1. The document discusses computer-generated works and copyright protection. It defines computer-generated works as those created with little or no human intervention. 2. Works are classified as either generated by computer, where the software determines the form; generated using a computer as a tool; or intermediate works with significant contributions from both software and humans. 3. The concept of authorship requires originality from the source of the mental effort directing the particular expression, even if relying on machines for fixation. As long as minimum independent intellectual effort is directed at the output's form, authorship can exist in computer-generated works.

1. Computer
Generated Works
& Copyright
Protection

2. What are computer generated works
• Computer-generated works (CGW) can be
defined as those works that are created in total
absence or a little human intervention at the time
of the creation of the work.
• An example being weather forecasts generated
by computer. It is in direct communication with
weather satellite. Little skill is required beyond
turning the computer “on”.
• Operator cannot influence the contents or forms
of output.

9. • There is a continuum between, at one extreme,
‘computer-assisted’ works, and at the other
extreme, autonomously-generated works.
• The centre of the continuum is broad and
includes methods of production with varying
degrees of human intervention affecting the
form.
• Depending on the degree of human intervention,
the form of the output may be minimally,
significantly, or substantially determined by
software.

10. Classification Of CGW

11. 1.Works Generated By Computer
• Here, the software determines the particular form of the
output.
• while the programmer sets the rules and parameters in
which the software operates, the actual form of the
output is unpredictable.
• Eg; automated production of lists of numbers such as
sudoku puzzles or crosswords.
• The capture of raw data by computers located in
satellites, and the automated processing of the data to
produce images showing the contours of the Earth,
weather formations, the movements of planets or the
structure of galaxies.

12. • Any art practice where the artist uses a system,
such as a set of natural language rules, a
computer program, a machine, or other
procedural invention, which is set into motion
with some degree of autonomy contributing to or
resulting in a completed work of art.
• Examples include David Cope’s Experiments in
Musical Intelligence software, which writes new
musical works in the style of famous composers.

13. • It is doubtful whether such autonomously-
generated outputs are authored works because
the computer user is not ‘directing or fashioning
the material form of the work.
• Except in the broadest sense of producing a
desired output such as ‘music’, ‘art’ or
‘literature’, or even a list of random numbers.
• The user is responsible for the existence of the
output and its general form, but not its particular
form, and is really comparable to a human ‘on’
switch for random acts of creation.

14. 2. Works Generated using A Computer.
• Computer-assisted works will generally be
authored works. since software is used merely
as a tool to produce the work.
• These works are not computer generated, it is
the person who uses the computer to create the
work. He is recognized at the author.
• Eg; Document written using a word processor.

15. 3. Intermediate works
• The midway point on the continuum between
computer-assisted output and computer-
generated output is particularly problematic,
essentially because both the software and
humans make significant contributions to the
particular form of the output.
• Eg; software may modify a simple melody by
introducing harmonies, bass and rhythms or
roughly translate a novel into another language.

16. • At times, the degree of human involvement is so
attenuated that these works may well be classified as
wholly computer-generated works.
• These examples are not ‘computer-assisted’ works
because the software is not a mere tool, but significantly
fashions the material form of the output. Nor are they
generative works because the entire output is not
unpredictable.

17. • In case of novel translation, is broadly
predictable. Different possible words may be
used in a translation, resulting in the particular
translation being impossible to foresee.
• The overall structure and meaning of the
translation will remain similar to the source work,
due to the user directing a translated output of
certain words.
• Is there an author of the modified output?
• If software is applied to a work not authored by
the user, where is the original intellectual effort
of the user if the final shape of the work is
effected by software?

18. • It is at the same time a compilation, an
arrangement of the source work and the
software-modified elements.
• The question is whether the source author has
invested sufficient intellectual effort to be
regarded as an author?
• When considering the quantity of finished form,
authorship will be impossible if ‘much of the
contribution’ is due to the software, or if the
output is ‘essentially computer-generated’
‘almost entirely automated’ or ‘overwhelmingly
the work’ of the software.

19. • On a qualitative assessment, the relevant
questions are whether the source author was
‘controlling the nature of the material form
produced by’ the software, and whether the
software was the ‘transformative step’,
‘obviously fundamental’.

20. Concept Of Authorship
A. Authorship & Originality
• The term “author” is the person who brings a
work into existence in its maternal form.
• Author in CGW is the person by whom the
arrangements necessary for creation of work
are undertaken.
• The author is most importantly the source of
originality, a cornerstone of copyright
subsistence.

21. • The two expressions ‘author’ and ‘original work’
have always been correlative; the one connotes
the other.
• The Act itself by its own words requires the
double condition ‘author’ and ‘original work.’ The
scheme of protection is this: All literary works
are protected if ‘original.’ That is the only
condition … The word ‘original’ connotes the
‘authorship’.

22. • Two elements are required — origination of
something and an absence of copying. In this
respect, software-generated output is authored.
It has originated in the sense of being brought
into existence, and no pre-existing expression is
copied in the application of software.
1. Degree Of Mental Effort
• Originality requires neither novelty nor mental ingenuity
and the same copyright protection is given to both a
simple song and a great opera.

23. 2. Direction Of Mental Effort
• The author’s intellectual effort must be ‘directed to the
particular form of expression.
3. The Source of Mental Effort: Does the Author
Need to Personally Engage in Mental Effort?
• It is clear that an author need not supply both the mental
and fixation effort.
• An author can rely on another person or machine to
supply the fixation effort, provided the author’s mind
directs and shapes the output.

24. Conclusion
1.There must be authorship, in the sense of
materialising the work.
2. The author must personally engage in a
minimum degree of intellectual effort.
3. That effort must be directed to the particular
expression of the material output.
4. That effort must be independent in the sense
that the work must originate from the author and
not be copied.