COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION
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This document discusses different types of computers: macro computers, mini computers, mainframe computers, and super computers. Macro computers use macros to expand simple assembly language instructions into more complex statements. Mini computers are larger than microcomputers but smaller than mainframes, and were used as servers for business and science applications. Mainframe computers are high-performance machines for large-scale computing requiring high availability and security. Super computers can perform at the highest operational rates and have traditionally been used for scientific and engineering applications involving large datasets and extensive computation.
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The inclined manometer is a scientific device used to measure very low liquid and gas pressures with high accuracy. It consists of two tubes, one vertical and one inclined, connected to a reservoir. When pressure is applied to the reservoir, filled with a suitable liquid like water or mercury, the liquid rises in the inclined tube. This indicates the pressure level which is easy to read. Inclined manometers are made of acrylic or plastic and can measure pressure ranges from 0-12 mmWC to 0-100 mmWC, making them suitable for low pressure measurement applications requiring precision.
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A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure. There are several types of manometers including U-tube manometers, well type manometers, barometers, inclined tube manometers, and micromanometers. Each type uses the hydrostatic balance principle where pressure is measured by the height of the liquid column supported. For example, a well type manometer has one leg as a simple tube and the other as a large well, allowing small displacements in the well to create large changes in height of the simple tube.
Mass transfer
Mass transfer is the transport of material from one location to another due to a concentration gradient or partial pressure gradient. It plays an important role in many pharmaceutical processes that involve separating mixtures through operations like distillation, gas absorption, and liquid extraction. There are two main types of mass transfer: solid/fluid and fluid/fluid. Mass transfer occurs through molecular diffusion across a boundary layer and eddy diffusion in the bulk fluid, with molecular diffusion usually being the rate controlling step. Mass transfer can be represented mathematically using equations similar to heat transfer equations, with concentration or partial pressure gradients replacing temperature gradients. The rate of mass transfer can be increased by agitation, increased temperature, smaller particle size, and optimized equipment design that promotes turbulent flow
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Manometer
A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure. There are several types of manometers including U-tube manometers, well type manometers, barometers, inclined tube manometers, and micromanometers. Each type uses the hydrostatic balance principle where pressure is measured by the height of the liquid column supported. For example, a well type manometer has one leg as a simple tube and the other as a large well, allowing small displacements in the well to create large changes in height of the simple tube.
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The document discusses the mechanism of size reduction through crushing and grinding. It explains that size reduction is done to increase surface area for reactions, improve leaching efficiency, and for other purposes. The key points are:
1. Size reduction depends on factors like the material's internal structure, hardness, and the process used. It involves opening existing cracks or creating new surfaces.
2. Only a small fraction (0.1-2%) of the energy supplied is used to create new surface area. The type of force applied and how force is applied affects energy efficiency.
3. Materials have a "grind limit" where little additional size reduction occurs despite continued grinding. Crack propagation is important to size reduction.
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A rotameter is a variable area flow meter that measures fluid flow rate. It consists of a tapered glass or metal tube with a float inside that rises as flow rate increases. As fluid enters the bottom of the tapered tube, the float is pushed upward by drag force from the fluid until it reaches equilibrium where drag equals weight. The height of the float corresponds to flow rate and is read on an adjacent scale. Rotameters are simple, reliable, and provide a linear scale but must be mounted vertically and are susceptible to measurement uncertainty.
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REYNOLDS NUMBER
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VENTURIMETER -Application of Bernoulli's Law
A venturimeter uses Bernoulli's theorem to measure fluid flow rate in a pipe. It consists of a converging cone that accelerates the fluid, a cylindrical throat where pressure is measured, and a diverging cone that recovers pressure. By relating the pressure difference between the inlet and throat to the velocity difference via Bernoulli's equation, the flow rate can be calculated. Venturimeters are commonly used to measure gasoline or blood flow. While accurate, they are more expensive and bulky than orifice meters.
Types of turbine
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work. Also a turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. According to the fluid used:
• Water Turbine
• Steam Turbine
• Gas Turbine
• Wind Turbine
Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific designs differ sufficiently to merit separate descriptions.
Working Principle Water Turbine
• When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are displaced, which produces rotational energy.
• When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric generator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
• This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.
In a hydraulic turbine, water is used as the source of energy. Water or hydraulic turbines convert kinetic and potential energies of the water into mechanical power. Water turbines are mostly found in dams to generate electric power from water kinetic energy.
Classification
Based on hydraulic action of water
Based on direction of flow
Based on head of water and quantity of flow
Based on specific speed
Based on disposition of turbine shaft
Based on name of originator (commonly used turbines)
Flow measurement
Principles of Fluid Flow in Pipes
The Orifice Plate
The Venturi Tube
Positive Displacement Flowmeters
Dimensionless numbers
The document summarizes 17 important dimensionless numbers used in engineering calculations involving fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer. It provides the definitions and physical meanings of each number, such as the Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr), Nusselt number (Nu), Schmidt number (Sc), and Grashof number (Gr). The document also derives some key relationships between different dimensionless numbers using concepts like dimensional analysis.
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Overview:
Clemens Herschel (March 23, 1842 – March 1, 1930) was an American hydraulic engineer. He is best known for developing the Venturi-meter, which was the first large-scale, accurate device for measuring water flow.
A Venturi-meter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
It is used to calculate the velocity of fluids running through a pipeline.
The fluid may be a liquid or a gas.
By reducing the cross-section area of flow passage, a pressure difference is created and the measurement of pressure difference enables the determination of discharge through pipe.
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There are several types of computers including mainframe computers, known for their large size, storage, processing power and reliability to replace dozens of servers; supercomputers that have high performance compared to general computers; workstation computers that are more capable than personal computers but less than servers for scientific and engineering tasks; personal computers for individual use running commercial software; Macintosh computers being the first successful all-in-one desktop computer with a graphical interface and mouse; and laptop computers with thin displays that are more expensive than desktops due to more difficult design and manufacture.
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Supercomputers have CPUs that operate at faster speeds than standard computers. Their designers optimize circuit functions and minimize circuit length to speed information transfer between memory and the CPU. Supercomputers perform complex calculations faster using pipelining, which groups and passes data to the CPU in an orderly manner, and parallelism, which performs multiple calculations simultaneously using multiple CPUs. Massively parallel processing supercomputers connect many machines to achieve high levels of parallelism.
basics of the computer system part -1
hi friends
welcome to my slide share. An easy way to learn computer .
In this video I am going to tell you about basic of the computer system part -1 .
for more information please watch our SlideShare till end.....
Computer types
Computers can be classified based on their speed, power, and intended use. Personal computers (PCs) are designed for individual use and have moderate power. Workstations are similar to PCs but more powerful and intended for engineering, publishing, and software development. Mini computers support up to 250 users simultaneously while mainframes support hundreds to thousands of users and execute many programs concurrently. Supercomputers are extremely fast and capable of hundreds of millions of instructions per second, used for specialized applications requiring immense calculations.
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There are four main types of computers: supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Supercomputers can perform the highest level of computations and are used for scientific and engineering applications involving large datasets. Mainframes are large, reliable computers used by large organizations for mission critical applications requiring high volume data processing. Minicomputers fill the gap between mainframes and microcomputers, being smaller than the former and larger than the latter, used mostly as servers for business and science applications. Microcomputers, now simply known as personal computers, have CPUs as microprocessors and are designed for individual use.
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The document defines and describes different types of computers based on their size, power, and intended uses. It discusses personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It also covers different form factors for personal computers including desktop models, tower models, notebooks, subnotebooks, handhelds, palmtops, and PDAs. The key characteristics and components of all computers are also outlined.
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This document discusses molecular diffusion in gases through three parts. Part I introduces concepts like mass transfer, diffusion, convection and Fick's laws of diffusion. It also defines terms like mass concentration, molar concentration, mass fraction and mole fraction. Part II discusses different types of diffusion like equimolar counter diffusion and diffusion with convection. It also covers diffusion through varying cross-sectional areas. Part III describes experimental methods to determine diffusion coefficients for gases through experiments using two vessels connected by a capillary tube. It also briefly discusses multicomponent diffusion and mass transfer coefficients.
Laminar turbulent
The document discusses laminar and turbulent flows in pipes and how they influence energy losses. Laminar flow occurs at low velocities, with fluid moving in separate layers without mixing. Turbulent flow occurs at high velocities with considerable mixing. The Reynolds number characterizes the transition between laminar and turbulent flow, and is used to determine head losses, which vary based on flow type. Head losses are also influenced by pipe roughness and can be calculated using methods like Darcy-Weisbach or Hazen-Williams equations. Pumps add head while motors remove it, and the efficiency of these devices relates their power to the hydraulic power of the system.
Filtration
Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a porous medium that retains the solids. There are two main types - surface filtration and depth filtration. Filtration finds applications in producing sterile products, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater treatment. Key factors that influence filtration include properties of the solid, liquid, and slurry as well as temperature. Selection of the appropriate filter depends on the fluid properties, solid properties, concentration, flow rate, and sterilization needs.
Mechanism of size reduction
The document discusses the mechanism of size reduction through crushing and grinding. It explains that size reduction is done to increase surface area for reactions, improve leaching efficiency, and for other purposes. The key points are:
1. Size reduction depends on factors like the material's internal structure, hardness, and the process used. It involves opening existing cracks or creating new surfaces.
2. Only a small fraction (0.1-2%) of the energy supplied is used to create new surface area. The type of force applied and how force is applied affects energy efficiency.
3. Materials have a "grind limit" where little additional size reduction occurs despite continued grinding. Crack propagation is important to size reduction.
ROTAMETER: ITS CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
A rotameter is a variable area flow meter that measures fluid flow rate. It consists of a tapered glass or metal tube with a float inside that rises as flow rate increases. As fluid enters the bottom of the tapered tube, the float is pushed upward by drag force from the fluid until it reaches equilibrium where drag equals weight. The height of the float corresponds to flow rate and is read on an adjacent scale. Rotameters are simple, reliable, and provide a linear scale but must be mounted vertically and are susceptible to measurement uncertainty.
Valve characteristics
Valves control fluid flow by varying the pressure applied to the valve stem. A valve's characteristic describes the relationship between stem position and flow rate. For a given fluid and temperatures, flow is a function of stem lift, upstream pressure, and downstream pressure. Valves can have linear, decreasing sensitivity, or increasing sensitivity characteristics. A linear valve has constant sensitivity where flow is directly proportional to lift. An equal percentage valve's sensitivity increases with lift, maintaining an equal percentage change in flow for equal percentage changes in lift. This compensates for line losses and produces a nearly linear effective characteristic.
Centrifugal pump
The document discusses centrifugal pumps. It describes how centrifugal pumps work by converting mechanical energy to hydraulic energy using centrifugal force. They work on the principle of forced vortex flow. Key components include an impeller that rotates and accelerates the fluid outward, and a casing that captures the fluid and converts its kinetic energy to pressure. Centrifugal pumps are used to pump liquids like water, sewage, petroleum and more. Performance curves are used to predict pump behavior under different operating conditions.
Filtrtion
The document discusses various filtration methods and terms used in filtration. It describes different types of filtration processes like clarification, ultrafiltration, and cake filtration. It also discusses factors affecting filtration rate and various filter media used including filter paper, woven materials, membranes, and sintered glass. Different types of filters are also summarized like gravity filters, vacuum filters, pressure filters, and centrifugal filters. Rotary vacuum filters and pressure filters are described in more detail.
REYNOLDS NUMBER
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that quantifies the ratio of inertial to viscous forces within a fluid, and can be used to predict laminar or turbulent flow. It is calculated by taking the product of a fluid's density, velocity, and characteristic linear dimension, divided by the fluid's viscosity. A Reynolds number less than 2300 typically indicates laminar flow, between 2300-4000 is transitional, and greater than 4000 is turbulent flow. The Reynolds number is an important concept in fluid dynamics used to analyze conditions that could lead to turbulent blood flow.
VENTURIMETER -Application of Bernoulli's Law
A venturimeter uses Bernoulli's theorem to measure fluid flow rate in a pipe. It consists of a converging cone that accelerates the fluid, a cylindrical throat where pressure is measured, and a diverging cone that recovers pressure. By relating the pressure difference between the inlet and throat to the velocity difference via Bernoulli's equation, the flow rate can be calculated. Venturimeters are commonly used to measure gasoline or blood flow. While accurate, they are more expensive and bulky than orifice meters.
Types of turbine
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work. Also a turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. According to the fluid used:
• Water Turbine
• Steam Turbine
• Gas Turbine
• Wind Turbine
Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific designs differ sufficiently to merit separate descriptions.
Working Principle Water Turbine
• When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are displaced, which produces rotational energy.
• When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric generator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
• This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.
In a hydraulic turbine, water is used as the source of energy. Water or hydraulic turbines convert kinetic and potential energies of the water into mechanical power. Water turbines are mostly found in dams to generate electric power from water kinetic energy.
Classification
Based on hydraulic action of water
Based on direction of flow
Based on head of water and quantity of flow
Based on specific speed
Based on disposition of turbine shaft
Based on name of originator (commonly used turbines)
Flow measurement
Principles of Fluid Flow in Pipes
The Orifice Plate
The Venturi Tube
Positive Displacement Flowmeters
Dimensionless numbers
The document summarizes 17 important dimensionless numbers used in engineering calculations involving fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer. It provides the definitions and physical meanings of each number, such as the Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr), Nusselt number (Nu), Schmidt number (Sc), and Grashof number (Gr). The document also derives some key relationships between different dimensionless numbers using concepts like dimensional analysis.
Heat exchangers and types
A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two or more fluids. There are several types of heat exchangers, including parallel-flow, counter-flow, cross-flow, double pipe, shell and tube, plate, and spiral. Heat exchangers are widely used in applications like heating, cooling, chemical processes, and power generation to efficiently exchange heat between fluids. Proper selection and maintenance of heat exchangers depends on factors such as temperature ranges, pressure, materials, fouling potential, and cleanability.
Venturimeter
History of Venturi meter, Introduction, Construction, Working Principle, Types of Venturi meter, Limitations & Precautions
, Characteristics of Venturi-meter, Applications of Venturi-meter
, Advantages & Disadvantages.
Overview:
Clemens Herschel (March 23, 1842 – March 1, 1930) was an American hydraulic engineer. He is best known for developing the Venturi-meter, which was the first large-scale, accurate device for measuring water flow.
A Venturi-meter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
It is used to calculate the velocity of fluids running through a pipeline.
The fluid may be a liquid or a gas.
By reducing the cross-section area of flow passage, a pressure difference is created and the measurement of pressure difference enables the determination of discharge through pipe.
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Similar to COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION
Computers types
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols according to a set of instructions. Modern computers are electronic and digital, with hardware components like the CPU, memory, mass storage, and input/output devices, as well as software. Computers can be classified based on their size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, or supercomputers. Personal computers are small, single-user machines that are now commonly based on Intel microprocessors and used for tasks like word processing, games, and internet browsing.
COMPUTER AND ITS TYPES.pptx
There are several types of computers including mainframe computers, known for their large size, storage, processing power and reliability to replace dozens of servers; supercomputers that have high performance compared to general computers; workstation computers that are more capable than personal computers but less than servers for scientific and engineering tasks; personal computers for individual use running commercial software; Macintosh computers being the first successful all-in-one desktop computer with a graphical interface and mouse; and laptop computers with thin displays that are more expensive than desktops due to more difficult design and manufacture.
Computer's clasification
Supercomputers have CPUs that operate at faster speeds than standard computers. Their designers optimize circuit functions and minimize circuit length to speed information transfer between memory and the CPU. Supercomputers perform complex calculations faster using pipelining, which groups and passes data to the CPU in an orderly manner, and parallelism, which performs multiple calculations simultaneously using multiple CPUs. Massively parallel processing supercomputers connect many machines to achieve high levels of parallelism.
basics of the computer system part -1
hi friends
welcome to my slide share. An easy way to learn computer .
In this video I am going to tell you about basic of the computer system part -1 .
for more information please watch our SlideShare till end.....
Computer types
Computers can be classified based on their speed, power, and intended use. Personal computers (PCs) are designed for individual use and have moderate power. Workstations are similar to PCs but more powerful and intended for engineering, publishing, and software development. Mini computers support up to 250 users simultaneously while mainframes support hundreds to thousands of users and execute many programs concurrently. Supercomputers are extremely fast and capable of hundreds of millions of instructions per second, used for specialized applications requiring immense calculations.
types of computer
There are four main types of computers: supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Supercomputers can perform the highest level of computations and are used for scientific and engineering applications involving large datasets. Mainframes are large, reliable computers used by large organizations for mission critical applications requiring high volume data processing. Minicomputers fill the gap between mainframes and microcomputers, being smaller than the former and larger than the latter, used mostly as servers for business and science applications. Microcomputers, now simply known as personal computers, have CPUs as microprocessors and are designed for individual use.
Computers types
The document defines and describes different types of computers based on their size, power, and intended uses. It discusses personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It also covers different form factors for personal computers including desktop models, tower models, notebooks, subnotebooks, handhelds, palmtops, and PDAs. The key characteristics and components of all computers are also outlined.
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Computers are classified based on their speed and computing power. Personal computers or PCs are single-user systems with moderately powerful microprocessors. Workstations are also single-user systems similar to PCs but have more powerful microprocessors. Minicomputers and mainframes are multi-user systems capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously, while supercomputers are extremely fast systems that can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
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Gilberto Teodoro, Sr. was the longest serving administrator of the Philippines' Social Security System (SSS) from 1966 to 1986. During his leadership, he launched several new programs that became the blueprint for SSS's success, including educational loans, calamity loans, and investment incentive loans. He also oversaw the decentralization of SSS operations, which sped up loan and benefit processing and increased registration in rural areas by allowing payments through authorized banks instead of requiring in-person visits to the head office. Teodoro's initiatives during his 20 years as SSS administrator helped establish the agency and make it more accessible to Filipinos nationwide.
DISCOVERING COMPUTERS
THE PRESENTATION WILL INFORM READERS ABOUT WHAT IS A COMPUTER, TYPES OF COMPUTERS AND THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS.
Micro Assembler
This document discusses a term paper on micro assemblers. It begins with an introduction that defines a micro assembler as a program that helps prepare microcode to control low-level computer operations, similar to how an assembler prepares code for a processor. It then discusses assembly language, assemblers, microassemblers, micro assembly language, applications and benefits of microassemblers in 3 paragraphs or less.
Classification of computers with respect to size
This document classifies computers into four main types based on size, speed, and cost: microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. Microcomputers are the smallest and are used for personal computing. Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers and are used for departmental systems and networking. Mainframe computers are very large, powerful, and used for large organizations. Supercomputers are the most powerful and used for complex calculations in fields like weather forecasting and weapons simulation.
Computer Introduction-Lecture01
Computer Introduction-Lecture01 for applied scince college students, Seiyun University , yemen 2023-2024 Academic year. لطلاب كلية العلوم التطبيقية بجامعة سيئون
مقدمة في علوم الحاسوب المحاضرة الاولى مقدمة
Intro on computers
The document defines various types of computers and components. It states that a computer is a programmable machine that can execute a prerecorded list of instructions. It then defines different types of computers based on their size and power, including personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It also defines key internal computer components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output components. The document provides detailed descriptions and comparisons of microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors.
Ix Computer Applications ch 1 Computer System
This document discusses different types of computers including microcomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It defines a microcomputer as an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU), and notes that microcomputers were formerly used to refer to personal computers. Mainframes are described as computers used by large organizations for critical applications and bulk data processing. Supercomputers are defined as having a high level of performance compared to general-purpose computers, with their speed measured in floating-point operations per second rather than million instructions per second. The document concludes by stating that as of November 2020, Fugaku, located in Japan, is the world's fastest supercomputer.
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COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION
- 1. WELCOME TO COMPUTER SYSTEM SUBMITTED BY Gobinda Choudhury B.Voc 1st Sem GUIDED BY MADHUSMITA DAS MCA ABHAYAPURI COLLEGE, ABHAYAPURI
- 2. COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION MACRO COMPUTER MINI COMPUTER MAINFRAME COMPUTER SUPER COMPUTER
- 3. MACRO COMPUTER A macro is a set of commands that expands to a larger simpler set. In assembly language, a simple mnemonic for an instruction maps 1:1 to a binary (or hex) value. But a macro assembler lets you write more complex statements that map to multiple instructions. This is not quite the same as compilation, which uses a higher level of abstraction.
- 4. MINI COMPUTER A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size. A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer, and is smaller than the former but larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly used as small or midrange servers operating business and scientific applications. However, the use of the term minicomputer has diminished and has merged with servers.
- 5. MAINFRAME COMPUTER A mainframe (also known as "big iron") is a high-performance computer used for large-scale computing purposes that require greater availability and security than a smaller-scale machine can offer. Historically, mainframes have been associated with centralized rather than distributed computing, although that distinction is blurring as smaller computers become more powerful and mainframes become more multi- purpose. Today, IBM emphasizes that their mainframes can be used to serve distributed users and smaller servers in a computing network.
- 6. THANK YOU
- 7. SUPER COMPUTER A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computers. Traditionally, supercomputers have been used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases or do a great amount of computation