critical angle ⇒ total internal reflection
- 36. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking 36 Advantages and Disadvantages Noise resistance ― external light is blocked by outer jacket Less signal attenuation ― a signal can run for miles without regeneration (currently, the lowest measured loss is about ~4% or 0.16dB per km) Higher bandwidth ― currently, limits on data rates come from the signal generation/reception technology, not the fiber itself Cost ― Optical fibers are expensive Installation/maintenance
- 37. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Wireless Media: • Data transmitted through the air • LANs use radio waves • WANs use microwave signals • Easy to setup • Difficult to secure • Examples: Wi-Fi Wi-MAX VSAT 37
- 38. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Communication Model
- 39. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Communication Model • Source – generates data to be transmitted • Transmitter – Converts data into transmittable signals • Media – Carries data • Receiver – Converts received signal into data • Destination – Takes incoming data
- 40. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Transmission Modes • Simplex – One direction e.g. Television • Half duplex – Either direction, but only one way at a time e.g. police radio • Full duplex – Both directions at the same time e.g. telephone
- 41. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking Communication Types • Unicasting (one-to-one) • Multicasting (one-to-many) • Broadcasting (one-to-all)
- 42. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking How to Start in IT ??? • ؟ مجال كل بين الفرق وما المجال أختار محتارجاهزه متقسمه والمنتديات المواقع • ؟ الموجوده والشروحات الفيديوهات كل بين من أزاكر كيف... ..شركاته واعرف المجال عن سيرش الكتاب منهج قسم أسد خليك ...النجلش ع وبعدين العربى عفيديوهات خش بأول اول اكتب عنه ومعلومات http://free4arab.com/ Network4all Arabhardware • أ؟ اللللللللللفيديوهات أخلص ما اول المتحان حجزتراجع ما بعد وزاكرها الدامبات نزل ل • http://www.examcollection.com/ 9tut خبره معايا ومش مبتدئ وانا هشتغل ازاىالوظيفى السلم ع هتمر كده وكده ؟الجروبات ان ؟لنكد مجالى ف اللى للشركات اوصل ازاى http://www.egyptitjobs.com/ https://www.facebook.com/ http://www.bayt.com/en/egypt/ http://www.linkedin.com/nhome/?trk= • تراك لكل كمالمرتبات شائع سؤالالمجال فى تخش انك مقياس ؟مش • ..بقه التنين كان لو يسلم خبره او شهاده بدون عمل هناك هل :D • للشركه فلوس بتجيب لنها ألى الشهاده بس فى ..؟ وفقط العمل المشور نهاية هل • والخبره للتعلم بدايه ده أصل تشتغل انك مجرد 42
- 43. ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –Part II 5. Introduction to Networking • /Unified and Integration Inside 43