SYNTAX
• IS THESET OF S OF A LANGUAGE BY WHICH WE CONSTRUCT SENTENCES. EACH LANGUAGE HAS A
DIFFERENT SYNTAX. THE SYNTAX OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE REQUIRES THAT EACH SENTENCE HAVE A
NOUN AND A VERB, EACH OF WHICH MAY BE MODIFIED BY ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
3.
MORPHOLOGY
• MORPHOLOGY ISTHE STUDY OF MEANINGFUL UNITS OF LANGUAGE, CALLED MORPHEMES, AND HOW THEY ARE
COMBINED IN FORMING WORDS.
FOR EXAMPLE:
ADDING SUFFIXES LIKE “ED” TO “WALK” TO FORM THE WORD “WALKED” (PAST TENSE, OR PREFIXES LIKE “UN” TO
“HAPPY” TO CREATE “UNHAPPY”.
BUT IN BIOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY REFERS TO THE STUDY OF THE FORM AND STRUCTURE OF LIVING THINGS. THIS.
INCLUDES THE SHAPE, SIZE, AND ARRANGEMENT OF BODY PARTS.
4.
PHONOLOGY
• IS THESTUDY OF SYSTEM IN LANGUAGE, FOCUSING ON HOW SOUNDS ARE ORGANIZED, USED, AND
UNDERSTOOD WITHIN A SPECIFIC LANGUAGE OR ACROSS LANGUAGES.
FOR EXAMPLE:
THE WORD “TOP” WHICH MEANS HIGHEST PART AND “TAP” MEANS LIGHT HIT BUT DIFFERENT SOUND.
THE WORD “TOP” SOUNDS LIKE “TAWP” WHILE THE OTHER ONE SOUNDS LIKE “TAAP”.
5.
SEMANTICS
• THE STUDYOF MEANING IN LANGUAGE. IT EXPLORES HOW WORD, PHRASES OR SENTENCES CONVEY
MEANING AND HOW PEOPLE INTERPRET AND UNDERSTAND THOSE MEANINGS.
FOR EXAMPLE:
“YOU’RE ON FIRE” THIS PHRASE CAN MEAN SOMEONE IS LITERALLY ON FIRE OR THAT THEY ARE DOING
EXCEPTIONALLY WELL.
6.
PRAGMATICS
• THE STUDYOF HOW CONTEXT CONTRIBUTES TO MEANING IN COMMUNICATION. IT EXAMINES HOW
SPEAKERS AND LISTENERS USE AND INTERPRET LANGUAGE IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS, CONSIDERING
FACTORS BEYOND THE LITERAL MEANING OF WORDS.
FOR EXAMPLE:
“CAN YOU CLOSE THE DOOR?” IT IS ASKING IF THE PERSON IS ABLE TO CLOSE THE DOOR BUT IN
PRAGMATIC IT IS A POLITE WAY OF TELLING SOMEONE TO CLOSE THE DOOR.
7.
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENTCLAUSES
• AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE IS A GROUP OF WORDS THAT CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND A VERB AND
EXPRESSES A COMPLETE THOUGHT, ALLOWING IT TO STAND ALONE AS A SENTENCE.
• A DEPENDENT CLAUSE, ALSO KNOWN AS A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE, ALSO CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND VERB,
BUT IT DOES NOT EXPRESS A COMPLETE THOUGHT AND CANNOT STAND ALONE AS A SENTENCE. IT RELIES
ON AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE TO FORM A COMPLETE THOUGHT.
