This document provides an introduction to networking. It defines what a network is and discusses why networking is useful for sharing information and resources. It describes different types of networks including those classified by transmission media, size, management method, and topology. Specific transmission media are examined in depth, including twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. Local area networks and wide area networks are defined. Peer-to-peer and client-server network models are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions of basic networking concepts and components. It defines what a computer network is and discusses reasons for networking. It also describes different types of networks including LANs, WANs, peer-to-peer and client-server networks. Additionally, it covers various networking transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Finally, it discusses common network topologies like bus, star and ring configurations.
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions of basic networking concepts and components. It defines what a computer network is and discusses reasons for networking. It also describes different types of networks including LANs and WANs, transmission media like twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Additionally, it covers topics like network topologies, peer-to-peer vs. client-server networks, and network devices.
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions of basic networking concepts and components. It defines what a computer network is and discusses reasons for networking like sharing information and resources. It also describes different types of networks based on transmission medium, size, management methods and topology. Specific transmission media are explained in detail, including twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables and fiber-optic cables. Local area networks and wide area networks are defined. Peer-to-peer and client-server network models are introduced. Common network topologies of bus, star and ring are outlined.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including the different types of networks, transmission media, topologies and more. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to communicate and share resources. The document discusses different network types including LAN, WAN and MAN and covers various transmission media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. It also examines common network topologies like bus, star and ring configurations and the differences between peer-to-peer and client-server networks.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking. It discusses:
- The history and importance of computer networks, including the ARPANET.
- Types of networks classified by size (LAN, WAN, MAN, CAN, PAN) and structure (peer-to-peer, client-server).
- Common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree.
- Popular transmission media including twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables.
- Network vendors and considerations around guided vs. unguided transmission media.
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions, types, and components. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected entities that can share resources and communicate. Networks are used to share information and hardware/software, enhance communication, and enable centralized administration. There are several ways to classify networks, including by transmission media (wired vs wireless), size (LAN, MAN, WAN), management structure (peer-to-peer, client-server), and topology (bus, star, ring). The document discusses these classifications in detail and provides examples of each type of network.
This document provides an introduction to networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains the benefits of networking such as sharing information and centralizing administration. It describes different communication models and network components needed to set up a home network. Additionally, it discusses wired and wireless transmission media, network topologies, and the differences between peer-to-peer and client-server networks.
The document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow for sharing of hardware, software, data, and centralized administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN vs WAN), management method (peer-to-peer vs client/server), and topology (bus, star, ring). Common transmission media include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. LANs are small, local networks while WANs connect multiple LANs over longer distances using technologies like broadband. Client/server networks have dedicated server computers that provide resources to
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions of basic networking concepts and components. It defines what a computer network is and discusses reasons for networking. It also describes different types of networks including LANs, WANs, peer-to-peer and client-server networks. Additionally, it covers various networking transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Finally, it discusses common network topologies like bus, star and ring configurations.
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions of basic networking concepts and components. It defines what a computer network is and discusses reasons for networking. It also describes different types of networks including LANs and WANs, transmission media like twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Additionally, it covers topics like network topologies, peer-to-peer vs. client-server networks, and network devices.
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions of basic networking concepts and components. It defines what a computer network is and discusses reasons for networking like sharing information and resources. It also describes different types of networks based on transmission medium, size, management methods and topology. Specific transmission media are explained in detail, including twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables and fiber-optic cables. Local area networks and wide area networks are defined. Peer-to-peer and client-server network models are introduced. Common network topologies of bus, star and ring are outlined.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including the different types of networks, transmission media, topologies and more. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to communicate and share resources. The document discusses different network types including LAN, WAN and MAN and covers various transmission media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. It also examines common network topologies like bus, star and ring configurations and the differences between peer-to-peer and client-server networks.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking. It discusses:
- The history and importance of computer networks, including the ARPANET.
- Types of networks classified by size (LAN, WAN, MAN, CAN, PAN) and structure (peer-to-peer, client-server).
- Common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree.
- Popular transmission media including twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables.
- Network vendors and considerations around guided vs. unguided transmission media.
This document provides an introduction to networking, including definitions, types, and components. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected entities that can share resources and communicate. Networks are used to share information and hardware/software, enhance communication, and enable centralized administration. There are several ways to classify networks, including by transmission media (wired vs wireless), size (LAN, MAN, WAN), management structure (peer-to-peer, client-server), and topology (bus, star, ring). The document discusses these classifications in detail and provides examples of each type of network.
This document provides an introduction to networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains the benefits of networking such as sharing information and centralizing administration. It describes different communication models and network components needed to set up a home network. Additionally, it discusses wired and wireless transmission media, network topologies, and the differences between peer-to-peer and client-server networks.
The document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow for sharing of hardware, software, data, and centralized administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN vs WAN), management method (peer-to-peer vs client/server), and topology (bus, star, ring). Common transmission media include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. LANs are small, local networks while WANs connect multiple LANs over longer distances using technologies like broadband. Client/server networks have dedicated server computers that provide resources to
The document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow for sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN vs WAN), management method (peer-to-peer vs client/server), and topology (bus, star, ring). Common transmission media include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. LANs are small, local networks while WANs connect multiple LANs over longer distances using technologies like broadband. Peer-to-peer networks have no hierarchy while client/server networks
The document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow for sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN vs WAN), management method (peer-to-peer vs client/server), and topology (bus, star, ring). Common transmission media include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. LANs are small, local networks while WANs connect multiple LANs over longer distances using technologies like broadband. Peer-to-peer networks have no hierarchy while client/server networks
A network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources and information. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building and wide area networks (WANs) connecting locations further apart. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various transmission media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cables to transmit data. Common network types include peer-to-peer networks with equal access between computers and client-server networks with dedicated server computers providing resources to client computers.
This document provides an overview of technologies for implementing Industry 4.0, focusing on cyber-physical systems and the connection of data sources through sensors and actuators. It discusses networking, database, and server technologies needed for the IT infrastructure. It also describes various connection hardware, communication interfaces, and an exercise on connecting a sensor to a database to send and save data.
This document discusses network media for wired and wireless networking. It describes the primary types of wired network media, including copper-based twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cables. Characteristics like bandwidth, maximum segment length, interference susceptibility, cable grade, and cost are important criteria for choosing network media. The document focuses on unshielded twisted-pair cable, describing cable categories and components of a structured UTP cable plant.
Network devices such as repeaters, bridges, switches and routers are used to connect and expand networks. Repeaters regenerate signals to expand small networks, while bridges and switches can understand node addresses to segment networks. Routers interconnect different networks and determine optimal routes using network layer addresses and routing protocols. Remote access devices like modems and ADSL modems allow computers to connect to networks over telephone lines by modulating digital signals into analog for transmission.
The document discusses the history of computer networks from 1948 to 2000 and key developments over time. It then provides explanations of common networking concepts like bits, bytes, file sizes, cables, fiber optics, wireless standards, network topologies, components, and devices. Topics covered include IP addressing, Ethernet, TCP/IP, the internet, GUI, laptops, switches, routers
The document discusses network fundamentals related to physical layer standards and components. It describes how physical connections are established using wired or wireless network interface cards. The key components discussed are network devices like hosts, switches, and communication links using various media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless. It also covers the standards for physical components, encoding, and signaling used to transmit data over these different media types at the physical layer. Common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and hybrid configurations are also summarized.
Networking allows two or more computers to connect and share resources like information. There are different types of networks including wired, wireless, LAN, WAN, peer-to-peer, and client-server networks. Various transmission media are used for networking like twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. Protocols and technologies such as VoIP, SIP, WiMAX, 4G, VNC, and cloud computing further enable communication and data sharing over networks.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses common LAN technologies like Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Token Ring. It also covers topics such as protocols, media, topologies, collisions, transceivers, network interface cards, and hubs/repeaters. The document is intended as a chapter in an introductory networking course.
The document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources. The benefits of networks include resource sharing, effective communication, lower expenses, and reliable centralized data storage. It describes different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. The document also discusses various network devices, transmission media, network architectures, and emerging technologies like cloud computing and the Internet of Things.
This document provides information about IP homework assignments and network fundamentals. It contains the following key points:
1. It includes the student's name, class, section, and roll number for an IP homework assignment.
2. It summarizes different types of transmission media including wired media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber and wireless media like radio waves and infrared.
3. It describes common network devices like hubs, switches, routers and bridges and network topologies like bus, star, ring and tree configurations.
The document discusses several network topologies including LANs, WANs, bus, ring, star, mesh and wireless. It provides details on the physical and logical layout of each topology, their advantages and disadvantages. Key standards setting bodies like IEEE and their standards for different network types are also covered. The document provides a comprehensive overview of traditional and common network topologies.
This document discusses various network devices and their functions. It describes how repeaters and hubs regenerate network signals and broadcast them to all ports, but cannot link different segments or filter packets. Bridges operate at the data link layer, examine packet addresses, and selectively forward traffic between segments to isolate network traffic. Switches learn packet source and destination addresses to populate their switching tables and determine where to forward incoming frames.
Network topologies describe the physical and logical layout of connections between devices in a computer network. Common topologies include bus, ring, star, mesh, and wireless. The document provides details on the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each topology type. It also discusses several important networking standards defined by the IEEE, including Ethernet (802.3), Token Ring (802.5), Wireless (802.11), and FDDI.
The document provides definitions and explanations of various communication and network concepts. It discusses networking devices like modems, switches, and hubs. It describes different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN. It also covers networking protocols such as TCP/IP, FTP, and HTTPS. Finally, it discusses network security concepts like firewalls, cyber laws, and different types of cyber attacks.
This document summarizes Umang Bhatia's summer training experience learning about optical fiber communication used in Indian Railways. It provides an overview of optical fiber types including single mode and multi-mode fibers. It also describes how optical fibers transmit data via total internal reflection and discusses pulse code modulation and time division multiplexing used in optical communication systems. The document compares advantages of optical fiber to other transmission mediums and areas where optical fiber is commonly used.
This document provides an overview of important networking concepts. It discusses data communication components and various transmission mediums including Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, and wireless technologies. It also describes common network hardware such as hubs, switches, bridges, repeaters, routers, and NICs. Finally, it covers common network media including twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic, and wireless and discusses specifications for Ethernet and optical fiber.
Network topologies describe the physical and logical layout of connections between devices in a computer network. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, mesh, and wireless. The document discusses the characteristics of these topologies such as their advantages, disadvantages, common implementations, and standards like IEEE 802.3 for Ethernet and IEEE 802.5 for Token Ring networks.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow for sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN vs WAN), management method (peer-to-peer vs client/server), and topology (bus, star, ring). Common transmission media include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. LANs are small, local networks while WANs connect multiple LANs over longer distances using technologies like broadband. Peer-to-peer networks have no hierarchy while client/server networks
The document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow for sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN vs WAN), management method (peer-to-peer vs client/server), and topology (bus, star, ring). Common transmission media include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. LANs are small, local networks while WANs connect multiple LANs over longer distances using technologies like broadband. Peer-to-peer networks have no hierarchy while client/server networks
A network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources and information. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building and wide area networks (WANs) connecting locations further apart. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various transmission media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cables to transmit data. Common network types include peer-to-peer networks with equal access between computers and client-server networks with dedicated server computers providing resources to client computers.
This document provides an overview of technologies for implementing Industry 4.0, focusing on cyber-physical systems and the connection of data sources through sensors and actuators. It discusses networking, database, and server technologies needed for the IT infrastructure. It also describes various connection hardware, communication interfaces, and an exercise on connecting a sensor to a database to send and save data.
This document discusses network media for wired and wireless networking. It describes the primary types of wired network media, including copper-based twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cables. Characteristics like bandwidth, maximum segment length, interference susceptibility, cable grade, and cost are important criteria for choosing network media. The document focuses on unshielded twisted-pair cable, describing cable categories and components of a structured UTP cable plant.
Network devices such as repeaters, bridges, switches and routers are used to connect and expand networks. Repeaters regenerate signals to expand small networks, while bridges and switches can understand node addresses to segment networks. Routers interconnect different networks and determine optimal routes using network layer addresses and routing protocols. Remote access devices like modems and ADSL modems allow computers to connect to networks over telephone lines by modulating digital signals into analog for transmission.
The document discusses the history of computer networks from 1948 to 2000 and key developments over time. It then provides explanations of common networking concepts like bits, bytes, file sizes, cables, fiber optics, wireless standards, network topologies, components, and devices. Topics covered include IP addressing, Ethernet, TCP/IP, the internet, GUI, laptops, switches, routers
The document discusses network fundamentals related to physical layer standards and components. It describes how physical connections are established using wired or wireless network interface cards. The key components discussed are network devices like hosts, switches, and communication links using various media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless. It also covers the standards for physical components, encoding, and signaling used to transmit data over these different media types at the physical layer. Common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and hybrid configurations are also summarized.
Networking allows two or more computers to connect and share resources like information. There are different types of networks including wired, wireless, LAN, WAN, peer-to-peer, and client-server networks. Various transmission media are used for networking like twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. Protocols and technologies such as VoIP, SIP, WiMAX, 4G, VNC, and cloud computing further enable communication and data sharing over networks.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses common LAN technologies like Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Token Ring. It also covers topics such as protocols, media, topologies, collisions, transceivers, network interface cards, and hubs/repeaters. The document is intended as a chapter in an introductory networking course.
The document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources. The benefits of networks include resource sharing, effective communication, lower expenses, and reliable centralized data storage. It describes different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. The document also discusses various network devices, transmission media, network architectures, and emerging technologies like cloud computing and the Internet of Things.
This document provides information about IP homework assignments and network fundamentals. It contains the following key points:
1. It includes the student's name, class, section, and roll number for an IP homework assignment.
2. It summarizes different types of transmission media including wired media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber and wireless media like radio waves and infrared.
3. It describes common network devices like hubs, switches, routers and bridges and network topologies like bus, star, ring and tree configurations.
The document discusses several network topologies including LANs, WANs, bus, ring, star, mesh and wireless. It provides details on the physical and logical layout of each topology, their advantages and disadvantages. Key standards setting bodies like IEEE and their standards for different network types are also covered. The document provides a comprehensive overview of traditional and common network topologies.
This document discusses various network devices and their functions. It describes how repeaters and hubs regenerate network signals and broadcast them to all ports, but cannot link different segments or filter packets. Bridges operate at the data link layer, examine packet addresses, and selectively forward traffic between segments to isolate network traffic. Switches learn packet source and destination addresses to populate their switching tables and determine where to forward incoming frames.
Network topologies describe the physical and logical layout of connections between devices in a computer network. Common topologies include bus, ring, star, mesh, and wireless. The document provides details on the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each topology type. It also discusses several important networking standards defined by the IEEE, including Ethernet (802.3), Token Ring (802.5), Wireless (802.11), and FDDI.
The document provides definitions and explanations of various communication and network concepts. It discusses networking devices like modems, switches, and hubs. It describes different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN. It also covers networking protocols such as TCP/IP, FTP, and HTTPS. Finally, it discusses network security concepts like firewalls, cyber laws, and different types of cyber attacks.
This document summarizes Umang Bhatia's summer training experience learning about optical fiber communication used in Indian Railways. It provides an overview of optical fiber types including single mode and multi-mode fibers. It also describes how optical fibers transmit data via total internal reflection and discusses pulse code modulation and time division multiplexing used in optical communication systems. The document compares advantages of optical fiber to other transmission mediums and areas where optical fiber is commonly used.
This document provides an overview of important networking concepts. It discusses data communication components and various transmission mediums including Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, and wireless technologies. It also describes common network hardware such as hubs, switches, bridges, repeaters, routers, and NICs. Finally, it covers common network media including twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic, and wireless and discusses specifications for Ethernet and optical fiber.
Network topologies describe the physical and logical layout of connections between devices in a computer network. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, mesh, and wireless. The document discusses the characteristics of these topologies such as their advantages, disadvantages, common implementations, and standards like IEEE 802.3 for Ethernet and IEEE 802.5 for Token Ring networks.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
2
References
• Held G., “Internetworking LANs and WANs – Concepts,
Techniques and Methods”, Wiley, 2nd Ed., 1998
Comment: Good at concepts
• Stallings W., “Data and Computer Communications”, Prentice
Hall, 7th Ed., 2004
Comment: Good at concepts and very up-to-date
• Forouzan B. A, “Data Communications and Networking”,
McGraw-Hill, 2nd Ed., 2000
Comment: Many good revision questions at ends of chapters
• Redmond W., “MCSE Training Kit: Networking Essentials
Plus”, Microsoft Press, 2000
Comment: Practical oriented
3. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
3
What is a Network?
A network consists of 2 or more computers
connected together, and they can communicate and
share resources (e.g. information)
4. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
4
Why Networking?
• Sharing information — i.e. data communication
• Do you prefer these?
• Or this?
5. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
5
• Sharing hardware or software
• Centralize administration and support
• E.g. print document
• E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same
administrative or support application from their PCs
6. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
6
How many kinds of Networks?
• Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify
networks in different ways
• Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial
cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless
• Based on network size: LAN and WAN
• Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and
Client/Server
• Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring …
:
:
7. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
7
• Two main categories:
– Guided ― wires, cables
– Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
• We will concentrate on guided media here:
– Twisted-Pair cables:
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
– Coaxial cables
– Fiber-optic cables
Transmission Media
8. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
8
• If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic
noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more
than the further one, thereby causing errors
Twisted-Pair Cables
9. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
9
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
• Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical
protection)
• A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires
Metal
Insulator
10. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
10
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
• STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there
is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that
encases each pair of insulated wires
11. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
11
Categories of UTP Cables
EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality:
• Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice,
mainly found in very old buildings, not recommended now
• Category 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to
4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks)
• Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps
(common in phone networks in residential buildings)
• Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings)
• Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for
networks targeted for high-speed data communications)
• Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps
12. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
12
Coaxial Cables
• In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of
higher freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables
• Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield
against noise and as the second conductor that
completes the circuit
13. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
13
Fiber-Optic Cables
• Light travels at 3108 ms-1 in free space and is the
fastest possible speed in the Universe
• Light slows down in denser media, e.g. glass
• Refraction occurs at interface, with light bending away
from the normal when it enters a less dense medium
• Beyond the critical angle total internal reflection
14. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
14
• An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material)
and a cladding (less dense material)
• Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber
• Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index =
refractive index follows a step-function profile (i.e.
an abrupt change of refractive index between the
core and the cladding)
• Light bounces back and forth along the core
• Common light sources: LEDs and lasers
15. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
15
Advantages and Disadvantages
Noise resistance ― external light is blocked by outer
jacket
Less signal attenuation ― a signal can run for miles
without regeneration (currently, the lowest measured
loss is about ~4% or 0.16dB per km)
Higher bandwidth ― currently, limits on data rates come
from the signal generation/reception technology, not the
fiber itself
Cost ― Optical fibers are expensive
Installation/maintenance ― any crack in the core will
degrade the signal, and all connections must be perfectly
aligned
16. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
16
LAN and WAN
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Small network, short distance
• A room, a floor, a building
• Limited by no. of computers and distance covered
• Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN
• Serve a department within an organization
• Examples:
• Network inside the Student Computer Room
• Network inside CF502
• Network inside your home
17. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
17
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A network that uses long-range telecommunication links
to connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different
places far apart.
• Towns, states, countries
• Examples:
• Internet
WAN
Student
Computer
Centre
Your home
USA
18. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
18
• Example of WAN: Broadband Cable Network
• Cable TV services have been extensively developed in most
modern cities
• Cable TV companies try to make use of their coaxial cable
installed (that are supposed to carry TV signals) to deliver
broadband data services
• Many cable network wiring has been replaced with hybrid
fiber-coax (HFC) ― i.e. use of fiber-optic cable to connect to
the subscribers’ buildings, and then the original coaxial
cable to connect to each household
19. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
19
The connection is shared by a
number of subscribers, hence
may raise performance and
security problems
Cable company
Coaxial
Cable
TV
PC
Cable
Drop
20. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
20
• Cable is an asymmetrical technology
• Downstream: max 36 Mbps
• Upstream: max 10 Mbps
• May be reduced to 3 – 10 Mbps downstream and 2
Mbps upstream, depending on no. of subscribers
• Need a special cable modem Ethernet
link to PC
Coaxial link
from cable TV
socket
Teryon Cable Modem
21. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
21
Peer-to-Peer Networks
• Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup
• No hierarchy among computers all are equal
• No administrator responsible for the network
Peer-to-peer
22. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
22
• Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• Low cost
• Simple to configure
• User has full accessibility of the computer
• Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• May have duplication in resources
• Difficult to uphold security policy
• Difficult to handle uneven loading
• Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:
• 10 or less users
• No specialized services required
• Security is not an issue
• Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
23. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
23
Clients and Servers
• Network Clients (Workstation)
• Computers that request network resources or services
• Network Servers
• Computers that manage and provide network resources
and services to clients
• Usually have more processing power, memory and
hard disk space than clients
• Run Network Operating System that can manage not
only data, but also users, groups, security, and
applications on the network
• Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its
performance and reliability
24. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
24
• Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and
control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have access
to Server
• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-
peer networks
• Disadvantages of client/server networks
• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system
25. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
25
Topology ― 3 basic types
• How so many computers are connected together?
Bus Topology Ring Topology
Star Topology
Hub
26. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
26
• Bus Topology
• Simple and low-cost
• A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment)
• Only one computer can send messages at a time
• Passive topology - computer only listen for, not
regenerate data
• Star Topology
• Each computer has a cable connected to a single point
• More cabling, hence higher cost
• All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire
network down
• Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more
computers may send message at the same time
27. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
27
How to construct a network
with Bus / Star Topology?
Star Topology
Bus Topology
BNC T-Connector
Coaxial
cable
Network Card
28. ENG224
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – Part II
5. Introduction to Networking
28
• Ring Topology
• Every computer serves as
a repeater to boost signals
• Typical way to send data:
• Token passing
• only the computer who
gets the token can send
data
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to add computers
• More expensive
• If one computer fails, whole network fails
T
T
T
data
T
data
T
data
T data T data
T data
T Ack
T Ack
T Ack
T
Ack T