Computer graphics deals with creating digital images using computers. It involves hardware, software, and applications. The basic system includes input devices, output devices, and a frame buffer where the image is formed. Computer graphics has evolved from early uses of pen plotters and simple displays in the 1950s-1960s to include wireframe graphics, raster graphics, and increased realism through texture mapping and photorealistic rendering from the 1970s onward. Current applications include video games, virtual reality, scientific visualization, 3D printing, and more.

1. COMPUTER
GRAPHICS

2.  COMPUTER GRAPHICS
 COMPUTER GRAPHICS DEALS WITH ALL ASPECTS OF
CREATING IMAGES WITH A COMPUTER
-HARDWARE
-SOFTWARE
-APPLICATIONS

3.  BASIC GRAPHIC SYSTEM
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICE
S
IMAGE FORMED IN FRAME

4.  COMPUTER GRAPHICS: 1950-1960
 Computer graphics goes back to the earliest days of computing
-Strip charts
-Pen plotters
-Simple displays using A/D converters to go from computer to
calligraphic CRT
 Cost of refresh for CRT too high
-Computers slow, expensive, unreliable

5. COMPUTER
GRAPHICS:
1960-1970
 WIRE FRAME GRAPHICS
-DRAW ONLY LINES
 SKETCHPAD
 DISPLAY PROCESSORS
 STORAGE TUBE
wireframe representation
of sun object

6.  COMPUTER GRAPHICS: 1970-1980
RASTER GRAPHICS
BEGINNING OF GRAPHICS STANDARDS
-IFIPS
GKS: EUROPEAN EFFORT
–BECOMES ISO 2D STANDARD
CORE: NORTH AMERICAN EFFORT
–3D BUT FAILS TO BECOME ISO STANDARD
WORKSTATIONS AND PCS

7. RASTER GRAPHICS
IMAGE PRODUCED AS AN ARRAY (THE
RASTER) OF PICTURE ELEMENTS (PIXELS) IN
THE FRAME BUFFER

8. COMPUTER GRAPHICS: 1980-1990
 REALISM COMES TO COMPUTER GRAPHICS
smooth shading Environment bump mapping

9. COMPUTER GRAPHICS: 1990-2000
•COMPLETELY COMPUTER-GENERATED FEATURE-LENGTH
MOVIES (TOY STORY) ARE SUCCESSFUL
•NEW HARDWARE CAPABILITIES
-TEXTURE MAPPING
-BLENDING
-ACCUMULATION, STENCIL BUFFERS

10. COMPUTER GRAPHICS: 2000-2010
•PHOTOREALISM
•GRAPHICS CARDS FOR PCS DOMINATE MARKET
-NVIDIA, ATI
•GAME BOXES AND GAME PLAYERS DETERMINE DIRECTION
OF MARKET
•COMPUTER GRAPHICS ROUTINE IN MOVIE INDUSTRY: MAYA,
LIGHTWAVE
•PROGRAMMABLE PIPELINES

11. COMPUTER GRAPHICS: 2010 -
PRESENT
•XBOX, PLAYSTATION
-REALISTIC RENDERING, ANIMATION
•KINECT SENSOR
-GESTURE RECOGNITION
•TOUCHSCREEN INTERFACES
-PHONES, TABLETS, WINDOWS 10
•3D SCANNING AND PRINTING
-EDITING TOOLS FOR RAPID PROTOTYPING 3D MODELS

12. IMAGE FORMATION
•IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS, WE FORM IMAGES WHICH ARE GENERALLY TWO
DIMENSIONAL USING A PROCESS ANALOGOUS TO HOW IMAGES ARE FORMED BY
PHYSICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS
-CAMERAS
-MICROSCOPES
-TELESCOPES
-HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM

13. PIXELS
A DISCRETE GRID OF PICTURE ELEMENTS
THE NUMBER OF PIXELS DETERMINES THE RESOLUTION OF THE IMAGE
TYPICAL RESOLUTIONS RANGE FROM 320*200 TO 2000*1500
 FOR A BLACK AND WHITE IMAGE
-CAN BE EXPRESSED BETWEEN 0.0 (BLACK) AND 1.0 (WHITE)
 FOR A COLOR IMAGE
-DESCRIBED BY A TRIPLE OF NUMBERS REPRESENTING THE INTENSITY OF RED,
GREEN AND BLUE
A low-resolution digital image. Left: Black and white. Right: Color.

14. GRAPHICS
 VISUAL PRESENTATIONS ON A SURFACE
 EXAMPLES ARE PHOTOGRAPHS, DRAWING, GRAPHICS
DESIGNS, MAPS,ENGINEERING DRAWINGS, OR OTHER IMAGES. GRAPHICS
OFTEN COMBINE TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION
 OFTEN COMBINE TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION
 GRAPHIC DESIGN CONSIST OF THE DELIBERATE SELECTION, CREATION,
OR ARRANGEMENT OF TYPOGRAPHY ALONE, AS IN A BROCHURE, FLIER,
POSTER, WEB SITE, OR BOOK WITHOUT ANY OTHER ELEMENT

15. COMPUTER
ANIMATION
 ART OF CREATING MOVING IMAGES VIA THE
USE OF COMPUTERS
 IT IS A SUBFIELD OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS
AND ANIMATION
 IT IS CREATED BY MEANS OF 3D COMPUTER
GRAPHICS, THOUGH 2D COMPUTER
GRAPHICS ARE STILL WIDELY USED FOR
STYLISTIC, LOW BANDWIDTH, AND
FASTER REAL-TIME RENDERING NEEDS
SOMETIMES THE TARGET OF THE ANIMATION
IS THE COMPUTER ITSELF, BUT SOMETIMES
THE TARGET IS ANOTHERMEDIUM, SUCH
AS FILM
 IT IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS CGI
(COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGERY OR
COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGING),

16. APPLICATIONS
 COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY
 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
 COMPUTER SIMULATION
 DIGITAL ART
 EDUCATION
 GRAPHIC DESIGN
 INFOGRAPHICS
 INFORMATION VISUALIZATION
 RATIONAL DRUG DESIGN
 SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION
 SPECIAL EFFECTS FOR CINEMA
 VIDEO GAMES
 VIRTUAL REALITY
 WEB DESIGN
 DESIGN