This is my report in MIS at PNU MA class. All the materials (e.g.text, graphics, images) I used were downloaded from the net. I just came up for some important details and proceeded with the presentation..
Ix CBSE Computer Application Ch 2 Types of HardwareArchana Dwivedi
The document provides information on different types of computer hardware including input, output, memory, and storage devices. It discusses the main components of a computer system including the CPU, RAM, ROM, and different internal and external storage devices. For input devices it covers keyboards, mice, microphones, scanners, touch screens, and barcode readers. The output devices section examines monitors including CRT, LCD, plasma and OLED displays as well as printers and speakers. It also mentions plotters and projectors. The document includes facts about computer memory, Douglas Engelbart inventing the mouse, refresh rates, supercomputers, and 3D food printers.
Ix Computer Applications ch 1 Computer SystemArchana Dwivedi
This document discusses different types of computers including microcomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It defines a microcomputer as an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU), and notes that microcomputers were formerly used to refer to personal computers. Mainframes are described as computers used by large organizations for critical applications and bulk data processing. Supercomputers are defined as having a high level of performance compared to general-purpose computers, with their speed measured in floating-point operations per second rather than million instructions per second. The document concludes by stating that as of November 2020, Fugaku, located in Japan, is the world's fastest supercomputer.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and related computer hardware components. It defines key terms like microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, and computer types from personal computers to supercomputers. The summary discusses the basic components of all computers, including memory, storage, input/output devices, and the central processing unit (CPU). It also defines the roles of microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors.
This document provides lecture notes on cloud computing. It begins with an introduction to cloud computing, defining key terms like distributed computing, grid computing, parallel computing, and cloud characteristics. It then discusses the evolution of distributed computing platforms from mainframes to today's internet clouds. The document outlines common cloud computing models including Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). It also covers essential cloud computing characteristics like elasticity, on-demand provisioning, and the benefits of cloud computing.
This document discusses computer architecture and microprocessors. It covers early Von Neumann architecture from 1940 and its features. It then discusses improvements with 32-bit conventional microprocessors including higher data throughput, larger addressing ranges, and faster clock speeds. Additional functions were added to microprocessors like memory management units, floating point units, and interrupt controllers. The document also covers concepts like pipelining, cache memory, memory interleaving, and parallel architectures that were developed to increase processing speeds as technology advanced.
The document discusses various components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, input, and output devices. It provides details on CPU clock speed, cores, types of processors from Intel. It describes the hierarchy of memory from primary like RAM and ROM to secondary storage such as hard disks, CDs, DVDs. Input devices covered include keyboards, mice, joysticks, and scanners. Output devices discussed are monitors, printers, plotters and projectors.
This document defines and categorizes different types of computers. It discusses mobile computers, microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers, servers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, and special purpose computers. Microcomputers are single-user devices with smaller storage and slower speeds than other types. Workstations are more powerful desktops used for tasks like engineering. Minicomputers supported up to 200 users but have become obsolete. Servers manage network resources. Mainframes can support thousands of users for organizations with large data needs. Supercomputers have extremely high processing power for complex tasks. Special purpose computers are built for dedicated functions.
The document provides an introduction to digital computers, including their components, characteristics, types, and generations. It discusses the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It describes the components of a computer system including input, storage, processing, output, and control units. It also covers topics like analog computers, digital computers, microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
Ix CBSE Computer Application Ch 2 Types of HardwareArchana Dwivedi
The document provides information on different types of computer hardware including input, output, memory, and storage devices. It discusses the main components of a computer system including the CPU, RAM, ROM, and different internal and external storage devices. For input devices it covers keyboards, mice, microphones, scanners, touch screens, and barcode readers. The output devices section examines monitors including CRT, LCD, plasma and OLED displays as well as printers and speakers. It also mentions plotters and projectors. The document includes facts about computer memory, Douglas Engelbart inventing the mouse, refresh rates, supercomputers, and 3D food printers.
Ix Computer Applications ch 1 Computer SystemArchana Dwivedi
This document discusses different types of computers including microcomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It defines a microcomputer as an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU), and notes that microcomputers were formerly used to refer to personal computers. Mainframes are described as computers used by large organizations for critical applications and bulk data processing. Supercomputers are defined as having a high level of performance compared to general-purpose computers, with their speed measured in floating-point operations per second rather than million instructions per second. The document concludes by stating that as of November 2020, Fugaku, located in Japan, is the world's fastest supercomputer.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and related computer hardware components. It defines key terms like microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, and computer types from personal computers to supercomputers. The summary discusses the basic components of all computers, including memory, storage, input/output devices, and the central processing unit (CPU). It also defines the roles of microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors.
This document provides lecture notes on cloud computing. It begins with an introduction to cloud computing, defining key terms like distributed computing, grid computing, parallel computing, and cloud characteristics. It then discusses the evolution of distributed computing platforms from mainframes to today's internet clouds. The document outlines common cloud computing models including Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). It also covers essential cloud computing characteristics like elasticity, on-demand provisioning, and the benefits of cloud computing.
This document discusses computer architecture and microprocessors. It covers early Von Neumann architecture from 1940 and its features. It then discusses improvements with 32-bit conventional microprocessors including higher data throughput, larger addressing ranges, and faster clock speeds. Additional functions were added to microprocessors like memory management units, floating point units, and interrupt controllers. The document also covers concepts like pipelining, cache memory, memory interleaving, and parallel architectures that were developed to increase processing speeds as technology advanced.
The document discusses various components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, input, and output devices. It provides details on CPU clock speed, cores, types of processors from Intel. It describes the hierarchy of memory from primary like RAM and ROM to secondary storage such as hard disks, CDs, DVDs. Input devices covered include keyboards, mice, joysticks, and scanners. Output devices discussed are monitors, printers, plotters and projectors.
This document defines and categorizes different types of computers. It discusses mobile computers, microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers, servers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, and special purpose computers. Microcomputers are single-user devices with smaller storage and slower speeds than other types. Workstations are more powerful desktops used for tasks like engineering. Minicomputers supported up to 200 users but have become obsolete. Servers manage network resources. Mainframes can support thousands of users for organizations with large data needs. Supercomputers have extremely high processing power for complex tasks. Special purpose computers are built for dedicated functions.
The document provides an introduction to digital computers, including their components, characteristics, types, and generations. It discusses the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It describes the components of a computer system including input, storage, processing, output, and control units. It also covers topics like analog computers, digital computers, microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
This document provides information about different types of computers:
- Digital computers operate using binary digits (0s and 1s) and can be classified by purpose (special vs general) and size/performance (microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, supercomputers).
- Analog computers use continuously variable physical quantities like voltage to model problems. Hybrid computers have features of both analog and digital computers.
- The document describes characteristics of microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers and provides examples of computers in each category. It also briefly discusses analog, hybrid, and personal computers.
This document discusses various types of computers and components. It begins by defining a computer and its basic characteristics of being programmable and able to execute stored instructions. The main hardware components of all computers are then described as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, mass storage, input/output devices. Types of computers are then classified based on size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors are also defined. The document provides detailed descriptions of the architecture and characteristics of these various computer components.
Intel's 2010 roadmap focuses on accelerating PC adoption globally through expanding the market with netbooks and entry-level PCs. Key elements include transitioning client platforms to 32nm Westmere processors for higher integration and efficiency, and introducing dual-core processors for ultra-thin laptops. The roadmap also details the "Pine Trail" platform for second generation netbooks with integrated graphics and memory controller.
The document provides information about processors and CPU terminology. It defines terms like data bus, address bus, registers, instruction set, and cache. It describes how CPUs work using transistors and how manufacturers like Intel and AMD make CPUs. It outlines the components of CPUs like execution cores, arithmetic logic units, and memory controllers. The document provides a timeline of CPUs from the 1970s to recent years to show advances in processing power and core counts.
This document discusses different types of computers including minicomputers and supercomputers. Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes in size and capabilities like speed and storage. They are versatile and used by companies for tasks like inventory management. Supercomputers are the largest and most powerful computers, able to process vast amounts of data at very high speeds. They are used for demanding applications in fields like weather forecasting, aircraft design, and nuclear research. The document also notes future trends like web-based applications and application service providers that could simplify computing.
This document discusses different types of computers categorized by functionality, size, speed, and cost. It describes analog computers that use continuously variable aspects like electrical signals to model problems, digital computers that use binary digits to perform calculations and operations, and hybrid computers that have both analog and digital components. The document also discusses classification by size as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. It provides examples and characteristics of each type.
This is a power point presentation on hp workstation.
I hope you will enjoy this and it will help you to clear about you'r thinking on not only workstation but also the other IT product and the competitive market with Dell and Lenovo.
Mainframe computers are extremely large and powerful machines that can process large amounts of data quickly. They contain multiple fast processors that can either work together on shared tasks or separately on individual tasks. Mainframe computers have large memory capacities of several terabytes and use hard disk packs and tape backups for data storage. Users connect to mainframes through dumb terminals with no local processing or memory.
Gilberto Teodoro, Sr. was the longest serving administrator of the Philippines' Social Security System (SSS) from 1966 to 1986. During his leadership, he launched several new programs that became the blueprint for SSS's success, including educational loans, calamity loans, and investment incentive loans. He also oversaw the decentralization of SSS operations, which sped up loan and benefit processing and increased registration in rural areas by allowing payments through authorized banks instead of requiring in-person visits to the head office. Teodoro's initiatives during his 20 years as SSS administrator helped establish the agency and make it more accessible to Filipinos nationwide.
The document discusses different types of operating systems including timesharing, parallel, distributed, and personal computing operating systems. It provides details on timesharing systems, explaining their evolution and how they work using concepts like multiprocessing and multitasking. Round robin scheduling is also explained along with the advantages and disadvantages of timesharing. Examples of early timesharing systems like Dartmouth Time-Sharing System are given. Parallel and distributed systems are defined along with their applications. Finally, some popular personal computing operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows NT, 95, 98, XP, CE and Linux are briefly outlined.
This document provides an introduction to high performance computer architecture and multiprocessors. It discusses how initial improvements in computer performance came from innovative manufacturing techniques and exploitation of instruction level parallelism (ILP). More recently, exploiting thread and process level parallelism across multiple processors has become a focus. The key types of multiprocessor architectures discussed are symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs) and distributed memory computers which use message passing. SMPs connect multiple processors to a shared memory using a bus, while distributed memory computers require explicit message passing between separate processor memories.
The document discusses different types of computers including personal computers, laptops, desktops, tablets, smartphones, mainframes, servers, supercomputers, and more. It provides details on their characteristics, components, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. The types of computers vary in size, portability, power, and intended uses from scientific and business applications to personal and mobile devices.
The document discusses the evolution of computers from mechanical to modern transistor-based machines. It describes the major components of a computer including the processor, memory, storage, and input/output devices. It also classifies different types of computers like supercomputers, mainframes, servers, desktops, and portables based on their capabilities and applications.
The document discusses different types and classifications of computers. It describes analog computers that process continuously varying data, digital computers that manipulate data with accuracy, and hybrid computers that combine analog and digital elements. Computers are classified by size and capability as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It provides details on different forms of computers including desktop PCs, notebooks, handheld devices, workstations, multimedia computers, and server systems.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and 1970s to link university computers. The adoption of TCP/IP in the 1980s allowed the ARPANET to evolve into the Internet. The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in the early 1990s and gained widespread popularity with the release of graphical web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape Navigator in the mid-1990s. The document also provides definitions and explanations of key Internet technologies like HTML, URLs, and how the client-server model allows web pages and content to be accessed over the Internet.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It explains that memory can be classified as primary memory (RAM) or secondary memory. RAM is volatile and holds active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and holds permanent instructions. The document outlines different types of ROM (PROM, EPROM, EEPROM) and describes their characteristics, such as being programmable, erasable with ultraviolet light, or erasable electronically on an individual byte level. Flash memory, often used in portable devices, is also discussed.
This document defines and describes several types of computers. It discusses personal computers (PCs), which were originally known as microcomputers. It also covers desktop computers, laptops, netbooks, PDAs, handheld computers, workstations, servers, mainframes, supercomputers, and the emerging category of wearable computers. For each type, it provides brief details about their typical size, portability, power, and intended uses.
nicely view , types of computer know information and lots of picture in computers and parts of fields.
here three category divide to know computer struture .
Digital computers use electronic technology to process data represented as strings of 1s and 0s. There are several types of computers:
Microcomputers are small and inexpensive, containing a microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices like PCs. Minicomputers emerged in the 1960s, filling the space between mainframes and microcomputers. Mainframes are large, reliable computers used for mission-critical tasks requiring high volumes of data. Supercomputers have tens of thousands of processors capable of billions of calculations per second, used for massive computing tasks.
The document discusses different types of computers categorized by processor, field of use, data processed, and form. There are mainframe computers, mini computers, personal computers, and supercomputers categorized by processor. Computers are also generalized as general purpose or special purpose based on field of use. The types based on data processed are analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. Finally, computers come in the forms of desktops, towers, portables, laptops/notebooks, sub-notebooks, and palmtops. In total there are many different ways computers can be classified and defined based on their processing power, intended use, data handling abilities,
The document classifies computers into 5 categories - super computers, mainframes, mini computers, micro computers. It also describes the 5 generations of computers from vacuum tubes to today's artificial intelligence-based computers. The generations saw a transition from large room-sized computers to today's portable devices driven by advances in integrated circuits and microprocessors.
Supercomputers have CPUs that operate at faster speeds than standard computers. Their designers optimize circuit functions and minimize circuit length to speed information transfer between memory and the CPU. Supercomputers perform complex calculations faster using pipelining, which groups and passes data to the CPU in an orderly manner, and parallelism, which performs multiple calculations simultaneously using multiple CPUs. Massively parallel processing supercomputers connect many machines to achieve high levels of parallelism.
This document provides information about different types of computers:
- Digital computers operate using binary digits (0s and 1s) and can be classified by purpose (special vs general) and size/performance (microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, supercomputers).
- Analog computers use continuously variable physical quantities like voltage to model problems. Hybrid computers have features of both analog and digital computers.
- The document describes characteristics of microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers and provides examples of computers in each category. It also briefly discusses analog, hybrid, and personal computers.
This document discusses various types of computers and components. It begins by defining a computer and its basic characteristics of being programmable and able to execute stored instructions. The main hardware components of all computers are then described as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, mass storage, input/output devices. Types of computers are then classified based on size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors are also defined. The document provides detailed descriptions of the architecture and characteristics of these various computer components.
Intel's 2010 roadmap focuses on accelerating PC adoption globally through expanding the market with netbooks and entry-level PCs. Key elements include transitioning client platforms to 32nm Westmere processors for higher integration and efficiency, and introducing dual-core processors for ultra-thin laptops. The roadmap also details the "Pine Trail" platform for second generation netbooks with integrated graphics and memory controller.
The document provides information about processors and CPU terminology. It defines terms like data bus, address bus, registers, instruction set, and cache. It describes how CPUs work using transistors and how manufacturers like Intel and AMD make CPUs. It outlines the components of CPUs like execution cores, arithmetic logic units, and memory controllers. The document provides a timeline of CPUs from the 1970s to recent years to show advances in processing power and core counts.
This document discusses different types of computers including minicomputers and supercomputers. Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes in size and capabilities like speed and storage. They are versatile and used by companies for tasks like inventory management. Supercomputers are the largest and most powerful computers, able to process vast amounts of data at very high speeds. They are used for demanding applications in fields like weather forecasting, aircraft design, and nuclear research. The document also notes future trends like web-based applications and application service providers that could simplify computing.
This document discusses different types of computers categorized by functionality, size, speed, and cost. It describes analog computers that use continuously variable aspects like electrical signals to model problems, digital computers that use binary digits to perform calculations and operations, and hybrid computers that have both analog and digital components. The document also discusses classification by size as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. It provides examples and characteristics of each type.
This is a power point presentation on hp workstation.
I hope you will enjoy this and it will help you to clear about you'r thinking on not only workstation but also the other IT product and the competitive market with Dell and Lenovo.
Mainframe computers are extremely large and powerful machines that can process large amounts of data quickly. They contain multiple fast processors that can either work together on shared tasks or separately on individual tasks. Mainframe computers have large memory capacities of several terabytes and use hard disk packs and tape backups for data storage. Users connect to mainframes through dumb terminals with no local processing or memory.
Gilberto Teodoro, Sr. was the longest serving administrator of the Philippines' Social Security System (SSS) from 1966 to 1986. During his leadership, he launched several new programs that became the blueprint for SSS's success, including educational loans, calamity loans, and investment incentive loans. He also oversaw the decentralization of SSS operations, which sped up loan and benefit processing and increased registration in rural areas by allowing payments through authorized banks instead of requiring in-person visits to the head office. Teodoro's initiatives during his 20 years as SSS administrator helped establish the agency and make it more accessible to Filipinos nationwide.
The document discusses different types of operating systems including timesharing, parallel, distributed, and personal computing operating systems. It provides details on timesharing systems, explaining their evolution and how they work using concepts like multiprocessing and multitasking. Round robin scheduling is also explained along with the advantages and disadvantages of timesharing. Examples of early timesharing systems like Dartmouth Time-Sharing System are given. Parallel and distributed systems are defined along with their applications. Finally, some popular personal computing operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows NT, 95, 98, XP, CE and Linux are briefly outlined.
This document provides an introduction to high performance computer architecture and multiprocessors. It discusses how initial improvements in computer performance came from innovative manufacturing techniques and exploitation of instruction level parallelism (ILP). More recently, exploiting thread and process level parallelism across multiple processors has become a focus. The key types of multiprocessor architectures discussed are symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs) and distributed memory computers which use message passing. SMPs connect multiple processors to a shared memory using a bus, while distributed memory computers require explicit message passing between separate processor memories.
The document discusses different types of computers including personal computers, laptops, desktops, tablets, smartphones, mainframes, servers, supercomputers, and more. It provides details on their characteristics, components, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. The types of computers vary in size, portability, power, and intended uses from scientific and business applications to personal and mobile devices.
The document discusses the evolution of computers from mechanical to modern transistor-based machines. It describes the major components of a computer including the processor, memory, storage, and input/output devices. It also classifies different types of computers like supercomputers, mainframes, servers, desktops, and portables based on their capabilities and applications.
The document discusses different types and classifications of computers. It describes analog computers that process continuously varying data, digital computers that manipulate data with accuracy, and hybrid computers that combine analog and digital elements. Computers are classified by size and capability as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It provides details on different forms of computers including desktop PCs, notebooks, handheld devices, workstations, multimedia computers, and server systems.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and 1970s to link university computers. The adoption of TCP/IP in the 1980s allowed the ARPANET to evolve into the Internet. The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in the early 1990s and gained widespread popularity with the release of graphical web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape Navigator in the mid-1990s. The document also provides definitions and explanations of key Internet technologies like HTML, URLs, and how the client-server model allows web pages and content to be accessed over the Internet.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It explains that memory can be classified as primary memory (RAM) or secondary memory. RAM is volatile and holds active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and holds permanent instructions. The document outlines different types of ROM (PROM, EPROM, EEPROM) and describes their characteristics, such as being programmable, erasable with ultraviolet light, or erasable electronically on an individual byte level. Flash memory, often used in portable devices, is also discussed.
This document defines and describes several types of computers. It discusses personal computers (PCs), which were originally known as microcomputers. It also covers desktop computers, laptops, netbooks, PDAs, handheld computers, workstations, servers, mainframes, supercomputers, and the emerging category of wearable computers. For each type, it provides brief details about their typical size, portability, power, and intended uses.
nicely view , types of computer know information and lots of picture in computers and parts of fields.
here three category divide to know computer struture .
Digital computers use electronic technology to process data represented as strings of 1s and 0s. There are several types of computers:
Microcomputers are small and inexpensive, containing a microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices like PCs. Minicomputers emerged in the 1960s, filling the space between mainframes and microcomputers. Mainframes are large, reliable computers used for mission-critical tasks requiring high volumes of data. Supercomputers have tens of thousands of processors capable of billions of calculations per second, used for massive computing tasks.
The document discusses different types of computers categorized by processor, field of use, data processed, and form. There are mainframe computers, mini computers, personal computers, and supercomputers categorized by processor. Computers are also generalized as general purpose or special purpose based on field of use. The types based on data processed are analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. Finally, computers come in the forms of desktops, towers, portables, laptops/notebooks, sub-notebooks, and palmtops. In total there are many different ways computers can be classified and defined based on their processing power, intended use, data handling abilities,
The document classifies computers into 5 categories - super computers, mainframes, mini computers, micro computers. It also describes the 5 generations of computers from vacuum tubes to today's artificial intelligence-based computers. The generations saw a transition from large room-sized computers to today's portable devices driven by advances in integrated circuits and microprocessors.
Supercomputers have CPUs that operate at faster speeds than standard computers. Their designers optimize circuit functions and minimize circuit length to speed information transfer between memory and the CPU. Supercomputers perform complex calculations faster using pipelining, which groups and passes data to the CPU in an orderly manner, and parallelism, which performs multiple calculations simultaneously using multiple CPUs. Massively parallel processing supercomputers connect many machines to achieve high levels of parallelism.
The document summarizes the history and classification of different types of computers. It discusses pre-mechanical, mechanical, electronic, optical and biological computers. It then describes the two basic kinds - analog and digital computers. The rest of the document focuses on generations of computers from first to fourth generation, describing their components, capabilities and sizes. It concludes with widely accepted classifications based on size, power and other criteria.
Unit 1 provides an introduction to computers including:
- The evolution of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits to microprocessors across 5 generations.
- The main components of a computer including the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, and mass storage.
- Types of computers ranging from personal computers to workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
- Key concepts such as what defines a computer, how they store and manipulate data based on programs, and their advantages in processing huge amounts of data efficiently.
computer application in hospitality Industry, periyar university unit 1admin information
in this presentation b.sc hotel management 1 st year student computer application in hospitality Industry subject is the, this subject under periyar university hotel management 1st year students subject.
Unit 1 provides an introduction to computers including their objectives, types (digital, analog, hybrid), evolution through generations, core components (CPU, memory, input/output devices), and number systems. Key points include:
- Computers accept digital data as input, manipulate it according to programs, and provide results as output.
- There are various types of computers including mini computers, supercomputers, mainframes, PCs, and workstations.
- Computers have evolved through 5 generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors.
- Core components include the CPU, memory, and input/output devices like keyboards, printers, and monitors.
Unit 1 provides an introduction to computers including their objectives, types (digital, analog, hybrid), evolution through generations, core components (CPU, memory, input/output devices), and number systems. Key points include:
- Computers accept digital data as input, manipulate it according to programs, and provide results as output.
- There are various types of computers including mini computers, supercomputers, mainframes, personal computers, and workstations.
- Computers have evolved through 5 generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors.
- Core components include the CPU, memory, and input/output devices like keyboards, printers, and monitors.
computer applicationin hospitality Industry1 periyar university unit1admin information
in this power point periyar university bsc hotel management 1st year students com computer applicationin hospitality Industry-1 sylabus 1st unit topic is there
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols according to a set of instructions. Modern computers are electronic and digital, with hardware components like the CPU, memory, mass storage, and input/output devices, as well as software. Computers can be classified based on their size and power as personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, or supercomputers. Personal computers are small, single-user machines that are now commonly based on Intel microprocessors and used for tasks like word processing, games, and internet browsing.
This document provides an introduction to parallel computing. It begins with definitions of parallel computing as using multiple compute resources simultaneously to solve problems. Popular parallel architectures include shared memory, where all processors can access a common memory, and distributed memory, where each processor has its own local memory and they communicate over a network. The document discusses key parallel computing concepts and terminology such as Flynn's taxonomy, parallel overhead, scalability, and memory models including uniform memory access (UMA), non-uniform memory access (NUMA), and distributed memory. It aims to provide background on parallel computing topics before examining how to parallelize different types of programs.
This document provides an introduction to computer science, covering various topics about computers. It discusses that hardware refers to the physical components of a computer that can be seen and touched, including input, processing, output, and storage devices. It also explains that software includes programs that control computer operations as well as specific applications. The document classifies computers based on their mode of operation, size, and generation. It provides details about analog, digital, and hybrid computers as well as supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. The five generations of computers are outlined based on the technology used, from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits.
This document provides an introduction to computer science, covering key topics such as hardware, software, and the evolution of computers through different generations. It discusses how hardware and software work together, and defines different types of software including system software, application software, and utility software. The document also covers computer classifications based on mode of operation, size, and generation. The five generations of computers - from first to fifth - are outlined, describing the underlying technologies that defined each generation from vacuum tubes to today's artificial intelligence applications.
This document provides an introduction to computer science, covering key topics such as hardware, software, and the evolution of computers through different generations. It discusses how hardware and software work together, and defines different types of software including system software, application software, and utility software. The document also covers computer classifications based on mode of operation, size, and generation. The five generations of computers - from first to fifth - are outlined, describing the underlying technologies that defined each generation from vacuum tubes to today's artificial intelligence applications.
Computers can be categorized into five generations based on the underlying technology used. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used integrated circuits, the fourth used microprocessors, and the fifth generation and beyond involves artificial intelligence. Each generation brought improvements in size, speed, reliability and capabilities. Computers have evolved from room-sized machines capable of solving one problem at a time, to devices that can fit in the palm of the hand and have vastly more processing power.
This document discusses the evolution of computer hardware through four generations from 1951 to present. It describes the key components of computer systems including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, and input/output devices. The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and primary storage. Secondary storage devices like magnetic tapes, disks, and optical disks are used to store large amounts of data externally.
There are four main types of computers: supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Supercomputers can perform the highest level of computations and are used for scientific and engineering applications involving large datasets. Mainframes are large, reliable computers used by large organizations for mission critical applications requiring high volume data processing. Minicomputers fill the gap between mainframes and microcomputers, being smaller than the former and larger than the latter, used mostly as servers for business and science applications. Microcomputers, now simply known as personal computers, have CPUs as microprocessors and are designed for individual use.
This document provides an overview of computer classifications and generations. It discusses:
- Two main classifications of computers by size (microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, supercomputers) and by functions (servers, workstations, information appliances, embedded computers).
- The five generations of computers defined by their underlying technology: vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and artificial intelligence.
- Key characteristics of different computer types including personal computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It provides examples and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different generations as the technology advanced.
This document discusses advance computer architectures including multi-core computers, multithreading, and GPUs. It provides information on multi-core systems having multiple processor cores on a single chip that share memory. It discusses how multi-core processors address limitations of single core designs by providing cheaper parallelism while increasing computation power. The document also covers multithreading, different approaches, and how programming must support multi-core through multiple threads or processes. Finally, it introduces GPUs, how they are optimized for graphics applications through parallelism and throughput, and how CUDA enables general purpose programming on GPUs.
This document discusses advance computer architectures including multi-core computers, multithreading, and GPUs. It provides information on multi-core systems and how they integrate multiple processor cores on a single chip to provide cheap parallel computing. It also discusses limitations of single core architectures and how multithreading enables parallelism through dividing instruction streams into threads. Finally, it covers GPUs and how they are optimized for parallel processing of graphics applications using thousands of simpler cores compared to CPUs.
The document discusses advancements in computer architecture, including multi-core computers, multithreading, and GPUs. It describes how multi-core processors integrate multiple processor cores on a single chip to provide cheap parallel processing and increase computation power. It also discusses how GPUs are optimized for graphics applications through massively parallel and highly multithreaded designs. Programming models like CUDA allow GPUs to be used for general purpose computing by addressing thread, data, and task parallelism. Overall, the document outlines how multi-core and GPU technologies enable computers to better utilize parallelism for improved performance.
2. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
The first and second
generations of computer
hardware were based on vacuum
tube and transistor technology.
The third and fourth generations
were based on semiconductor
technology
3. First Generation: Vacuum Tube
Technology, 1946-1956
Relied on vacuum
tubes to store and
process information
Consumed a great
deal of power, were
short-lived, and
generated a great
deal of heat
4. Extremely limited memory and processing
capability and were used for very limited
scientific and engineering work.
Maximum main memory size was
approximately 2000 bytes (2 kilobytes), with
a speed of 10 kilo instructions per second.
Rotating magnetic drums were used for
internal storage and punched cards for
external storage.
5. Second Generation: Transistors,
1957-1963
Transistors replaced
vacuum tubes as the
devices for storing
and processing
information.
Much more stable
and reliable than
vacuum tubes, they
generated less
heat, and they
consumed less power.
6.
7. • Each transistor had to be individually
made and wired into a printed circuit
board – a slow, tedious process.
• Magnetic core memory was the primary
storage technology of this period.
• This system had to be assembled by hand
and, therefore, was very expensive.
• 32 kilobytes of RAM memory and speeds
reaching 200,000 to 300,000 instructions
per second.
9. Relied on integrated
circuits, which were made
by printing hundreds and
later thousands of tiny
transistors on small silicon
chips – semiconductors.
Memories expanded to 2
megabytes of RAM
memory, and speeds
accelerated to 5 MIPS.
10. FOURTH GENERATION: VERY LARGE-
SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS,
1980-PRESENT
Use very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSIC),
which are packed with hundreds of thousands
and even millions of circuits per chip.
11. Costs have fallen to the point where desktop
computers are inexpensive and widely
available for use in business and everyday
life.
Computer memory sizes have mushroomed
to over 2 gigabytes in large commercial
machines; processing speeds have
exceeded 200 MIPS.
VLSIC technology has fueled a growing
movement toward microminiaturization – the
proliferation of computers that are so small,
fast, and cheap that they have become
ubiquitous.
12.
13. What is a Microprocessor?
What is a Chip?
Very large-scale integrated circuit
technology, with hundreds of
thousands (or even millions) of
transistors on a single chip,
integrates the computer’s
memory, logic and control on a
single chip; hence the name
microprocessor, or computer on a
chip.
14. Chips are measured in several ways:
1. Word length – the number of bits can
be processed at one time by a
computer.
An 8-bit chip can process 8 bits, or 1
byte, of information in a single
machine cycle. A 32-bit chip can
process 32 bits or 4 bytes in a single
cycle. The larger the word length, the
greater the speed of the computer.
15. 2. A second factor affecting chip speed
is cycle speed.
Megahertz – a measure of cycle speed,
or the pacing of events in a computer;
one megahertz (MHz) equals one
million cycles per second.
3. A third factor affecting speed is the
data bus width – the number of bits
that can be moved at one time
between the CPU, primary storage,
and the other devices of a computer.
16. Obviously, to get a computer to
execute more instructions per
second and work through
programs or handle users
expeditiously, it is necessary to
increase the word length of the
processor, the data bus width, or
the cycle speed – or all three.
17. Reduced Instruction Set Computing
(RISC) – technology used to enhance
the speed of microprocessors by
embedding only the most frequently
used instructions on a chip.
Reduced instruction set (RISC)
computers have only the most
frequently used instructions embedded
in them. A RISC CPU can execute
most instructions in a single machine
cycle and sometimes multiple
instructions at the same most time.
18. RISC is most appropriate for scientific
and workstation computing, in which
repetitive arithmetic and logical
operations on data or applications
calling for three-dimensional image
rendering occur.
Programs written for conventional
processors cannot automatically be
transferred to RISC machines; new
software is required.
19. CATEGORIES OF
COMPUTER
We can use size and
processing speed to
categorize
contemporary
computers as
mainframes,
minicomputers, PCs,
workstations, and
supercomputers.
20. MAINFRAME – is the largest
computer, a powerhouse with
massive memory and extremely
rapid processing power. It is used
for very large business, scientific, or
military applications in which a
computer must handle massive
amounts of data or many
complicated processes.
21.
22. MINIFRAME – is a mid-range computer,
about the size of an office desk, often
used in universities, factories, or
research laboratories.
PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) – sometimes
referred to as a microcomputer, is one
that can be placed on a desktop or
carried from room to room. PCs are
used for personal and business
applications.
23. WORKSTATION – also fits on a
desktop but has more powerful
mathematical and graphics
processing capability than a PC
and can perform more
complicated tasks at the same
time than a PC. Workstations are
used for scientific, engineering,
and design work that requires
powerful graphics or
computational capabilities.
24. SUPERCOMPUTER –is a highly
sophisticated and powerful machine
used for tasks requiring extremely rapid
and complex calculations with
hundreds of thousands of variable
factors.
Supercomputer have traditionally
been used in scientific and military
work, but they are also starting to be
used in business.
25.
26. Problem with this classification scheme:
A PC today has the computing power of a
mainframe from the 1980s or the
minicomputer of a few years ago.
Powerful PCs have sophisticated graphics and
processing capabilities similar to workstations.
PCs still cannot performs as many tasks at
once as mainframes, minicomputers or
workstations; nor can they be used by as
many people simultaneously as these larger
machines.
In another decade, some PCs might have the
power and processing speed of today’s
supercomputers.
27. SERVER COMPUTERS –
are specifically
optimized for
network use, with
large memory and
disk storage
capacity, high-
speed
communications
capabilities, and
powerful CPUs.
28. Distributed Processing – the
distribution of computer
processing work among multiple
computers linked by a
communication network.
Centralized Processing – processing
that is accomplished by one large
central computer.
29. DOWNSIZING – the process of
transferring applications from
large computers to smaller ones.
Cooperative Processing – type of
processing that divides the
processing work for transaction –
based applications among
mainframes and PCs.
30. MAINFRAME TASKS PC TASKS
File input/output User interface/screen
presentation
Help screens
Editing data fields
Cross-field editing
Error processing
Calculations
COOPERATIVE PROCESSING
31. PARALLEL PROCESSING – type of
processing in which more than one
instruction can be processed at a time
by breaking down problems into
smaller parts and processing them
simultaneously with multiple
processors.
SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING – each task is
assigned to one CPU that processes
one instruction at a time.
32. SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL PROCESSING
PROCESSING
Program
Program
Task 1
CPU
CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU
Result Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5
Program
Task 2 RESULT
CPU
Result