Management Information System - Networking & Telecommunication

1. Management Information System
Presentation
On
Tele-communication
&
Networking
Made By:
Rahul Tanwar – 24/025
Nikhil Nagpal – 24/019

2. Objectives
 In this session, we will learn to:
 Identify networks
 Classify network architecture
 Identify network topologies
 Identify the network media
 Identify the network devices
 Explore the OSI model

3. Introduction to Networks
 Is a group of computers and other devices, such as a PDA
or a Printer, connected together with a medium, such as a
cable.
 Can be created to enable the devices communicate or
share resources, such as a file or a printer.
 Provides various advantage, such as:
I. Data sharing
II. Resource sharing

4. Introduction to Networks (Contd.)
 Based on the size and the coverage area, networks are
categorized into the following types:
 Personal Area Networks (PANs)
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MANs)
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

5. Personal Area Network
 Is a small network established for communication between
different devices, such as laptops, computers, mobiles, and
PDAs.
 Extends to typically 10 meters.

6. Local Area Network
 Is a small-scale network that extends over relatively small
distances.
 Connects computers in a room, the floors of a building, or a
campus to share resources and exchange information
extending up to a few kilometres.

7. Metropolitan Area Network
 Is relatively larger than LAN and extends across a city or a
metropolitan. This is how they derive their name.
 Is created by connecting two or more LANs located at
different locations in a city.

8. Wide Area Network
 Provides network connecting spanning across large
geographical areas, such as across states, countries, or a
globe.
 Consists of two or more LANs and/or MANs.
 One of the most prominent examples of the existing WANs is
the Internet.

9. Just a Minute
 Internet is the largest _________________.
A. PAN
B. LAN
C. WAN
D. MAN

10. Problem Statement
.
Wow, computers can be
connected together to form
different types of networks. But,
how do computers and other
devices interact in a network?

11. Classification of Network
Architecture
 The architecture of a network is a logical design that
determines how the devices in the network communicate.
 The commonly used architectures for computer networks are:
i. Client-server architecture
ii. Peer-to-peer architecture
iii. Hybrid architecture.

12. The Client-server Architecture
 On a network built using the client-server architecture, the devices
communicate to other devices through a central computer referred
to as a server.
 The server is a terminal with high processing power, which
provides services for the other computers on the network.
 The client is a terminal that accesses the resources available on a
server.

13. The Peer-to-peer Architecture
 On a network built using the peer-to-peer architecture, no specific
distinction exists between a client and a server.
 Any node can provide a service as well as send a request for a
service from another node on the network.
 The peer-to-peer network architecture allows sharing of
resources, data, and users.
 Each node on the network has full control over the network
resources.

14. The Hybrid Architecture
 A hybrid, in general, is a composition of two different types of
elements.
 A hybrid network architecture is created to get the benefits of
both, the peer-to-peer and the client-server architectures, in a
network.

15. Just a Minute
 ________________ is a combination of two basic network
architectures.
A. Hybrid
B. Peer-to-peer
C. Client-server

16. Problem Statement
.
Now, We understand how the
devices can interact in a
network. But, how should we
place the devices physically
in the network?

17. Identifying Network Topologies
 The network technology is a schematic layout or map of the
arrangement of nodes over a network.
 This layout also determines the manner in which information is
exchanged within the network.
 The different types of network topologies that can be used to
set up a network are:
 Bus
 Star
 Ring
 Mesh
 Tree
 Hybrid

18. Bus Topology
 The bus topology connects all the nodes on a network to a main cable
called bus.
 The bus topology requires minimum cabling and therefore the cost of
setting up a network is less.
 The bus topology is highly prone to faults.
 Adding nodes to an existing bus topology network is difficult.
 The length of the cable used for the topology has a physical limitation of 30
metres.

19. Star Topology
 The star topology connects nodes over a network using a
central control unit called the hub
 You can easily add nodes to a star-based network by attaching
the required nodes to the hub.
 Setting up a star topology requires a lot of cabling because all
the nodes have to connect to the hub.

20. Ring Topology
 The ring topology connects the nodes on a network through a
point-to-point connection.
 The ring topology prevents network collisions.
 If one of the nodes on the network malfunctions, the entire
network stops functioning.
 The devices and cabling, required to set up a ring network, are
more expensive than any other topology.

21. Mesh Topology
 The mesh topology involves point-to-point connection between
all the nodes on a network.
 The mesh topology is highly reliable because network
connectivity does not depend on any one node.
 The mesh topology requires an elaborate cabling setup to
connect each node within the network to every other node on
the network. It involves high installation and setup costs.

22. Tree Topology
 The tree topology is created where the nodes are connected in a
hierarchical manner.
 In tree topology, the device at the root is referred to as the parent for
all the other nodes or devices in the network.
 The nodes below a parent node are referred to as child nodes.
 A tree topology based network is more manageable as the network is
broken into parts.

23. Hybrid Topology
 The hybrid topology can be a combination of two or more basic
topologies, such as bus, ring, star, mesh, or tree.
 Hybrid networks combine more than two topologies, which, in turn,
enable you to get advantages of the constituent topologies.

24. Just a Minute
 In which one of the following topologies are all the nodes
connected to each other?
A. Mesh topology
B. Ring topology
C. Star topology
D. Bus topology

25. Network Media
 Is the physical channel that connects network components,
such as nodes and printers.
 Determines the speed and connectivity of the network, the
resulting overall performance of the network, and the
investment required to set up the network.
 The two types of network media are:
I. Cables
II. Wireless
 Based on the preceding media, you can form the following
types of network:
1. Wired
2. Wireless

26. Wired Network
 Cables are the conventional media that are used to set up
wired networks.
 One of the major concerns in cabling is the environment in
which the cables are set up.
 In electro-magnetic sensitive areas, the type of cables used
should be such that the transmissions are protected against
Electro-magnetic Interference (EMI) or are at a distance
from the radiation.
 The following types of cables are available to set up a wired
network:
i. Twisted pair cable
ii. Coaxial cable
iii. Fiber optic cable

27. Twisted pair cables
 Use copper wires, which are good conductors of electricity, to
transmit data.
 Contain multiple pairs of wires that are twisted around each other
at regular intervals. This twists negate the electro-magnetic field
and reduce network crosstalk.
 Are easy to set up, economical, and widely available media for
network transmission.
 Cannot be used in areas where network security is crucial or the
network setup is close to electronically sensitive equipment that
may prove to be a potential source of EMI.

28. Coaxial cables
 Consists of the following conductors that share a common axis:
 Centre conductor: Transmits data
 Outer conductor: Protects this centre conductor from EMI, ensuring
that data transmission is not disrupted.
 Provide effective protection against EMI during data transmission.
 Are easy to install as compared to twisted pair cables and support
higher transmission rates (10 Mbps and above).

29. Fiber optic cables
 Are based on the fibre optic technology, which uses light rays or
laser rays instead of electricity to transmit data.
 Are suitable for transmitting data in areas that are prone to high
levels of EMI or for long distance data transmissions, where
electrical signals may be significantly distorted and degraded.
 Including the light-conducting fibre, cladding, and insulator
jacket.
 Categories:
I. Single mode cables
II. Multimode cables.

30. Just a Minute
 Which cable uses light rays instead of electricity to transmit
data?
A. Unshielded twisted pair cable
B. Shielded twisted pair cable
C. Fibre optic cable
D. Coaxial cable.

31. Wireless Network
 Helps connect distant networks without needing to physically
set up cables between the destination and source points.
 Uses the atmosphere to transmit and receive signals in the
form of electro-magnetic waves through the antenna.
 The electro-magnetic waves can be transmitted through
different types of wireless transmission carriers, which
include the following:
 Radio
 Microwave
 Bluetooth

32. Radio transmission
 Use electro-magnetic waves for transmitting audio signals,
video signals, and data.
 Are only limited to low transmission capacities, from 1
Mbps to 10 Mbps.
 Are susceptible to EMI and eavesdropping, which allow
outsiders to tap into an on going transmission.

33. Microwave
 Sends data over a higher bandwidth than radio transmissions.
 Is affected by atmospheric conditions, such as rain and fog.
 Is also susceptible to EMI and eavesdropping.

34. Bluetooth
 Is a network standard that defines how two Bluetooth-enabled
devices transmit data using short-range waves.
 Establishes communication between the devices that are
within 10 metres of range.
 Transfers data at a rate of 3 Mbps.

35. Just a Minute
 Which one of the following wireless media can transmit data
only between devices within 10 metres of range?
A. Microwaves
B. Radio waves
C. Bluetooth

36. Problem Statement
.
Is it that we can set up a network
only by using network media? Or,
we require some other devices
also?

37. Network Devices
 In a large network, such as MAN, connecting computers with
each other directly through cables is difficult.
 In such cases, we need hardware devices to set up a network.
 These devices are collectively known as communication
devices.
 The commonly used communication devices in a network are:
 Hub
 Switch
 Router
 Bridge

38. Hub
 Is a central network device used to connect multiple nodes to
form a single network.
 Broadcasts the received data packet to all devices in the
network.
 Causes security problems because all the nodes can read the
data packet.
 Raises collision when two nodes simultaneously send the data
packet to it.

39. Switch
 Inspects the data packet before transmitting it to the
computers in the network, determines its source and
destination devices, and forwards it accordingly.
 Performs better than a hub on a busy network.

40. Router
 Connects two logically different networks, such as LAN and
WAN.
 Sorts and sends data packets to their destinations based on
their Internet Protocol (IP) address.
 Contains a routing table that decides the route of a data
packet.

41. Bridge
 Connects network segments to each other.
 Examines each packets for its destination information and
forwards only those data packets that are specific to other
segments instead of sending all the data packets.
 Helps reduce the overall network traffic between the two
segments.
 Enables the smooth functioning of the network in the event of
a breakdown of a particular segment.

42. Introduction to the OSI Model
 The OSI model is a standard model used to communicate
between two computers in a network.
 The OSI model has seven layers.
 The following are the seven layers of the OSI reference
model.
 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data-link
 physical

43. An insight of the OSI Model Layer
 Application layer: Provides an interface between the user and
the network. It supports a number of software programs and end-
user processes that act as a link between the user and the
network.
 Presentation Layer: Encodes and decodes data in a mutually
agreeable format.
 Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and synchronizes the
communication between two communicating nodes.
 Transport Layer: Segments and reassembles data.
 Network Layer: Provides a unique address to each node on a
network and controls network traffic.
 Data-link Layer: Provides a unique identity to each node on the
network.
 Physical Layer: Transmits data over a communication channel or
a transmission medium.

44. Just a Minute
 Which one of the following layers does control the network
traffic?
A. The Internet layer
B. The Transport layer
C. The Application layer
D. The Network layer.

45. THANK YOU..!!!
.