I am Bernard. I am a Computer Networking Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, University of Leeds, UK. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 12 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Networking.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Networking Assignment.
In all-reduce, each node starts with a buffer of size m and the final results of the operation are identical buffers of size m on each node that are formed by combining the original p buffers using an associative operator.
Basic communication operations - One to all BroadcastRashiJoshi11
Brief description of Basic communication operations in parallel computing along with description of One to all Broadcast, its implementation on ring, mesh and hypercube, cost of and how to improve speed of one to all broadcast.
In all-reduce, each node starts with a buffer of size m and the final results of the operation are identical buffers of size m on each node that are formed by combining the original p buffers using an associative operator.
Basic communication operations - One to all BroadcastRashiJoshi11
Brief description of Basic communication operations in parallel computing along with description of One to all Broadcast, its implementation on ring, mesh and hypercube, cost of and how to improve speed of one to all broadcast.
These slides cover a topic on Wave Division Multiplexing in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
I am Bryan K. I am a Matlab Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Matlab, University of Florida, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 7 years. I solve assignments related to Discrete Fourier Transform.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Discrete Fourier Transform Assignments.
I am Norman H. I am a Computer Networking Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, McMaster University, Canada. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 15 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Networking.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Networking Assignment.
These slides cover a topic on Wave Division Multiplexing in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
I am Bryan K. I am a Matlab Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Matlab, University of Florida, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 7 years. I solve assignments related to Discrete Fourier Transform.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Discrete Fourier Transform Assignments.
I am Norman H. I am a Computer Networking Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, McMaster University, Canada. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 15 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Networking.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Networking Assignment.
A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF HANDOVER TIME AT MAC LAYER FOR WIRELESS MOBILE NET...ijwmn
Extensive studies have been carried out for reducing the handover time of wireless mobile network at
medium access control (MAC) layer. However, none of them show the impact of reduced handover time
on the overall performance of wireless mobile networks. This paper presents a quantitative analysis to
show the impact of reduced handover time on the performance of wireless mobile networks. The proposed
quantitative model incorporates many critical performance parameters involve in reducing the handover
time for wireless mobile networks. In addition, we analyze the use of active scanning technique with
comparatively shorter beacon interval time in a handoff process. Our experiments verify that the active
scanning can reduce the overall handover time at MAC layer if comparatively shorter beacon intervals are
utilized for packet transmission. The performance measures adopted in this paper for experimental
verifications are network throughput under different network loads.
Performance Evaluation of a Layered WSN Using AODV and MCF Protocols in NS-2csandit
In layered networks, reliability is a major concern
as link failures at lower layer will have a
great impact on network reliability. Failure at a l
ower layer may lead to multiple failures at the
upper layers which deteriorate the network performa
nce. In this paper, the scenario of such a
layered wireless sensor network is considered for A
d hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
and Multi Commodity Flow (MCF) routing protocols. M
CF is
developed using
polynomial time
approximation algorithms for the failure polynomial
. Both protocols are compared in terms of
different network parameters such as throughput, pa
cket loss and end to end delay. It was
shown that the network reliability is better when M
CF protocol is used. It was also shown that
maximizing the min cut of the layered network maxim
izes reliability in the terms of successful
packet transmission of network. Thetwo routing prot
ocolsare implemented in the scenario of
discrete network event simulator NS-2.
A throughput analysis of tcp in adhoc networkscsandit
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection oriented end-end reliable byte stream
transport layer protocol. It is widely used in the Internet.TCP is fine tuned to perform well in
wired networks. However the performance degrades in mobile ad hoc networks. This is due to
the characteristics specific to wireless networks, such as signal fading, mobility, unavailability
of routes. This leads to loss of packets which may arise either from congestion or due to other
non-congestion events. However TCP assumes every loss as loss due to congestion and invokes
the congestion control procedures. TCP reduces congestion window in response, causing unnecessary
degradation in throughput. In mobile ad hoc networks multi-hop path forwarding further
worsens the packet loss and throughput. To understand the TCP behavior and improve the
TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks considerable research has been carried out. As
the research is still active in this area a comprehensive and in-depth study on the TCP throughput
and the various parameters that degrade the performance of TCP have been analyzed. The
analysis is done using simulations in Qualnet 5.0
ENHANCEMENT OF TCP FAIRNESS IN IEEE 802.11 NETWORKScscpconf
The usage of fixed buffers in 802.11 networks has a number of disadvantages associated with
it. This includes high delay, reduced throughput and inefficient channel utilisation. To
overcome this, a dynamic buffer sizing algorithm, the A* algorithm has been implemented at
the access point. In this algorithm buffer size is dynamically adjusted depending upon the
current channel conditions and hence delay is reduced and the throughput is maintained. But
in 802.11 networks with DCF collision avoidance mechanism, it creates significant amount of
unfairness between the upstream and downstream TCP flows, with clusters of upstream ACKs
blocking downstream data at the access point. Thus a variation of the Explicit Window
Adaptation (EWA) scheme has been used to regulate the queuing time of the upload clients by
calculating the feedback value at the access point. This creates fairness and increases the number of transmission opportunities for the downstream traffic
Improving Performance of TCP in Wireless Environment using TCP-PIDES Editor
Improving the performance of the transmission
control protocol (TCP) in wireless environment has been an
active research area. Main reason behind performance
degradation of TCP is not having ability to detect actual reason
of packet losses in wireless environment. In this paper, we are
providing a simulation results for TCP-P (TCP-Performance).
TCP-P is intelligent protocol in wireless environment which
is able to distinguish actual reasons for packet losses and
applies an appropriate solution to packet loss.
TCP-P deals with main three issues, Congestion in
network, Disconnection in network and random packet losses.
TCP-P consists of Congestion avoidance algorithm and
Disconnection detection algorithm with some changes in TCP
header part. If congestion is occurring in network then
congestion avoidance algorithm is applied. In congestion
avoidance algorithm, TCP-P calculates number of sending
packets and receiving acknowledgements and accordingly set
a sending buffer value, so that it can prevent system from
happening congestion. In disconnection detection algorithm,
TCP-P senses medium continuously to detect a happening
disconnection in network. TCP-P modifies header of TCP
packet so that loss packet can itself notify sender that it is
lost.This paper describes the design of TCP-P, and presents
results from experiments using the NS-2 network simulator.
Results from simulations show that TCP-P is 4% more
efficient than TCP-Tahoe, 5% more efficient than TCP-Vegas,
7% more efficient than TCP-Sack and equally efficient in
performance as of TCP-Reno and TCP-New Reno. But we can
say TCP-P is more efficient than TCP-Reno and TCP-New
Reno since it is able to solve more issues of TCP in wireless
environment.
MANET Routing Protocols , a case studyRehan Hattab
L. Yi, Y. Zhai, Y. Wang, J. Yuan and I. You , Impacts of Internal Network Contexts on Performance of MANET Routing Protocols: a Case Study, Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing,2012.
IMPACT OF CONTENTION WINDOW ON CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS ADH...cscpconf
TCP congestion control mechanism is highly dependent on MAC layer Backoff algorithms that
predict the optimal Contention Window size to increase the TCP performance in wireless adhoc
network. This paper critically examines the impact of Contention Window in TCP congestion
control approaches. The modified TCP congestion control method gives the stability of
congestion window which provides higher throughput and shorter delay than the traditional TCP. Various Backoff algorithms that are used to adjust Contention Window are simulatedusing NS2 along with modified TCP and their performance are analyzed to depict the influence of Contention Window in TCP performance considering the metrics such as throughput, delay, packet loss and end-to-end delay
Recital Study of Various Congestion Control Protocols in wireless networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Similar to Computer Networking Assignment Help (20)
Are you struggling with complex computer network assignments? Don't let challenging coursework hinder your progress in the world of networking. At ComputerNetworkAssignmentHelp.com, we understand that mastering computer networks requires more than just theoretical knowledge. It demands practical application and in-depth comprehension. That's where we come in.
Our team of seasoned network experts is dedicated to helping you conquer your network assignments with confidence. Whether you're grappling with subnetting, routing protocols, security configurations, or any other network-related topic, we've got you covered. We offer a range of services, from assignment assistance and network design guidance to troubleshooting support. With us, you'll not only meet your assignment deadlines but also gain valuable insights that will serve you in your networking career.
What sets us apart? Our commitment to quality, timeliness, and affordability. We deliver plagiarism-free work promptly, ensuring you have ample time for review. Plus, our pricing won't break the bank. Your academic success and networking proficiency are our top priorities.
Don't let networking assignments overwhelm you. Visit ComputerNetworkAssignmentHelp.com today, unlock your networking potential, and step confidently into the dynamic world of computer networks.
Introducing a Limited Time Offer! Get a fantastic 15% discount on all services at www.computernetworkassignmenthelp.com, your one-stop destination for top-notch computer network assignment help. We are excited to bring you this exclusive promotion to enhance your academic success while saving you money. Our expert team of professionals is committed to delivering exceptional assistance in computer network assignments, ensuring outstanding grades and a deeper understanding of the subject matter. With our vast expertise and customized solutions, we guarantee your satisfaction. To avail of this incredible discount, simply visit our website and use the code "CN15OFF" at checkout. Don't miss out on this amazing opportunity to excel in your studies while enjoying great savings!
As the proud owner of ComputerNetworkAssignmentHelp.com, I am delighted to present to you an authentic and comprehensive collection of genuine reviews from our valued clients. At ComputerNetworkAssignmentHelp.com, we strive to provide exceptional network assignment assistance, ensuring the utmost satisfaction of our customers.
Authenticity and credibility are of paramount importance to us, and we take great pride in showcasing the genuine feedback from our satisfied clients. Each review presented here has been carefully verified, ensuring its legitimacy and trustworthiness.
Our clients' testimonials are a true testament to the quality and effectiveness of our services. We believe that genuine feedback is the key to building trust and transparency with our potential customers, allowing them to make informed decisions when choosing our platform for their networking assignments.
We understand the significance of transparency and honesty, which is why we make it a priority to present only genuine reviews. We believe in fostering long-term relationships with our clients, built on trust and excellence.
At ComputerNetworkAssignmentHelp.com, we continuously strive to exceed our clients' expectations and provide them with unparalleled assistance. Our team of experts comprises dedicated professionals with vast experience in the field of networking, ensuring that your assignments are in capable hands.
When you choose ComputerNetworkAssignmentHelp.com, you can rest assured that you will receive top-notch quality work, timely deliveries, and excellent customer support.
Explore our SlideShare presentation to discover more authentic reviews from our satisfied clients. We welcome you to join our network of happy customers who have benefited from our exceptional services.
Choose ComputerNetworkAssignmentHelp.com for all your networking assignment needs, and experience the difference that genuine expertise and dedication can make.
Thank you for considering ComputerNetworkAssignmentHelp.com. We look forward to serving you and helping you achieve academic success!
I am Kevin S. I am a Computer Network Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, Selinus University of Science and Literature. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 5 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignment.
I am Tim D. I am a Computer Network Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, West Virginia University, USA. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 15 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignment.
I am Isaac M. I am a Computer Network Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, Glasgow University, UK. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 8 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignment.
I am Bing Jr. I am a Computer Network Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, Glasgow University, UK. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignment.
I am Joe B. I am a Computer Network Security Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, Texas Tech University. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 7 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignment.
I am Travis W. I am a Computer Network Homework Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, Leeds University. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 17 years. I solve homework related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Homework.
I am Bonner G. I am a Computer Network Assignments Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, the University of Central Florida. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 7 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignments.
I am Irene M. I am a Computer Network Assignments Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, the California University of Technology. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignments.
I am Arcady N. I am a Computer Network Assignments Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, City University, London. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignments.
I am Tim D. I am a Computer Network Assignments Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, West Virginia University, USA. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 13 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignments.
I am Tim D. I am a Computer Network Assignments Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, West Virginia University, USA. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 15 years. I solve assignments related to the Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Computer Network Assignments.
I am Charles S. I am a Design & Analysis of Algorithms Assignments Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, York University, Canada. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 15 years. I solve assignments related to the Design & Analysis Of Algorithms.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with the Design & Analysis Of Algorithms Assignments.
I am Nigel J. I am a Computer Network Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, the University of Glasgow, UK. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 15 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Networks.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Network Assignment.
I am Kennedy L. I am a Proficient Computer Network Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, the University of Sydney, Australia. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 7 years. I solve assignments related to Proficient Computer Network.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Proficient Computer Network Assignment.
I am Samantha K. I am a Network Design Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, McGill University, Canada. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 13 years. I solve assignments related to Network Design.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Network Design Assignment.
I am Pauline O. I am a Computer Networking Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, Cornell University, USA. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 6 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Networking.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Networking Assignment.
I am Dennis L. I am a Computer Networking Assignment Expert at computernetworkassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Master's in Computer Science from, City University of New York. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 7 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Networking.
Visit computernetworkassignmenthelp.com or email support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Networking Assignment.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Computer Networking Assignment Help
1. For any help regarding Computer Networking Assignment Help
visit :- https://www.computernetworkassignmenthelp.com/
Email :- support@computernetworkassignmenthelp.com
call us at :- +1 678 648 4277 Computer Networking Assignment Help
2. 1 Multiplexing
In this problem, we will compare statistical multiplexing to time-division multiplexing
(TDM) to understand the differences between packet switching and circuit switching. In
our statistical multiplexing scheme, packets of all sessions are merged into a single
queue and transmitted on a first-come first-served (FCFS) basis. Our TDM scheme is the
same as the one described during the first.
A switch is said to be work conserving if the only time it is idle is when there are no
frames waiting for service.
I. Is our TDM scheme work conserving? What about our statistical multiplexing
scheme?
Answer:
No, the TDM scheme is not work conserving. This is because TDM scheme schedules a
slot for a session even if there is no data on that session (i.e. it wastes slots even though
it could have scheduled transmission for some other session
instead in that slot). The statistical multiplexing scheme is work conserving. This is
because it never wastes a slot as long as there is data for some session. 2. Let's study
the impact of statistical multiplexing on queuing delays.
Computer Networking Assignment Help
3. Suppose there are N concurrent sessions each with a Poisson traffic stream with rate A
frames/second. Also suppose that frame lengths are exponentially distributed, such that the
average rate at which frames are serviced at the switch is p frames per second (t1> NA).
What is the average delay seen by a frame in TDM and in statistical multiplexing? What is the
physical interpretation of your result? Answer: The average queuing delay for a FIFO queue
with transmission rate Poisson with mean tt and arrival rate A is given by':
Computer Networking Assignment Help
4. In case of statistical multiplexing, all the input streams are merged into one queue and served
from there. Thus, the total input rate to this stream is NA. The service rate of this queue is II.
Hence, the average queuing delay per packet is given by:
T =it— - WA
On the other hand, with the TDM scheme, the output stream is divided into N equal portions
(time slots), one per input stream. Thus, each portion behaves like an M/M/1 (formal nota-tion for
a queue with Poisson arrival and service processes) with arrival rate A and average service rate
p/N. Thus, the average delay per packet is:
T = I --NAt T — p –
Thus, you can see that the average delay in a TDM scheme is N times that in statistical
multiplexing. This is because the TDM scheme is not work conserving.
3. Assume that all the sessions send frames at a simple constant bit rate and that there are A
active sessions at a given point in time out of a possible N sharing an output link. What is the
utilization of the output link when the aggregate input rate for the A active sessions is
frames/second. Sketch this as a function of A for both statistical multiplexing and TDM.
Answer: The plots are shown in Figure 1. 4. Explain why TDM has smaller variation in the delay
of a frame through a switch, compared to statistical multiplexing. (This delay variation is
sometimes called the jitter.)
Computer Networking Assignment Hel
5. The plots are shown in Figure 1. 4. Explain why TDM has smaller variation in the delay of a
frame through a switch, compared to statistical multiplexing. (This delay variation is sometimes
called the jitter.)
Answer: TDM schedules each stream independently of other streams and assigns time slots
for a stream at regular intervals. Hence, burstiness of data in one stream does not effect other
stream. Thus, TDM has lower jitter than statistical multiplexing. This is the reason why
telephony world uses TDM and why equivalent Voice over IP is not easy to achieve over the
Internet, without appropriate Quality of Service mechanisms, which we will study later in the
course.
Computer Networking Assignment Help
6. 2 Learning (about) bridges
Consider the bridge topology shown in Figure 2. Assuming that all the forwarding tables are
initially empty, write out the forwarding tables at each of the four bridges B1 through B4 at the
conclusion of the following transmissions: 1. A sends to C. 2. C sends to A. 3. D sends to C. In
the forwarding table at each node, identify the port by the unique LAN segment (LA; LC; or LD)
reachable using that port, unless there isn't one, in which case use the identifier of the
neighboring bridge to identify the port. Answer: The answer is given in table 1.
3 Link packet traversals
Suppose source S sends a packet to destination D in a packet-switched network. Suppose the
network topology and state in the switches do not change. Clearly explain why each of these
statements below is true or false.
1. If datagram routing is used. correct forwarding can occur even if the packet traverses the
same network link (and switch pair) in opposite directions.
Computer Networking Assignment Help
7. 4 TCP retransmission timers
1. TCP computes an average round-trip time (RTT) for the connection using an exponential
weighted moving average (EWMA) estimator: y(n) ar(n) + (1 — a)y(n — 1) where r(n) is the
ligh RTT sample and y(n) is the average estimate updated after the arrival of the el sample.
Suppose that at time 0, the initial estimate, y(0) is equal to the true value, ro. Suppose that
immediately after this time, the RTT for the connection increases to a value R and remains
at that value for the remainder of the connection. You may assume that R >> ro. Suppose
that the TCP retransmission timeout value at step n, RTO(n), is set to /3y(n). Calculate the
number of RTT samples before we can be sure that there will be no spurious
retransmissions. Old TCP implementations used to have 13 = 2 and a = 1/8. How many
samples does this correspond to before spurious retransmissions are avoided, for this
problem? (Today's TCPs use the mean linear deviation rather than /3y(n) as the RTO
formula.)
2. Suppose that, instead of the EWMA estimator, TCP computed the average RTT by aver
aging over a fixed amount of past history. I.e.,
Now suppose that that the previous k samples are all equal to ro, the true value, and that the
RTT for the connection increases to a value R(>> ro) and remains at that value for the
remainder of the connection. Using the same RIO as in part 1, calculate the number of RTT
samples before we can be sure that there will be no spurious retransmissions.
3. In your opinion. which estimator is a better one for TCP? Why? Computer Networking Assignment Help
8. 5 TCP checksums
TCP has an end-to-end checksum that covers part of the IP header, in addition to the TCP
header and data. When the receiver receives a data segment whose checksum doesn't
match, it can do one of two things:
1. Discard the segment and send an ACK to the data sender with the cumulative ACK field
set to the next in-sequence byte it expects to receive. or 2. Discard the segment and do
nothing else.
Is one action preferable to the other (or are they both equivalent)? Why? (You might look up
the TCP and headers in any standard networking textbook; note that the header formats in
Cerf & Kahn's paper aren't used any more.)
Computer Networking Assignment Hel
9. 6 AS interconnections
There are six AS's shown in the picture above: U, W, X, Y, Z, V. The diamond-shaped boxes
are customers of the AS's (ISP's) they're connected to. Some relationships are marked: the
Transit ones involve the higher AS (in the picture) providing Internet service to the lower one(s)
for money. The X-Y and Y-Z interconnections are standard peering relationships. The circles
with names like WR1 stand for BGP routers; WR1 refers to a BGP router in AS W. Within each
AS, the dotted lines show IBGP interconnections.
1. Which AS does not have correct IBGP interconnections?
2. Suppose an AS has k routers. What is the minimum number of IBGP sessions required for
correct configuration, assuming no use of route reflectors or confederations?
3. Consider the peering relationship between Y and Z. Which of these statements are true?
(a) Z will hear routes to V announced by Y, and may also hear routes to V announced by W.
(b) Z must use a route to V announced to it by Y. since that's a route announced from a
peering relationship.
(c) Y will usually not announce routes to Z1 and Z2 to W.
(d) Y will usually not announce routes to Z1 and Z2 to V.
U wants to ensure that packets sent to Uc from IV are sent to it via URI and not UR2.
Computer Networking Assignment Hel
10. (a) Clearly explain how it might try to do this. (A small picture explaining routing messages will
help.
(b) Can it always ensure that the desired behavior happens? Why (not)?
5. W would like to ensure that packets sent to Wc from X reach it via AS's X and U, rather
than via AS Y. How can this be done? (Describe the BGP routing messages involved.
6. W would like to ensure that packets sent to Wc from XI reach it via AS's X and U, and
packets sent to Wc from X2 reach it via AS Y. Can this be done with BGP? If so, how?
(Describe the BGP routing messages involved.
7 Understanding BGP using table dumps
For this question, you will need to download the Routeviews routing table. If you are curious
about what other snapshots look like, you can find daily snapshots at f tp : //f tp r out evievs .
org /pub/rout evievs/bgpdat a/.
1. To start with, find the routing table entry for the MIT network.
(a) What is the IP address of the best next hop from this router to MIT? How does this router
know how to reach that next hop IP address?
(b) How many AS's must a packet traverse between the time it leaves the router and the time
that it arrives at MIT?
(c) Use tr acer out e today to trace the route from MIT to the router that took the snapshot. Is
the current route from MIT to the router the same as the reverse route in the trace data?
Computer Networking Assignment Help
11. (d) On September 3, 2002 at 4 pm EDT, the AS path to rout e-vievs2.cregon-ix.net from MIT
was 10578 11537 4600 3701. Why is this path not simply the reverse of the path from MIT to
Routeviews? Why does this traceroute (which was run at the same time), not match the AS
path?’
running /usr/local/bin/traceroute -A 198.32.162.102...
1 anacreon (18.31.0.1) [AS3] 1 as 1 as 1 as
2 radole (18.24.10.3) [AS3] 6 as 2 as 1 as
3 B24-RTR-1-LCS-LINK.KIT.EDU (18.201.1.1) [AS3] 2 as 2 as 1 ms
4 EXTERNAL -RTR-2-BACKBONE JUT .EDU (18.168.0.27) [AS3] 185 as 19 "..:s 2 r:s
5 192.5.89.89 (192.5.89.89) [AS1742] 1 as 2 as 3 as
6 ABILENE-GIGAPOPNE.NOX.ORG (192.5.89.102) [AS1742] 6 as 7 as 7 r.s
7 clev-nyca.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.29) [(null)] 20 as 20 as 24 as
8 ipls-clev.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.25) [(null)] 25 as 25 as 27 as
9 kscy-ipls.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.5) [(null)] 34 as 36 as 34 as
10 dnvr-kscy.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.13) [(null)] 47 as 45 as 44 as
11 pos-6-3.core0.eug.oregon-gigapop.net (198.32.163.13) [AS4600] 80 as 78 as 80 as
12 nero.eug.oregon-gigapop.net (198.32.163.151) [AS4600] 77 as 77 as 78 as
13 198.32.162.102 (198.32.162.102) [AS3582] 79 as 79 as 78 as
Computer Networking Assignment Help
12. {e}From the routing table file, what is the AS number for MIT?
{f} How many routes are there to get from this router to MIT?
{g}From the routing table, what is the best route to MIT? Why was this route selected as the best
route?2
(h) What AS's do all of the different routes to MIT have in common? Which occurs most
frequently? What is the likely relationship between the dominating AS and MIT?
{i}What IP network does the above AS correspond to? Again, all the information you need to
answer this question is contained in the routing table. You can use nslookup to some host on this
network to find out which company this is.
2. Several of the IP prefixes in the table are formatted as w.x.y.z1m. The mask field, Tn.,
specifies the length of the network mask to use when matching input destination addresses to
entries in the table.
(a) Write down the bit-wise operation to determine whether a destination address, Al, matches a
prefix Aim in the routing table. Al and A are 32 bits each.
(b) Find the first "Class C" CIDR address in the table (address prefix > 192.0.0.0). How many
class C networks does this address correspond to? What is the maximum number of routing
table entries that this single CIDR address saves? Why is it that we can only infer the
maximum, and not the actual, number of addresses that this CIDR address saves?
(c) In the table, there are examples of groups of prefixes that have the same advertised AS path,
but show up as separate entries in the routing table.
Computer Networking Assignment Help
13. (a) Write down the bit-wise operation to determine whether a destination address. Al. matches
a prefix Aim in the routing table. Al and A are 32 bits each.
(b) Find the first "Class C" CIDR address in the table (address prefix > 192.0.0.0). How many
class C networks does this address correspond to? What is the maximum number of routing
table entries that this single CIDR address saves? Why is it that we can only infer the
maximum, and not the actual, number of addresses that this CIDR address saves?
(c) In the table, there are examples of groups of prefixes that have the same advertised AS
path, but show up as separate entries in the routing table.
(i) Provide an example of non-contiguous prefixes (and the corresponding AS path) for which
this is true. Why might non-contiguous prefixes have the same AS path?
(ii) Provide an example of contiguous prefixes (and the corresponding AS path) for which this is
true. This practice is often called deaggregation. Why might this be done?
3. Ben Bitdiddle is interested in studying the characteristics of the Internet using routing table
snapshots. The Oregon Exchange has agreed to give Ben Bitdiddle some partial routing table
snapshots from 1995 to the current day, including some snapshots from before the upgrade to
BGP-4. They will give him snapshots containing the following:
(a) Only the destination addresses.
(b) Only the lines marked *>.
(c) Only the paths, with best next-hops marked. Ben doubts that these partial snapshots could
tell him anything interesting, but you disagree.
(d) What information about the evolution of the Internet could you infer from each type of partial
snapshot?
Computer Networking Assignment Help
14. 8 Inferring AS Relationships
As you know, the Internet is composed of about 14,000 distinct origin AS's that exchange
routes to establish global connectivity, and that business relationships determine which
routes are exchanged between each pair of AS's. Recall that one network will re-advertise
its customer routes to its peers and providers, but will not re-advertise routes heard from a
peer to other peers or providers. With the knowledge of these rules and a view of a default-
free routing table (or multiple tables), one can deduce relationships between AS pairs
based on links that exist in the AS graph. In On Inferring Autonomous System Relationships
in the Internee, Lixin Gao observes that, be-cause of these constraints, AS paths must
adhere to one of the following patterns:
1. a series of customer-provider links (an uphill path)
2. a series of provider customer links (a downhill path)
3. an uphill path followed by a downhill path
4. an uphill path followed by a peering link
5. an peering edge followed by a downhill path
6. an uphill path followed by a peering link, followed by a downhill path
This is called the "valley free" property of AS paths. The hard question, of course, is: where is the
"top of the Gao suggests using the AS in the path that contains the larges degree: that is, the AS
that connects to the most other AS’s.
Computer Networking Assignment Help
15. We have provided a Routeviews routing table for you at ht tp : //nms . lc s . mit . edu/ 6.
829/p s1/ r out e -vi ev s .bgp . 20020903 . gz. (Note that the file is 8MB.) Your task is to
produce a good guess about relationship between each AS pair in the table.
1. Produce CDF of AS degree (i.e., plot the fraction of AS's that have an degree of < n, for
all n > 0). Also include a table of the "top 10" AS's for degree and the value of their
degrees. Do not count a link from an AS to itself as an edge. Also, consider all AS paths
that are given in the table (about 2.4 million paths), not just the best path for each prefix.
2. For each of the following AS paths, list the transit relationships inferred for each pair,
based on that path. This is a two-step process. First, for each AS path, note the transit
relationships. For example, for the path ABCD, if C were the AS with the highest degree, you
would write "Transit relationships: A B, B —)C, D —) C". This will give you a list of AS pairs
that have transit relationships. Once you have scanned all AS paths, you may find that you
have a commutative transit relationship: i.e., A transits B and B transits A. This is called a
sibling relationship. For all pairs in the following paths, note which AS transits for the other,
or if the two pairs have a sibling relationship.
Computer Networking Assignment Help
16. (a) 3130
(b) 8121 2914 701 19151 3356 18566
(c) 16150 8434 3549
(d) 6539 701 7018
(e) 7911 209 19092 3908 10947
3. Finding the "top of the hill" by using the AS with the highest degree sometimes produces the
wrong answer. Another way to do this is to view the AS paths from one vantage point as a
directed graph, and using a reverse pruning algorithm to the AS graph in order to assign ranks
to each AS. First, leaf nodes of the AS graph are assigned the lowest rank. Then, these nodes
and their incident edges are removed from the graph. The nodes that are leaves in this new
graph are assigned the next highest rank. The process repeats until the graph is strongly-
connected (i.e., there are no leaves); each node in the strongly-connected component of the
graph receives the highest rank. AS relationships are inferred by comparing rankings from AS
graphs as visible from multiple vantage.
(a) What are advantages of using this type of ranking scheme over a power-law based
scheme? What are the disadvantages?
(b) Why does this scheme require multiple vantage points to be effective?
Computer Networking Assignment Help
17. 9 Traffic Flow Patterns
People often want to know how much traffic they are sending to each neighboring AS.
Network op-erators use traffic volumes to detect congestion, determine if they are violating
peering agreements, or sending too much traffic on an expensive transit link. Typically,
network operators use Netflow6 to calculate these volumes. In the absence of Netflow,
packet monitoring and routing information can provide a crude approximation of traffic
patterns.
In this problem, you will answer the question: "How much traffic from the MIT Lab for
Computer Science flows toward Internet2?". This requires two pieces of information: how
much traffic is destined for each IP address, and which routes correspond to which prefixes.
Note that the latter requires doing a longest prefix match for each IP address.
To answer this question, you will need the routing table as seen from MIT to determine
which prefixes have routes via Internet 2 and which have routes via Genuity. The routing
table was collected at LCS on September 9, 2002 via an IBGP session with MIT's border
router; the machine has no other BGP sessions. This routing table is available at: ht tp :
//nms . lc s . mit .edu/6.829/ps/ps1/ mit .bgp . 20020909 .gz.
Computer Networking Assignment Hel
18. 1. Why is there only one route per prefix in this table? 2. Produce the longest-prefix match
for each of the following IP addresses from the routing table we provided. (Hint: You
don't have to implement the most efficient longest-prefix match; a simple sorting-based
scheme should be sufficient for this problem.?
(a) 150.65.236.70
(b) 24.218.254.226
(c) 20.138.0.10
(d) 47.249.128.12
3. How much traffic leaves MIT from LCS via Internet 2? Via Genuity? 4. List at least two
potential sources of inaccuracy that may result from using this method to measure traffic
volumes.
5. Now suppose MIT wanted to send less traffic outbound via Internet2 (typically this would
be a bad idea since the Genuity link is more expensive, etc., but assume for the sake of the
problem that this is reasonable). What would be a good way for MIT's network operator to
adjust the outbound traffic volumes? What if MIT wanted to adjust inbound traffic volumes?
Computer Networking Assignment Help