The document provides information about different types of computer networks. It begins by defining a computer network as a collection of interconnected computers and devices that work together. It then discusses various network topologies (arrangements of how devices connect), including bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it outlines the key features, advantages and disadvantages. The document also distinguishes between peer-to-peer and client-server network architectures. Finally, it defines different types of networks at the local, metropolitan, wide and personal area levels.
The document discusses the basic components of communication systems and data transmission methods. It explains that every communication system has 5 basic requirements: a data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. It then describes serial and parallel transmission methods and how asynchronous transmission is the most common type of serial data transfer as it allows packet switching and bandwidth sharing. Finally, it discusses different network topologies like bus, ring, and star and compares their advantages and disadvantages.
The document contains a list of experiments related to computer networking. It includes 7 experiments covering topics like defining different types of LANs, WANs and MANs; describing network devices and topologies; implementing framing methods like bit stuffing, byte stuffing and character stuffing; and implementing routing algorithms such as simple redundancy check, cyclic redundancy check, checksum, and Hamming code. For each experiment, it provides details about the concepts and includes sample C code programs to demonstrate the techniques.
The document discusses local area networks (LANs). It defines a LAN as a network that interconnects data communication devices within a small geographic area and broadcasts data at high transfer rates. Examples of connected devices include PCs, workstations, and printers. Common LAN topologies discussed include bus, star, ring, and wireless configurations. The document also covers the roles and components of TCP/IP networking layers.
Danavan Steele has over 25 years of experience in network engineering, integration, and support roles for companies such as IBM, Motorola, American Tissue Corporation, and Brooks Brothers. His background includes designing and implementing WAN and LAN structures, project managing wireless rollouts, and providing technical support. He holds degrees from Briarcliff College and certifications in Cisco, wireless networking, and Six Sigma.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) and discusses various LAN topics including common topologies (bus, ring, star), frame transmission methods, the roles of hubs and switches, and how bridges and routers can be used to interconnect multiple LANs. It describes the three main layers (physical, media access control, logical link control) of the IEEE 802 LAN protocol architecture and compares it to the OSI model. Key concepts covered include shared medium access, the functions of bridges and switches, and how layer 2 switches improved upon earlier hub technologies to increase network capacity and performance.
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
Power Point Presentation on Computer Networking - Assignment on Networking Module of QA - Software Tester Course - Provided by Shift Education of Technology
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Rafael SA
This presentation incorporates subjects such as TCP/IP, Networks Classification, OSI Model, DHCP, DNS Protocols and IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing schemes and more.
This document provides instructions for a homework assignment to play the card game FreeCell. Students are assigned a specific game number based on the last two digits of their student ID plus 1000. The document lists out the step-by-step moves required to solve game number 617 as an example. Students must print out each move taken to solve their assigned FreeCell game and turn in the solution.
Ethernet satellite dishinternational plastics, inc. coreo10
The document describes the network infrastructure for International Plastics Inc., which has four locations connected by a WAN. It provides details on the setup at each location, including servers, computers, printers, and networking equipment. The network administrators have identified areas for improvement, such as supporting mobile devices and making changes more easily. They plan to upgrade applications and security, as well as migrate some systems to improve costs, communications, and data management to facilitate the company's continued growth.
The document discusses the basic components of communication systems and data transmission methods. It explains that every communication system has 5 basic requirements: a data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. It then describes serial and parallel transmission methods and how asynchronous transmission is the most common type of serial data transfer as it allows packet switching and bandwidth sharing. Finally, it discusses different network topologies like bus, ring, and star and compares their advantages and disadvantages.
The document contains a list of experiments related to computer networking. It includes 7 experiments covering topics like defining different types of LANs, WANs and MANs; describing network devices and topologies; implementing framing methods like bit stuffing, byte stuffing and character stuffing; and implementing routing algorithms such as simple redundancy check, cyclic redundancy check, checksum, and Hamming code. For each experiment, it provides details about the concepts and includes sample C code programs to demonstrate the techniques.
The document discusses local area networks (LANs). It defines a LAN as a network that interconnects data communication devices within a small geographic area and broadcasts data at high transfer rates. Examples of connected devices include PCs, workstations, and printers. Common LAN topologies discussed include bus, star, ring, and wireless configurations. The document also covers the roles and components of TCP/IP networking layers.
Danavan Steele has over 25 years of experience in network engineering, integration, and support roles for companies such as IBM, Motorola, American Tissue Corporation, and Brooks Brothers. His background includes designing and implementing WAN and LAN structures, project managing wireless rollouts, and providing technical support. He holds degrees from Briarcliff College and certifications in Cisco, wireless networking, and Six Sigma.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) and discusses various LAN topics including common topologies (bus, ring, star), frame transmission methods, the roles of hubs and switches, and how bridges and routers can be used to interconnect multiple LANs. It describes the three main layers (physical, media access control, logical link control) of the IEEE 802 LAN protocol architecture and compares it to the OSI model. Key concepts covered include shared medium access, the functions of bridges and switches, and how layer 2 switches improved upon earlier hub technologies to increase network capacity and performance.
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
Power Point Presentation on Computer Networking - Assignment on Networking Module of QA - Software Tester Course - Provided by Shift Education of Technology
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Rafael SA
This presentation incorporates subjects such as TCP/IP, Networks Classification, OSI Model, DHCP, DNS Protocols and IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing schemes and more.
This document provides instructions for a homework assignment to play the card game FreeCell. Students are assigned a specific game number based on the last two digits of their student ID plus 1000. The document lists out the step-by-step moves required to solve game number 617 as an example. Students must print out each move taken to solve their assigned FreeCell game and turn in the solution.
Ethernet satellite dishinternational plastics, inc. coreo10
The document describes the network infrastructure for International Plastics Inc., which has four locations connected by a WAN. It provides details on the setup at each location, including servers, computers, printers, and networking equipment. The network administrators have identified areas for improvement, such as supporting mobile devices and making changes more easily. They plan to upgrade applications and security, as well as migrate some systems to improve costs, communications, and data management to facilitate the company's continued growth.
The document discusses new wireless WAN technologies like WiMAX and LTE that can support mobile workforces. WiMAX provides wireless broadband over 50km with speeds up to 70Mbps as a "last mile" alternative to cables and DSL. LTE is being developed as the next step in 3G mobile networks and aims to provide speeds over 300Mbps. These new wireless WAN technologies offer benefits for organizations like more mobile access, lower costs, and more capable branch offices.
Here are the key differences between LANs, MANs, and WANs:
- LANs cover small geographic areas like a home, office building or school. MANs connect buildings within a city or campus. WANs span large areas like cities, countries or globally.
- LANs are usually owned by a single organization. MANs connect multiple organizations. WANs have no single owner.
- LANs use distances less than 1 mile. MANs connect over distances up to 100 miles. WANs span distances greater than 100 miles.
- Examples include home networks, office networks for LANs. Campus networks for MANs. The internet is an example of a W
Routers are networking devices that forward packets between logical networks. They are used to extend or segment large internetworks and connect TCP/IP networks and local area networks to the Internet. Routers have advanced features for quality of service, traffic filtering, and encryption. Switches offer intelligence beyond basic hubs and can read MAC addresses to selectively forward frames to specific ports. Bridges divide a network into segments and filter traffic between segments based on MAC addresses. Gateways connect networks that use different protocols by operating at the network layer.
This document discusses LAN and WAN network architectures. It covers key topics such as:
- LANs are privately owned networks that connect devices within a single building, while WANs provide long-distance transmission across large geographic areas.
- Common LAN technologies include Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI, with Ethernet being the most widely used standard.
- WANs connect multiple LANs and use transmission technologies like leased lines, circuits switching, and packet switching to transmit data over large distances.
- The document provides an overview of LAN and WAN components, protocols, topologies and transmission methods.
Multiprocessor mesh interconnection networks are 2-dimensional networks, with the processors arranged at the nodes of a grid, and point-to-point links connecting each node to its neighbors.
The document discusses mesh networks, which are wireless networks formed by connecting nodes without centralized administration. It describes the topology and attributes of mesh networks, including that they are self-organizing, self-healing, and scalable. It then provides examples of several existing mesh networks around the world and discusses some of the technical and community challenges in building mesh networks.
This document discusses computer networks and provides information on various network topologies. It defines LAN, MAN and WAN networks and explains different network topologies including bus, star, tree, ring and mesh. It also discusses clients and servers in a network and networking devices like hubs, switches, routers and wireless access points. The document is authored by Aman Goel of Class IX-F.
The document discusses implementing a wireless mesh network using IEEE 802.11s at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. It describes the benefits of mesh networks, different mesh network modes, and comparisons with other wireless technologies. It also outlines the hardware and software developed, including antennas, wireless routers, firmware, and traffic monitoring tools used to test and analyze the campus mesh network.
Wireless WANs use cellular networks and satellites to transmit data over vast distances. They provide connectivity inside and outside buildings using technologies like CDMA, GSM, and GPRS. Key components include small, mobile user devices, radio network interface cards, cell towers as base stations, and satellites in orbit that receive and transmit signals. Wireless WANs come in cellular-based and space-based varieties, with cellular systems using cell towers and data gateways and satellite systems using orbiting satellites and ground-based antennas and base stations. Modulation techniques for wireless transmission include FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
Data flow refers to how data frames propagate through network devices at layers 1, 2, and 3 of the OSI model. Data must be encapsulated with addressing at both the network layer with IP addresses and the data-link layer with MAC addresses to travel between devices. Layer 1 devices simply forward all frames, layer 2 devices filter and forward frames based on MAC addresses between collision domains, and layer 3 devices filter and forward packets based on IP addresses between broadcast domains.
This document discusses different types of computer networks including LANs (local area networks spanning a single building or campus), MANs (metropolitan area networks spanning a single city), and WANs (wide area networks spanning multiple cities, countries, or continents). It provides details on the history and development of WANs, how they are constructed using switches, and how they can connect more sites than LANs or MANs. The document also compares key characteristics of LANs, MANs, and WANs such as cost, speed, and management.
Practical Wireless Mesh Networks and Their ApplicationsRaluca Musaloiu-E.
1. A user makes a SIP call to join a PTT group. The call is routed through the mesh network to the PTT controller.
2. The PTT controller assigns the user a floor control state and notifies the relevant PTT nodes.
3. When a user wants to speak, they press a button which sends a signal to the PTT controller via SIP.
4. If granted the floor, the PTT controller allows the user's voice stream to be broadcast to other group members.
This document provides an overview of various networking components and devices, including hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and more. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each device. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port, providing better performance. Switches can also operate in full-duplex mode for double the data throughput of half-duplex connections. The document provides details on ports, cables, speeds, and considerations for working with hubs and switches.
This document provides an overview of high speed backbone network design and routing. It discusses key elements of backbone networks including fiber optics, layer 2 and 3 switches, dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), quality of service measures, and resilience. Fiber optic cables provide benefits like high bandwidth, low loss, and security. Layer 2 switches operate at the data link layer, while layer 3 switches perform both layer 2 and layer 3 functions for improved performance. DWDM combines multiple light wavelengths on a single fiber to increase bandwidth. Quality of service and resilience features ensure high throughput and network stability.
The document discusses the components and functioning of a computer system. It describes how a computer accepts data as input, processes it using the central processing unit (CPU) and other components, and produces output. The CPU contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that work together to control data flow and perform calculations. The computer also includes storage devices like RAM, ROM, hard disks, and optical drives to permanently save data and programs.
This document provides an overview of building a medium-sized computer network, including introducing different wide area network (WAN) technologies, dynamic routing protocols, and implementing the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. Specifically, it discusses point-to-point links, circuit switching, packet switching, virtual circuits, dialup services, WAN devices, the role of dynamic routing protocols, how they operate, classifying routing protocols, metrics, and load balancing. The overall purpose is to teach readers how to construct a medium-sized computer network using various WAN technologies and routing protocols.
Wireless network (cellular network architecture and http.)Abdullah Moin
Cellular architecture is constituted of the following − A network of cells each with a base station. A packet-switched network for communication between the base stations and mobile switching centres. The public switched telephone networks to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network.
In all cellular systems, land area is divided into a number of cells each with its radio service. In AMPS the area is large which in digital services, the area is much smaller. Conventionally cells are hexagonal in shape. Each cell uses a frequency range that is not used by its adjacent cells. However, frequencies may be reused in non-adjacent cells.
This document is a report submitted by 6 students to their instructor for their ICT class that discusses Local Area Networks (LANs). It defines key networking concepts like networks, hosts, IP addresses, central connecting devices, and data transfer processes. It describes common network topologies like star, bus, and wireless; how data is transferred using star and cross cable topologies; and provides troubleshooting tips. The report acknowledges the instructor and references websites and books used to complete the assignment.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and wireless networks. It discusses the different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh. It also describes different network models like PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN according to the geographical area covered. The document introduces various internetworking tools such as bridges, routers, and gateways. It provides a brief history of the OSI model and describes the seven layers of the OSI model. Finally, it discusses wireless networks and different wireless technologies including 2G, 3G, WLAN, and WiMAX.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks presented by Ram nivas sonkar. It begins with defining what a computer network is and discusses the key components and types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN. It then covers topics like network topologies, wireless networks and the OSI model. Specifically, it describes common network topologies like star, bus, ring and tree and explains the layers of the OSI model from the physical layer up to the transport layer.
The document discusses new wireless WAN technologies like WiMAX and LTE that can support mobile workforces. WiMAX provides wireless broadband over 50km with speeds up to 70Mbps as a "last mile" alternative to cables and DSL. LTE is being developed as the next step in 3G mobile networks and aims to provide speeds over 300Mbps. These new wireless WAN technologies offer benefits for organizations like more mobile access, lower costs, and more capable branch offices.
Here are the key differences between LANs, MANs, and WANs:
- LANs cover small geographic areas like a home, office building or school. MANs connect buildings within a city or campus. WANs span large areas like cities, countries or globally.
- LANs are usually owned by a single organization. MANs connect multiple organizations. WANs have no single owner.
- LANs use distances less than 1 mile. MANs connect over distances up to 100 miles. WANs span distances greater than 100 miles.
- Examples include home networks, office networks for LANs. Campus networks for MANs. The internet is an example of a W
Routers are networking devices that forward packets between logical networks. They are used to extend or segment large internetworks and connect TCP/IP networks and local area networks to the Internet. Routers have advanced features for quality of service, traffic filtering, and encryption. Switches offer intelligence beyond basic hubs and can read MAC addresses to selectively forward frames to specific ports. Bridges divide a network into segments and filter traffic between segments based on MAC addresses. Gateways connect networks that use different protocols by operating at the network layer.
This document discusses LAN and WAN network architectures. It covers key topics such as:
- LANs are privately owned networks that connect devices within a single building, while WANs provide long-distance transmission across large geographic areas.
- Common LAN technologies include Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI, with Ethernet being the most widely used standard.
- WANs connect multiple LANs and use transmission technologies like leased lines, circuits switching, and packet switching to transmit data over large distances.
- The document provides an overview of LAN and WAN components, protocols, topologies and transmission methods.
Multiprocessor mesh interconnection networks are 2-dimensional networks, with the processors arranged at the nodes of a grid, and point-to-point links connecting each node to its neighbors.
The document discusses mesh networks, which are wireless networks formed by connecting nodes without centralized administration. It describes the topology and attributes of mesh networks, including that they are self-organizing, self-healing, and scalable. It then provides examples of several existing mesh networks around the world and discusses some of the technical and community challenges in building mesh networks.
This document discusses computer networks and provides information on various network topologies. It defines LAN, MAN and WAN networks and explains different network topologies including bus, star, tree, ring and mesh. It also discusses clients and servers in a network and networking devices like hubs, switches, routers and wireless access points. The document is authored by Aman Goel of Class IX-F.
The document discusses implementing a wireless mesh network using IEEE 802.11s at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. It describes the benefits of mesh networks, different mesh network modes, and comparisons with other wireless technologies. It also outlines the hardware and software developed, including antennas, wireless routers, firmware, and traffic monitoring tools used to test and analyze the campus mesh network.
Wireless WANs use cellular networks and satellites to transmit data over vast distances. They provide connectivity inside and outside buildings using technologies like CDMA, GSM, and GPRS. Key components include small, mobile user devices, radio network interface cards, cell towers as base stations, and satellites in orbit that receive and transmit signals. Wireless WANs come in cellular-based and space-based varieties, with cellular systems using cell towers and data gateways and satellite systems using orbiting satellites and ground-based antennas and base stations. Modulation techniques for wireless transmission include FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
Data flow refers to how data frames propagate through network devices at layers 1, 2, and 3 of the OSI model. Data must be encapsulated with addressing at both the network layer with IP addresses and the data-link layer with MAC addresses to travel between devices. Layer 1 devices simply forward all frames, layer 2 devices filter and forward frames based on MAC addresses between collision domains, and layer 3 devices filter and forward packets based on IP addresses between broadcast domains.
This document discusses different types of computer networks including LANs (local area networks spanning a single building or campus), MANs (metropolitan area networks spanning a single city), and WANs (wide area networks spanning multiple cities, countries, or continents). It provides details on the history and development of WANs, how they are constructed using switches, and how they can connect more sites than LANs or MANs. The document also compares key characteristics of LANs, MANs, and WANs such as cost, speed, and management.
Practical Wireless Mesh Networks and Their ApplicationsRaluca Musaloiu-E.
1. A user makes a SIP call to join a PTT group. The call is routed through the mesh network to the PTT controller.
2. The PTT controller assigns the user a floor control state and notifies the relevant PTT nodes.
3. When a user wants to speak, they press a button which sends a signal to the PTT controller via SIP.
4. If granted the floor, the PTT controller allows the user's voice stream to be broadcast to other group members.
This document provides an overview of various networking components and devices, including hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and more. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each device. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port, providing better performance. Switches can also operate in full-duplex mode for double the data throughput of half-duplex connections. The document provides details on ports, cables, speeds, and considerations for working with hubs and switches.
This document provides an overview of high speed backbone network design and routing. It discusses key elements of backbone networks including fiber optics, layer 2 and 3 switches, dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), quality of service measures, and resilience. Fiber optic cables provide benefits like high bandwidth, low loss, and security. Layer 2 switches operate at the data link layer, while layer 3 switches perform both layer 2 and layer 3 functions for improved performance. DWDM combines multiple light wavelengths on a single fiber to increase bandwidth. Quality of service and resilience features ensure high throughput and network stability.
The document discusses the components and functioning of a computer system. It describes how a computer accepts data as input, processes it using the central processing unit (CPU) and other components, and produces output. The CPU contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that work together to control data flow and perform calculations. The computer also includes storage devices like RAM, ROM, hard disks, and optical drives to permanently save data and programs.
This document provides an overview of building a medium-sized computer network, including introducing different wide area network (WAN) technologies, dynamic routing protocols, and implementing the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. Specifically, it discusses point-to-point links, circuit switching, packet switching, virtual circuits, dialup services, WAN devices, the role of dynamic routing protocols, how they operate, classifying routing protocols, metrics, and load balancing. The overall purpose is to teach readers how to construct a medium-sized computer network using various WAN technologies and routing protocols.
Wireless network (cellular network architecture and http.)Abdullah Moin
Cellular architecture is constituted of the following − A network of cells each with a base station. A packet-switched network for communication between the base stations and mobile switching centres. The public switched telephone networks to connect subscribers to the wider telephony network.
In all cellular systems, land area is divided into a number of cells each with its radio service. In AMPS the area is large which in digital services, the area is much smaller. Conventionally cells are hexagonal in shape. Each cell uses a frequency range that is not used by its adjacent cells. However, frequencies may be reused in non-adjacent cells.
This document is a report submitted by 6 students to their instructor for their ICT class that discusses Local Area Networks (LANs). It defines key networking concepts like networks, hosts, IP addresses, central connecting devices, and data transfer processes. It describes common network topologies like star, bus, and wireless; how data is transferred using star and cross cable topologies; and provides troubleshooting tips. The report acknowledges the instructor and references websites and books used to complete the assignment.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and wireless networks. It discusses the different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh. It also describes different network models like PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN according to the geographical area covered. The document introduces various internetworking tools such as bridges, routers, and gateways. It provides a brief history of the OSI model and describes the seven layers of the OSI model. Finally, it discusses wireless networks and different wireless technologies including 2G, 3G, WLAN, and WiMAX.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks presented by Ram nivas sonkar. It begins with defining what a computer network is and discusses the key components and types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN. It then covers topics like network topologies, wireless networks and the OSI model. Specifically, it describes common network topologies like star, bus, ring and tree and explains the layers of the OSI model from the physical layer up to the transport layer.
This document provides information about a group project on computer networks. It introduces the six group members and their topics: models & topologies, methods/types, internetworking tools, OSI model, wireless networks, and communication protocols. It then provides details on each of these topics, including definitions, examples, advantages and disadvantages of different network models, topologies, types, internetworking devices, layers of the OSI model, types of wireless networks, and issues in wireless systems.
What is the computer network?
Bunch of computers connected to each other
Now computers do not mean just pc’s.
Now a bunch of computers include printers, cell phones, laptops, etc
Now next question is what do you mean by share data or share information?TYPES OF NETWORKS.Parts of Networks.
The document provides information about the CCNA certification course. It discusses that CCNA is a popular certification course developed by Cisco that certifies skills in network fundamentals, networking concepts, security, automation and more. It can help candidates get jobs as network administrators, engineers, and other networking roles. The document outlines the topics covered in the CCNA course and lists the most common employers of CCNA certified professionals.
This document provides an introduction to basic computer network concepts. It defines what a computer network is and describes different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN and CAN. It explains the differences between these networks in terms of geographical area covered, ownership, design/maintenance and communication medium used. The document also discusses network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It describes common network devices, applications of networks for resource and information sharing, and different types of servers in a client-server network model.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including what they are, their benefits, how they work, and how they are evolving. It defines a computer network as a combination of connected computers that exchange information. Key benefits are sharing files, printers, and other resources. Specialized devices like switches, routers, and access points form the infrastructure that allows data to flow between networked devices. The document also discusses network architectures like software-defined networking and virtualization, as well as different types of network models including star, bus, ring and mesh.
For Complete Learning- http://www.thelearnet.com/
UNIT I
Introduction Concepts: Goals and Applications of Networks, Network structure and architecture, The OSI reference model, services, Network Topology Design, connecting devices,
Physical Layer: Transmission Media, Line coding scheme, Basic idea of modulation and multiplexing, Switching methods.
Medium Access sub layer: Medium Access sub layer - Channel Allocations, LAN protocols - ALOHA protocols, CSMA, CSMA/CD, Overview of IEEE standards
UNIT II
Data Link Layer: HDLC and point to point protocol, Error detection and correction, Flow control (sliding window protocol)
Network Layer: Network Layer –IP addressing, Internetworking, Address mapping, introduction to IPv6, transition from IPv4 to IPv6, routing.
UNIT III
Transport Layer: Transport Layer - Design issues, connection management, Flow control, TCP window management, congestion control-slow start algorithm
Session Layer: Design issues, remote procedure call.
Presentation Layer: Design issues, Data compression techniques, cryptography
Application Layer: Application Layer: File Transfer, Access and Management, Electronic mail, Virtual Terminals
The document provides instructions for interpreting debug output on routers. It describes 8 steps to configure interfaces and verify routing table updates using the debug ip routing command on routers R1, R2, and R3. The steps have R1 configure its serial and LAN interfaces, and verify routing table updates are shown in the debug output. It also suggests establishing a separate session for R2 to observe debug output changes made on R1. The goal is to observe how the routing tables are updated as interfaces are configured on both routers.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, types of networks and topologies. It defines a computer network as allowing devices to exchange data via physical connections. The main types of networks covered are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) and wide area networks (WANs). The document also discusses peer-to-peer and client-server network architectures, and various network topologies including star, bus, ring and tree configurations.
1. There are several common network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid topologies.
2. In a bus topology, all computers connect to a single cable or trunkline, while in a star topology each computer connects individually to a central hub or switch.
3. Hybrid topologies combine elements of different topologies, like a tree topology that groups workstations in stars connected along a linear bus, or a hierarchical star that connects multiple hubs through a central hub.
The document discusses networking concepts such as network topologies, devices, and the OSI model. It begins by explaining how businesses realized networking could increase productivity and save costs. It then describes common networking devices like NICs, hubs, switches, and routers. The document also covers standard network topologies and the layers of the OSI model, providing examples of how data is encapsulated as it travels through each layer.
This document discusses different types of computer networking including WANs, LANs, and MANs. It defines each type of network and provides graphical representations. Various network topologies such as ring, star, bus, mesh, and tree are described along with their characteristics and potential problems. Networking allows connecting computing devices together to share data over different types of links and configurations.
The document discusses networking devices and concepts, describing network interface cards, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, topologies like bus, ring, star, and examples of different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wireless LAN standards, wide area networks (WANs), and storage area networks (SANs). It also explains the purpose of the OSI model in standardizing network communication and its seven layers from physical layer to application layer.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including data networks, networking devices, network interface cards, networking device icons, repeaters, hubs, bridges, workgroup switches, routers, network topologies, physical topologies, LANs, WANs, examples of data networks, wireless LAN organizations and standards, cellular topology for wireless, SANs, virtual private networks, bandwidth, measuring bandwidth, the OSI model, data flow through a network, LAN physical layer, Ethernet standards, straight-through and crossover cables, sources of noise on copper media, shielded twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, fiber optic connectors, fiber optic patch panels, cable specifications, Ethernet media connector requirements, L
This document presents a LAN design project report for an organization with 70 users. It proposes a network with wired and wireless connectivity using Ethernet cables, switches, a router and access points. A central data server would be installed with antivirus software and connected to the network along with a DHCP server for dynamic IP address allocation. The network diagram and configurations are presented, along with the hardware, software and design guidelines required to implement the LAN.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including networking devices, network interface cards, network topologies, local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers and their functions. It also explains the OSI reference model and its seven layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer.
Cisco has a 60% market share of networking devices, higher than any other competitors. Businesses realized that networking could increase productivity and save costs by addressing issues like duplication of equipment, inefficient communication, and difficult network setup and management. Network devices connect end-user devices like computers and allow them to communicate, and include things like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, and routers.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. WHY MY GROUP NAME IS RISING GROUP?
We are not perfect but we try to make perfect.
We are not genius but we try to solve every
problem.
We are not stars but our tries makes us.
We are RISING so our Group is rising group.
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3.
4. WHAT IS A COMPUTER NETWORK?
A large number of separate but interconnected
Computers to do the job is called Computer
Network.
A computer network is a collection of computer
and devices connected together via
communication devices and transmission media .
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Switch
NIC
Router
Communication devices Devices
printer Scanner
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6. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication describes a process in which two
or more computer or devices transfer data,
instructions and information ..
Server
Client Client
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7. TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Campus Area Network (CAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
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8. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN):
A local area network is a network that connects
computers and device in a limited geographical
area such as home, school computer laboratory,
office building etc.
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9. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN):
A Metropolitan Area Network is a high speed
network that connects local area networks in
metropolitan area such as city or town and handles
bulk of communication activity across the region.
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10. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN):
A wide area network is a network that covers a
large graphical area such country or the world.
WAN combines many types of media such as
telephone lines, cables and radio wave. A WAN can
be one large network or can consist of two or more
LANs conneted together.
The Internet is the worlds largest WAN.
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11. CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN):
Multiple LAN connection in a campus is called
CAN.
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12. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN) :
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer
network used for data transmission among devices
such as computers, telephones and personal digital
assistants.
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13. DIFFERETIATE B/W THE TYPES OF
COMPUTER NETWORKS:
Differnet LAN MAN WAN
Cost Low Optic High Higher
Network Size Small Larger Largest
Speed Fastest Slower Slowest
Transmission
Media
Twisted pair Twisted pair Fibre
optic cables
Fibre optic
Radio wave
Satellite
Number of
Computer
Smallest Large Largest
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14. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:
Network architecture is the overall design of a
computer network that describes how a computer
network is configured and what strategies are being
used.
It is mainly focuses on the function of the networks.
Two main network architecture:
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Client/Server
Network
Peer-to-Peer
Network
Network
Architecture
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15. WHAT IS CLIENT/SERVER?
Server is a computer that controls access to the
hardware,software and other resources on the
network and provides a centralized storage are for
program.
Client is a computer that request services from a
server computer.
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16. WHAT IS PEER-TO-PEER ?
Peer-to-peer is a simple , inexpensive network that
typically connects fewer than 10 computers.
All computers in the network have equal capabilities
to the resources ( hardware, software, data and file)
available on the network.
With Peer-to-Peer Networks, there is no centrel
server.
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17. THE DIFFERENCES B/W CLIENT/SERVER AND
PEER-TO-PEER:
Client/Server Peer-to-Peer
Server has to control ability while
client’s don’t .
All computer have equal ability.
Higher cabling cost Cheaper cabling cost
It is used in small and large
networks.
Normally used in small networks
with less than 10 computers.
Easy to manage Hard to manage
Install software only in the server
while the clients share the software
Install software to every computer
One powerful computer acting as
server
No server is needed
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18. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES:
Network topology is the schematic description of a
network arrangement connecting various nodes
(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.
Different Types of Topologies:
BUS Topology
STAR Topology
RING Topology
MESH Topology
TREE Topology
HYBRID Topology
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19. BUS TOPOLOGY:
Bus topology is a network type in which every
computer and network device is connected to single
cable .
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20. FEATURES OF BUS
TOPOLOGY:
It transmits data only in one direction
Every device is connected to a single cable
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21. ADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY :
It is cost effective.
Cable required is least compare to other network
topology.
Used in small networks.
It is easy to understand.
Easy to expand joining two cabals together.
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22. DISADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY
Cable has a limited length.
If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the
performance of the network decreases.
Cables fails then whole network fails.
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23. STAR TOPOLOGY:
In this type of topology all the computer are
connected to a single hub through a cable .
This hub is the central node and all others nodes
are connected to the central node.
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24. FEATURES OF STAR TOPOLOGY:
Every node has its own dedicated connection to the
hub.
Acts as a repeater for data flow.
Can be used with twisted pair , optical fiber or
coaxial cable.
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25. ADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY:
Fast performance with few nodes and low network
traffic.
Hub can be upgraded easily.
Easy to troubleshoot.
Easy to setup and modify.
Only that node is affected which has failed rest of
the nodes can work smoothly.
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26. DISADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY:
Cost of installation is high.
Expensive to use.
If the hub is affected then the whole network is
stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.
Performance is based on the hub that is it depend
on its capacity.
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27. RING TOPOLOGY:
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as
each computer is connected to another computer ,
with the last one connected to the first . Exactly two
neighbours for each device.
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28. FEATURES OF RING TOPOLOGY:
A number of repeaters are used and the
transmission is unidirectional.
Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit
by bit.
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29. ADVANTAGES OF RING TOPOLOGY
Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic
or by adding more nodes , as only the nodes having
tokens con transmit data.
Cheap to install and expand .
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30. DISADVANTAGES OF RING TOPOLOGY:
Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
Adding and deleting the computers disturbs the
network activity.
Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
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31. MESH TOPOLOGY:
It is a point -to -point connection to other nodes or
devices , traffic is carried only between two devices
or nodes to which it is connected.
Types of MESH Topology:
Partial MESH Topology
Full MESH Topology
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32. PARTIAL MESH TOPOLOGY:
In this technology some of the systems are
connected in the same fashion as mesh topology
but some devices are also connected to two or
three devices.
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33. FULL MESH TOPOLOGY:
Each and every nodes or devices are connected to
each other
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34. FEATURES OF MESH TOPOLOGY:
Fully connected
Not flexible.
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35. ADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY:
Each connection can carry its on data load.
It is robust.
Fault is diagnosed easily.
Provides security and privacy.
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36. DISADVANTAGES OF MESH
TOPOLOGY:
Installation and configuration is difficult.
Cabling cost is more.
Bulk wiring is required.
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37. FEATURES OF TREE TOPOLOGY:
Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
Used in wide area networks.
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38. TREE TOPOLOGY:
It has a root node and all other nodes are
connected to it forming a hierarchy . It is also called
hierarchical topology.
It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
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39. ADVANTAGES OF TREE TOPOLOGY:
Extension of bus and star topologies.
Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily manage and maintained.
Error detection is easily done.
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40. DISADVANTAGES OF TREE TOPOLOGY:
Heavily cabled
Costly
If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult
Central hub fails , network fails.
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41. HYBRID TOPOLOGY:
It is two different topologies which is mixture of two
or more topologies
For example :
If in an office in one department ring topology is
used and in another star topology is used ,
connecting these topologies will result in hybrid
topology ( ring topology and star topology )
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43. FEATURE OF HYBRID TOPOLOGY :
It is a combination of two or more topologies.
Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the
topologies included
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44. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRID TOPOLOGY:
Reliable as error detecting and trouble shooting is
easy.
Effective.
Scalable as size can be increased easily.
Flexible.
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45. DISADVANTGES OF HYBRID TOPOLOGY :
Complex in design .
Costly.
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