Aim: This study calculated the effects on serum calcium (Ca) levels, after treatment with either of two drugs: The erythropoietin (Epo) and the antioxidant lazaroid (L) drug U-74389G. The calculation was based on the results of two preliminary studies, each one of which estimated the certain influence, after the respective drug usage in an induced ischemia-reperfusion animal experiment. Materials and Methods: The two main experimental endpoints at which the serum Ca levels were evaluated were the 60th reperfusion min (for the Groups A, C, and E) and the 120th reperfusion min (for the Groups B, D, and F). Especially, the Groups A and B were processed without drugs, Groups C and D after Epo administration, whereas Groups E and F after the L administration. Results: The first preliminary study of Epo presented a non-significant hypocalcemic effect by 0.34% ± 0.68% (P = 0.6095). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G presented a non-significant hypercalcemic effect by 0.14% ± 0.66% (P = 0.8245). These two studies were coevaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the coevaluation was that L is 2.3623042-fold (2.3482723–2.3764196) more hypercalcemic than Epo (P = 0.0000). Conclusions: The antioxidant capacities of U-74389G ascribe 2.3623042-fold more hypercalcemic effects than Epo (P = 0.0000).
Comparison of the Hypazotemic Effects of Erythropoietin and U-74389G on Urea ...asclepiuspdfs
Aim: This study calculated the hypazotemic capacities of two drugs as follows: The erythropoietin (Epo) and the antioxidant drug U-74389G. The calculation was based on the results of two preliminary studies, each one of which estimated the hypazotemic influence, after the respective drug usage in an induced hypoxia-reoxygenation animal experiment. Materials and Methods: The two main experimental endpoints at which the blood urea levels were evaluated the 60th reoxygenation min (for the groups A, C, and E) and the 120th reoxygenation min (for the groups B, D, and F). Especially, the groups A and B were processed without drugs, groups C and D after Epo administration whereas groups E and F after U-74389G administration. Results: The first preliminary study of Epo presented a nonsignificant hypazotemic effect by 1.25% ± 1.67% (P = 0.4430). The second preliminary study of U-74389G presented a significant hypazotemic effect by 5.81% ± 1.57% (P = 0.0005). These two studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.632148-fold more hypazotemic potency than Epo (P = 0.0000). Conclusions: The antioxidant capacities of U-74389G enhance the acute hypazotemic properties presenting 4.632148-fold more intensive hypazotemia than Epo (P = 0.0000).
Comparison of the Acute Hypervolemic Capacities of Erythropoietin and U-74389...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Aim: This study compared the hyper volemic capacities of erythropoietin (Epo) and antioxidant drug U-74389G based on 2 preliminary studies. The provided results at mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) levels augmentation were co-evaluated in a hypoxia re oxygenation protocol of an animal model.
Materials and methods: MCV levels (MCVl) were evaluated at the 60th reoxygenation min (for groups A, C and E) and at the 120th reoxygenation min (for groups B, D and F) in 60 rats. Groups A and B received no drugs, rats from groups C and D were administered with Epo; whereas rats from groups E and F were administered with U-74389G.
Results: The first preliminary study of Epo non-significantly increased the MCVl by 0.30%+0.39% (p-value=0.4430). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G significantly rised the MCVl by 1.60%+0.43% (p-value=0.0005). These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.352528-fold hypervolemic potency than Epo (p-value=0.0000).
Conclusion: The anti-oxidant capacities of U-74389G accelerate the acute hypervolemic properties; presenting 4.352528-fold rise on MCVl than epo (p-value=0.0000)
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Comparison of the Hypazotemic Effects of Erythropoietin and U-74389G on Urea ...asclepiuspdfs
Aim: This study calculated the hypazotemic capacities of two drugs as follows: The erythropoietin (Epo) and the antioxidant drug U-74389G. The calculation was based on the results of two preliminary studies, each one of which estimated the hypazotemic influence, after the respective drug usage in an induced hypoxia-reoxygenation animal experiment. Materials and Methods: The two main experimental endpoints at which the blood urea levels were evaluated the 60th reoxygenation min (for the groups A, C, and E) and the 120th reoxygenation min (for the groups B, D, and F). Especially, the groups A and B were processed without drugs, groups C and D after Epo administration whereas groups E and F after U-74389G administration. Results: The first preliminary study of Epo presented a nonsignificant hypazotemic effect by 1.25% ± 1.67% (P = 0.4430). The second preliminary study of U-74389G presented a significant hypazotemic effect by 5.81% ± 1.57% (P = 0.0005). These two studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.632148-fold more hypazotemic potency than Epo (P = 0.0000). Conclusions: The antioxidant capacities of U-74389G enhance the acute hypazotemic properties presenting 4.632148-fold more intensive hypazotemia than Epo (P = 0.0000).
Comparison of the Acute Hypervolemic Capacities of Erythropoietin and U-74389...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Aim: This study compared the hyper volemic capacities of erythropoietin (Epo) and antioxidant drug U-74389G based on 2 preliminary studies. The provided results at mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) levels augmentation were co-evaluated in a hypoxia re oxygenation protocol of an animal model.
Materials and methods: MCV levels (MCVl) were evaluated at the 60th reoxygenation min (for groups A, C and E) and at the 120th reoxygenation min (for groups B, D and F) in 60 rats. Groups A and B received no drugs, rats from groups C and D were administered with Epo; whereas rats from groups E and F were administered with U-74389G.
Results: The first preliminary study of Epo non-significantly increased the MCVl by 0.30%+0.39% (p-value=0.4430). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G significantly rised the MCVl by 1.60%+0.43% (p-value=0.0005). These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.352528-fold hypervolemic potency than Epo (p-value=0.0000).
Conclusion: The anti-oxidant capacities of U-74389G accelerate the acute hypervolemic properties; presenting 4.352528-fold rise on MCVl than epo (p-value=0.0000)
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tet...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal plant which has been used over the years for the treatment of various ailments. The effects of extract of rauwolfia vomitoria on liver enzymes of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were observed in adult wistar rats weighing between 120g and 190g. They were divided into four groups A,B, C and D of six rats each. Group A served as the control and received 0.41ml of distilled water. The experimental groups B, C and D received different doses of drugs as follows : group B received 0.50ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract, group C received 0.5ml of carbon tetrachloride and group D received 0.41ml of carbon tetrachloride + 0.4ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract. The drugs were administered once in a day using intubation method for a period of twenty one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform vapour and dissected . liver tissues were removed and weighed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and Serum samples were separated from clot by centrifugation using bench top centrifuge. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined using randox kit method. The relative liver weight for carbon tetrachloride treated group were significantly higher (p<0.001)><0.001) than the control. The extract exhibited a liver protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity
Sugarcane Ash and Sugarcane Ash-Derived Silica Nanoparticles Alter Cellular M...Arthur Stem
Multiple epidemics of chronic kidney disease of an unknown etiology (CKDu), primarily in young healthy agricultural workers, have emerged in agricultural communities around the world. It is proposed that heat stress, dehydration and/or toxicant exposures may be a cause of this emerging disease. We have hypothesized that the harvest and burning of sugarcane leading to inhalation of sugarcane ash may contribute to development of CKDu. Sugarcane stalks consist of ~80% amorphous silica and we have demonstrated that following burning of sugarcane, nano-sized silica particles (~200 nm) are generated.
Effects of eugenol on resting tension of rat atriaRobson Olivoto
Artigo para analise do Eugenol, um óleo essencial, como uma possível ferramenta biológica para experimentos com células musculares. Os resultados indicaram ou sugerem que existe uma via de ativação da maquinaria contrátil que ativa as proteínas contrateis (promovendo a contração) mesmo na ausência de íons cálcio.
Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry ...RaktimavaDasSarkar
Original Artcle by Falak Naz, Muhammad Zahoor, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad Ashraf, Asif Nawaz, Amal Alotaibi.
Presentation prepared by Raktimava Das Sarkar
Behavioral and Biochemical Studies of Piperidine Related Adrenolytic Compound...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The present study concerns behavioral and biochemical effects of 4 amino methyl piperidine substituted 2-bromo ethyl benzene derivative compounds. With intraperitoneal injection in rats, locomotor activity was significantly decreased in open field experiment, anxiolytic effect observed in light and dark apparatus significantly increased while stimulatory activity of compound monitor in home cage apparatussignificantly decreased. Moreover, blood glucose and cholesterol level also examined. Presentsynthetic compound decreases blood glucose level and also decreases the total serum cholesterol, suggested that these 4 amino methyl piperidine substituted 2-bromo ethyl benzene compounds may be effective as a drug for treatment of anxiety, enhancement of locomotion. It is also beneficial for cardiac and diabetic patient.
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tet...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal plant which has been used over the years for the treatment of various ailments. The effects of extract of rauwolfia vomitoria on liver enzymes of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were observed in adult wistar rats weighing between 120g and 190g. They were divided into four groups A,B, C and D of six rats each. Group A served as the control and received 0.41ml of distilled water. The experimental groups B, C and D received different doses of drugs as follows : group B received 0.50ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract, group C received 0.5ml of carbon tetrachloride and group D received 0.41ml of carbon tetrachloride + 0.4ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract. The drugs were administered once in a day using intubation method for a period of twenty one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform vapour and dissected . liver tissues were removed and weighed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and Serum samples were separated from clot by centrifugation using bench top centrifuge. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined using randox kit method. The relative liver weight for carbon tetrachloride treated group were significantly higher (p<0.001)><0.001) than the control. The extract exhibited a liver protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity
Sugarcane Ash and Sugarcane Ash-Derived Silica Nanoparticles Alter Cellular M...Arthur Stem
Multiple epidemics of chronic kidney disease of an unknown etiology (CKDu), primarily in young healthy agricultural workers, have emerged in agricultural communities around the world. It is proposed that heat stress, dehydration and/or toxicant exposures may be a cause of this emerging disease. We have hypothesized that the harvest and burning of sugarcane leading to inhalation of sugarcane ash may contribute to development of CKDu. Sugarcane stalks consist of ~80% amorphous silica and we have demonstrated that following burning of sugarcane, nano-sized silica particles (~200 nm) are generated.
Effects of eugenol on resting tension of rat atriaRobson Olivoto
Artigo para analise do Eugenol, um óleo essencial, como uma possível ferramenta biológica para experimentos com células musculares. Os resultados indicaram ou sugerem que existe uma via de ativação da maquinaria contrátil que ativa as proteínas contrateis (promovendo a contração) mesmo na ausência de íons cálcio.
Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry ...RaktimavaDasSarkar
Original Artcle by Falak Naz, Muhammad Zahoor, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad Ashraf, Asif Nawaz, Amal Alotaibi.
Presentation prepared by Raktimava Das Sarkar
Behavioral and Biochemical Studies of Piperidine Related Adrenolytic Compound...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The present study concerns behavioral and biochemical effects of 4 amino methyl piperidine substituted 2-bromo ethyl benzene derivative compounds. With intraperitoneal injection in rats, locomotor activity was significantly decreased in open field experiment, anxiolytic effect observed in light and dark apparatus significantly increased while stimulatory activity of compound monitor in home cage apparatussignificantly decreased. Moreover, blood glucose and cholesterol level also examined. Presentsynthetic compound decreases blood glucose level and also decreases the total serum cholesterol, suggested that these 4 amino methyl piperidine substituted 2-bromo ethyl benzene compounds may be effective as a drug for treatment of anxiety, enhancement of locomotion. It is also beneficial for cardiac and diabetic patient.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE OXIDIZED POLYSACCHARIDES
Bio-reactive polysaccharides have been most commonly used as drugs or drug delivery systems. The present paper describes the biological activity of some artificial and natural polyanionic polysaccharides.
Results regarding oxidized cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose
modified with benzocaine or N – hydroxy – 3,4-dihydroxybenzamide
(Didox) complete the picture of antiviral and antitumoral effects of polysaccharides. The biological tests regarding antiviral and antitumor activity showed that the introduction of benzocaine as a spacer unit between the main chain and a CMC carboxylic group enhances the antiviral and antitumor activity of carboxymethylcellulose.
Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) leads to reactive oxygen species formation and cell death in kidney tissue with injury and organ transplantation. Simvastatin (SIM) is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant agent. Alterations in I/R-induced acute kidney injury model with SIM treatment were analyzed.
Study Design: Wistar rats (n=28) were grouped into Sham, Ischemia, I/R, and I/R+SIM treated. Left rat kidney renal vessels were clamped for 60 minutes for ischemia, and the I/R group had 6 hours of reperfusion. 10 mg/kg SIM was given orally for 28 days. MDA, GSH, and MPO were analyzed. Kidney tissues were paraffin embedded, and primary antibodies TNF-α and caspase-3 were applied for immunohistochemistry.
Results: In the I/R group, intense inflammatory cell infiltration around the vessels and necrosis in the glomerular structures were observed. In the treated group, proximal and distal tubular cells were found to be close to normal. Immunoexpression of caspase-3 in the ischemia group was positive in degenerative glomeruli. In the treated group, TNF-α expression was negative in the glomerular structures. MDA and MPO levels were significantly increased in ischemia and I/R.
Conclusion: We suggest that SIM treatment improved kidney tissue structure and function in a model of I/R injury.
Keywords: caspase-3; immunohistochemistry; ischemia/reperfusion; kidney; MPO; simvastatin
Bosentan Ameliorates Diabetic Angiopathy and Nephropathy in Streptozotocin-In...iosrjce
Angiopathy and nephropathy are serious problems encountered in management of diabetes mellitus.
Angiotensin II (AII) and endothelins (ETs) receptors play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic
complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible renoprotective and antiangiopathic
effects of the non-selective endothelin (ET) receptor blocker bosentan in type 1 diabetic model of albino wister
rats. These rats were divided into four groups ( each group , N= 12 rats): control group (1), control group (2)
treated with bosentan (50 mg/kg/day), untreated diabetic group (3) and diabetic group (4) treated with
bosentan. Induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus in tested rats was performed by a single injection, in the tail vein,
of 35 mg/kg streptozotozin after overnight fast. Treatment with bosentan was continued for 12 weeks during
which the 24h urine volume, urinary albumin content, urine and plasma levels of creatinine as well as mean
non-invasive blood pressure (mean BP) were assessed at the end of each 4 weeks. At the end of the 12
th week
rats were sacrificed then the thoracic aortae were dissected for assessment of the vasorelaxant effect of
acetylcholine. Diabetic rats showed hyperglycemia, polyuria, albuminuria, elevated mean BP, reduced
response to vasorelaxant effect of ACh. Bosentan significantly reduced albuminuria and lowered elevated mean
BP. In addition the drug restored the normal values of creatinine clearance and improved vascular reactivity to
ACh. The present study suggested a possible renoprotective and aortic vasorelaxant effects by bosentan without
a significant effect on the control of blood glucose. The results of the present study was directed towards a
possible role of bosentan, as a drug acting on Endothelin receptors, in the improvement of diabetic angiopathy and nephropathy.
Background: The present study sought to investigate erythrocyte glutathione S-transferases (GST),
NADH-Methaemoglobin reductase (NADH-MR) and Na+/K+-ATPase activities of hypoglycemic rats treated with
ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa as agent of glycemic control.
Methods: Hyperglycemia was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 0.1 mol/L alloxan monohydrate in
phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH = 7.4); dosage = 140 mg/kg. At the end of the experimental time
(t = 76 h), erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities as well as serum fasting blood sugar (FBS)
levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods.
Results: Serum FBS levels of control/normal (C/N) rats ranged between 72.93 ± 0.82–95.12 ± 0.92 mg/dL, whereas
experimental rats without glycemic control gave: 249.41 ± 1.03–256.11 ± 1.23 mg/dL. Hyperglycemic rats treated
with ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa exhibited comparative reduced serum levels of FBS alongside with
erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities. The average relative activities of the three enzymes and
corresponding order of enzyme activity in hyperglycemic rats treated with ethanol/water (1:2 v/v) extract of A. sativa
was: NADH-MR = 60.99% > GST = 47.81% > Na+/K+-ATPase = 46.81%. In the same order, relative activities of the three
enzymes in rats without glycemic control were: NADH-MR = 49.65% > GST = 23.69% > Na+/K+-ATPase = 17.02%.
Conclusion: Erythrocyte GST, NADH-MR and Na+/K+-ATPase activities gave insights into the pathophysiology of
diabetic state and served as biomarkers for ascertaining therapeutic control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
SAGE Student Research Conference Poster- The Effect of Purified Acetaminophen...Melissa McCoy, MS, MBA
What is acetaminophen? Acetaminophen (APAP) is the active pharmaceutical ingredient of Tylenol® and other pharmaceutical generics, used as an analgesic. Previous experiments and data has suggested this molecule can potentially induce negative off-target effects in healthy, biological cells and tissues of the human body [1,2,3]. The specific effects discovered, of this small molecule included decreasing cell proliferative function, alter morphology, and omit intercellular protein interactions of normal cells [1,2,3]. If studies can biologically isolate the APAP’s function of causing these biological negative feedbacks, then experimental research on cancer cells should be eminent. It was originally hypothesized that the additive effects of Tylenol®, Advil®, and Aleve®, causes off-target effects on mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells (L1210) and over time, kill off the entire population. It was narrowed down to APAP, having the most extreme and quickest change in this cell’s proliferation and adhesion functions in a given time interval. Immortalized Human T Lymphocytes (Jurkat) were decided on because it needs to be seen if there is a biosimilar effect on a human cancer cell line. Therefore, it was hypothesized that APAP will suppress the Jurkat cell’s proliferative function, alter membrane shape, change the intercellular behavior, and induce apoptosis, due to the highly suggestive evidence that APAP signals to off-target proteins in biological cells. Knowing this information can potentially have researchers and biotech companies alike, further work with APAP and adjust it accordingly, as a potential oncotoxic molecule for cancer therapy.
Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19: Ancient Therapy Re-emergedasclepiuspdfs
Convalescent plasma has again re-emerged as a therapy during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks currently use as a prophylactic or an interventional treatment in infected patients. Convalescent plasma has been used in the 20th century confronting different infectious diseases where there was no other therapy available. Conceivably, this convalescent plasma therapy tends to be proving a game-changing treatment in some COVID-19 patients and could support treatment, in addition to the current interventions before other developed therapies are available for the population.
The Negative Clinical Consequences Due to the Lack of the Elaboration of a Sc...asclepiuspdfs
Until a few years ago, the immune system was considered as responsible for the only defense against microbial infections and other external agents. On the contrary, the immune cells have been proven to be linked not only through cell-cell contact but also by releasing proteins capable of influencing the immune-inflammatory response, the so-called cytokines or interleukins. Moreover, the cytokines have appeared to play not only immune activities but also metabolic and systemic effects influencing the overall biological systems, including the nervous, the endocrine, and the cardiovascular systems, by representing the main endogenous molecules responsible for the maintenance of the unity of the biological life. Therefore, only the systematic clinical consideration of cytokine effects may allow the generation of real future holistic medicine.
The great benefit of blood/blood constitutes therapy is the ability to provide transfusion support for patients with many unique hematologic conditions. For some patients, such as patients with sickle cell disease, thalassemia major, immune hemolytic anemia, anemia of kidney disease, and aplastic anemia may need for this consolidation extends throughout their life. By knowing the alteration mechanisms of these conditions, we can appreciate the stationary, urgency, and the value of the transfused red blood cell (RBC).
Decreasing or Increasing Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Mult...asclepiuspdfs
During the past four decades, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been the first choice and the standard option for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma. The introduction of new agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib has led to a clear improvement in basic approach and those agents became the standard of care in the induction phase; however, they were not able to play the role of ASCT in term of progression-free survival and overall survival. Debate continues about the best induction, consolidation, and maintenance taking into account the toxicities of these new agents. The new monoclonal antibody (anti CD38) starts to take its place in the induction setting and it seems to be a promising agent in the high-risk group. Until recently, ASCT is the standard treatment for newly diagnosed patients.
The term refractory anemia (RA) may be confusing to those who are not hematologists. RA should be well defined because it means more than what it says. RA is defined as anemia that is not responsive to therapy except transfusion.[1] The term RA is used to rule out those types of anemia with a known cause such as anemia of systemic diseases (liver and kidney) and anemia of inflammation even though they are considered refractory to therapy.[2] RA with cellular or hypercellular bone marrow was formerly used to exclude aplastic anemia.
Management of Immunogenic Heparin-induced Thrombocytopeniaasclepiuspdfs
Immunogenic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune response to heparin associated with significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients if unidentified as soon as possible, due to thromboembolic complications involving both arterial and venous systems. Early diagnoses based on a comprehensive interpretation of clinical and laboratory information improve clinical outcomes. Management principles of strongly suspected HIT should not be delayed for laboratory result confirmation. Treatment strategies have been introduced including new, safe, and effective agents. This review summarizes the clinical therapeutic options for HIT addressing the use of parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors and indirect factor Xa inhibitors as well as the potential non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.
73-year-old woman without any pertinent history was admitted to the hospital due to remittent fever with erythema. She showed itching and linearly arranged erythema on the chest, back, and abdomen [Figure 1a and b]. As she had been taking daily cefditoren pivoxil for the 4 days before her admission, she was diagnosed as having drug-related scratch dermatitis, and the antibiotic treatment was stopped. Her fever remained. Laboratory data showed elevated levels of white blood cells (14,800/μl, normal range 4000–7000) and liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 138 IU/L (normal range 5–40), alanine aminotransferase 97 IU/L (normal range 5–35), and ferritin (17469.5 ng/mL, normal range 5–152).
Bone Marrow Histology is a Pathognomonic Clue to Each of the JAK2V617F, MPL,5...asclepiuspdfs
According to the World Health Organization and Clinical Laboratory Molecular and Pathological criteria bone marrow pathology in JAK2V617F mutated trilinear myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera are indistinguishably featured by clustered medium to large pleomorphic megakaryocytes and increased cellularity (60–90%) due to increased erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. MPL515 mutated ET is the second distinct clonal MPN characterized by thrombocythemia in a normocellular bone marrow showing clustered increased large to giant mature megakaryocytes with staghorn-like hyperlobulated nuclei. Calreticulin (CALR) mutated hypercellular thrombocythemia associated with prefibrotic megakaryocytic, granulocytic myeloproliferation (MGM) recently became the third distinct MPN featured by dense clusters of immature megakaryocytes with cloud-like nuclei. Bone marrow pathology in newly diagnosed MPN patients appears to be a pathognomonic clue for diagnostic differentiation between JAK2V617F mutated trilinear MPN, MPL515 normocellular thrombocythemia, and CALR thrombocythemia with MGM characteristics followed by secondary reticulin fibrosis. Their natural histories clearly differ featured by an increase of erythro/granulopoiesis and cellularity in JAK2V617F, decrease of erythropoiesis and cellularity in MPL515 and increase of dual megakaryo/granulopoiesis and cellularity in CALR mutated MPN.
Helicobacter pylori Frequency in Polycythemia Vera Patients without Dyspeptic...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: In polycythemia vera (PV) patients, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal erosions are more common than the general population, but there are insufficient data on the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and its role in etiopathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of HP infection in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints with a healthy control group without dyspeptic complaints. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with PV without dyspeptic complaints and 50 controls without dyspeptic complaints were enrolled in this study after informed consent obtained. Stool samples of selected patients were analyzed using HP stool antigen test (True Line®). Results: There was surprisingly striking difference between HP prevalence in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints and asymptomatic healthy controls (64% vs. 2%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship found between HP presence and age, gender, treatment modalities, complete blood count, positivity of JAK2 V617F, serum erythropoietin level, and splenomegaly in PV patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: As the susceptibility of HP infections in PV patients are higher, it is recommended to have close surveillance of these patients by screening HP presence. In addition, when HP positivity is determined, the eradication of HP is essential to prevent possible future gastrointestinal lesions in patients with PV.
Lymphoma of the Tonsil in a Developing Communityasclepiuspdfs
The lymphoma of the tonsil is a rarity. Single case reports have appeared in countries as disparate as China, Greece, India, Japan, and Turkey. Therefore, this paper presents cases found in Nigeria among the Ibo ethnic group. The epidemiological comparisons are deemed to be worthy of documentation such as age ranges and sides of involvement.
Should Metformin Be Continued after Hospital Admission in Patients with Coron...asclepiuspdfs
Background: In most patients with diabetes, guidelines recommend discontinuation of oral anti-diabetic agents. Preliminary data suggest that pre-admission metformin use may have a mortality benefit in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to review the impact of metformin on morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: Review of English literature by PUBMED search until November 10, 2020. Search terms included diabetes, COVID-19, metformin, retrospective studies, meta-analyses, pertinent reviews, pre-print articles, and consensus guidelines are reviewed.
Clinical Significance of Hypocalcemia in COVID-19asclepiuspdfs
Background: Preliminary data suggest that hypocalcemia is common among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the clinical significance of hypocalcemia in the setting of COVID-19. Methods: Literature search (PubMed) until August 5, 2020. Search terms include hypocalcemia, COVID-19, mortality, and complications. Retrospective studies are reviewed due to a lack of randomized trials. Results: Prevalence of hypocalcemia among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 ranges from 62% to 78%, depending on the definition of hypocalcemia and patients’ characteristics. In most cases, hypocalcemia is mild to moderate biochemically. Hypocalcemia is a risk factor for hospitalization of patients with COVID-19. In already hospitalized patients, hypocalcemia is significantly associated with increase severity of COVID-19 and its complications, including multiorgan failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Hypocalcemia is significantly correlated with inflammatory markers of COVID-19. Causes of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 patients are unclear, but Vitamin D deficiency may be a contributing factor. Conclusion: Hypocalcemia is common in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and carries unfavorable outcomes. Further studies are needed to examine the causes of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 and to see whether normalization of circulating calcium levels improves prognosis.
Excess of Maternal Transmission of Type 2 Diabetes: Is there a Role of Bioche...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: An excess of maternal transmission of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported in some populations but not confirmed in other studies. Mitochondrial inheritance has been proposed to explain such excess. In the present paper, we have considered the presence of T2D in the mother and/or in the father in relation to the risk of T2D and to age at onset of the disease in the offspring. The distribution of two genetic polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism in relation to the presence of T2D in the mother has been also considered. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-nine participants with T2D were studied in the population of Penne, a small rural town in the eastern side of central Italy. Adenosine deaminase locus 1 (ADA1) and phosphoglucomutase locus 1 (PGM1) phenotypes were determined by starch gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyses were carried out using commercial software (SPSS). Results: The proportion of patients from T2D mothers is much greater as compared to the proportion of the patients from T2D fathers (P < 0.0001). Age at onset of the disease in patients in whom one or both parents are T2D is lower as compared to other patients. The distribution of ADA1 and PGM1 phenotypes in participants with T2D depends on the presence of diabetes in the mother. Conclusions: About the transmission of T2D, our data confirm the high proportion of maternal T2D and show the role of two common biochemical polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism.
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
Self-efficacy Impact Adherence in Diabetes Mellitusasclepiuspdfs
The aim of the paper is to explore how self-efficacy (SE) is associated with adherence among adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The search of electronic databases identified 564 records from 2007 to 2017 on SE and adherence from different perspectives and its effect on adults with DM. Discussions: SE increases the confidence in adults in their self-care behaviors. Non-adherence continues to be a significant barrier to SE. SE and adherence should be informed by an understanding of theoretical frameworks and the individual characteristics. Conclusion: Adherence is likely among adults with better SE to empower them to make valid decisions about their health. Interventions to improve SE should be tailored based on different types of non-adherence such as intentional and unintentional non-adherence. Implications: An intercollaborative professional practice approach is crucial to improve SE and adherence for sound judgment and valid decision-making.
Uncoiling the Tightening Obesity Spiralasclepiuspdfs
While an underweight prevalence was once more than twice that of obesity, now more people are obese than underweight. Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world. There are an estimated 2,100,000,000 obese people worldwide and that number is forecast to grow to 51% of the world’s population by 2030. Escalating obesity-related disease costs threaten to bankrupt the world’s health-care systems.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Management Of Hypoglycemia In Patients With Type 2 Diabetesasclepiuspdfs
Hypoglycemia is the rate-limiting step of intensive management in patients with diabetes. Lowering one’s A1C to a prescribed target is expected to mitigate one’s risk of developing long- and short-term diabetes-related complications. Several of the less expensive and commonly prescribed glucose lowering agents favored by practitioners result in weight gain, hypoglycemia, and even an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Although achieving a targeted A1C of <7 % is the standard of care, clinicians often fail to evaluate patients for glycemic variability which can increase oxidative stress driving long-term diabetes-related complications including CV death. The use of concentrated insulins and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists separately or in combination with each other reduces glycemic variability and one’s risk of hypoglycemia. Pharmaceutical agents which allow patients to safely achieve their targeted A1C without weight gain and hypoglycemia should be preferred in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Predictive and Preventive Care: Metabolic Diseasesasclepiuspdfs
South Asians have a very high incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke. In addition, they also have a very high incidence of metabolic diseases such as prehypertension, hypertension, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type-2 diabetes, and its clinical complications. Currently, there are over 75 million diabetic subjects in India and an equal number of prediabetics. Republic of China has taken over India as the diabetes capital of the world, with over 115 million diabetics. Modern medicine is disease focused and has failed to address the prevention of these chronic diseases. According to the reports from the United Nations (Millennium Development Goals [MDGs], the World Health Organization, Global Health Initiatives, and the non-communicable disease risk task force), obesity has increased by 2-fold and type-2 diabetes by 4-fold worldwide. Experts in this field predict that chances of meeting the MDGs set by the UN members of reducing the incidence of these diseases at 2025 to the level of 2020 are very little. Western medicine has failed to reduce or reverse the trend in the incidence of these diseases. We feel that an integrated approach to health care may be a better option, to reduce the disease burden in developing and resource-poor countries. Having said that, one cannot prevent something that one is not aware of, as such it is the need of the hour for us, to develop a robust predictive and preventive health-care platform. In an earlier article, we presented our views on reducing or reversing cardiometabolic diseases. There is great enthusiasm among the health-care providers and professional bodies that integration of emerging technologies will help develop personalized, precision medicine, as well as reduce the cost of health-care worldwide.
It is known that the cancer development process is multifactorial nowadays. The relationship between insulin and cancer has recently been gaining in importance. The number of studies between insulin resistance and thyroid cancer is very small, although the association between obesity, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance, particularly breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer development, is long. There are studies advocating increased growth factors with insulin resistance as well as triode cancer after thyroid angiogenesis. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors may be the primary causes of pathophysiology in many cancers, especially thyroid cancer, with mitogenic activity.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Τsompos, et al.: Hypocalcemia after erythropoietin or U-74389G
2 Clinical Research in Hematology • Vol 2 • Issue 2 • 2019
the mononuclear immunity; protects the endothelium; and
presents antishock property.
Erythropoietin (Epo), even if it is not famous for its
hypocalcemic[2]
action (P = 0.6095), it can be used as a
reference drug for comparison with U-74389G. Although
Epo is met in over 31,236 published biomedical studies, only
3.66% of them negotiate the known type of IR experiments.
Nevertheless, Epo as a cytokine, it is worth of being studied
about its effects on serum calcium (Ca) levels too. This
experimental work tried to compare the effects of the above
drugs on a rat induced IR protocol. They were tested by
calculating the serum Ca levels alterations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animal preparation
The Vet licenses under 3693/12-11-2010 and 14/10-1-
2012 numbers, the granting company and the experiment
location are mentioned in preliminary references.[1,2]
The
human animal care of albino female Wistar rats, the 7 days
pre-experimental ad libitum diet, the non-stop intra-
experimental anesthesiologic techniques, the acidometry, the
electrocardiogram, the oxygen supply, and post-experimental
euthanasia are also described in preliminary references. Rats
were 16–18 weeks old. They were randomly assigned to six
groups consisted of n = 10. The stage of 45 min hypoxia
was common for all six groups. Afterward, reperfusion of
60 min was followed in Group A; reperfusion of 120 min
in Group B; immediate Epo intravenous (IV) administration
and reperfusion of 60 min in Group C; immediate Epo IV
administration and reperfusion of 120 min in Group D;
immediate U-74389G IV administration and reperfusion
of 60 min in Group E; and immediate U-74389G IV
administration and reperfusion of 120 min in Group F.
The dose height assessment for both drugs is described at
preliminary studies as 10 mg/kg body mass.
Ischemia was caused by laparotomic clamping the inferior
aorta over renal arteries with forceps for 45 min. The
clamp removal was restoring the inferior aorta patency
and reperfusion. After exclusion of the blood flow, the
protocol of IR was applied, as described above for each
experimental group. The drugs were administered at the time
of reperfusion; through inferior vena cava catheter. The Ca
levels were determined at 60th
min of reperfusion (for A, C,
and E groups) and at 120th
min of reperfusion (for B, D, and
F groups). Along, nonrelation was raised between Ca values
with animals’ mass (P = 0.1689).
Statistical analysis
Table 1 presents the (%) hypocalcemic influence of Epo
regarding reoxygenation time. Furthermore, Table 2 presents
the (%) hypercalcemic influence of U-74389G regarding
reperfusion time. Chi-square tests were applied using the
ratios which produced the (%) results per endpoint. The
outcomes of Chi-square tests are depicted in Table 3.
RESULTS
The successive application of Chi-square tests revealed
that U-74389G caused hypercalcemia by 0.00000334-
fold (0–0.00001891) less than Epo at 1 h (P = 0.0000),
hypocalcemia by 0.2490068-fold (0.2476003–0.2504212)
less than Epo at 1.5 h (P = 0.0000), hypocalcemia by
0.1988753-fold (0.1980955–0.1996583) less than Epo at
2 h (P = 0.0000), and hypercalcemia by 2.063208-fold
(2.057305–2.069128) more than Epo (P = 0.0000) without
drugs and hypercalcemia by 2.3623042-fold (2.3482723–
2.3764196) more than Epo whether all variables have been
considered (P = 0.0000).
DISCUSSION
The unique available study investigating the hypercalcemic
effect of U-74389G was the preliminary one.[1]
Although the
most famous activities of neuroprotection and membrane-
stabilization properties, it accumulates in the cell membrane,
protecting vascular endothelium from peroxidative damage
but hardly penetrates the blood-brain barrier. It elicits a
beneficial effect in ototoxicity and Duchenne muscular
dystrophy. It increases γGT, superoxide dismutase (SOD),
and glutathione (GSH) levels in oxygen-exposed cells. It
treats septic states and acts as immunosuppressant in flap
survival. It prevents the learning impairments; it delays the
early synaptic transmission decay during hypoxia improving
Table 1: The (%) hypocalcemic influence of
erythropoietin in connection with reperfusion time
Hypocalcemia±SD (%) Reperfusion
time
P-value
+0.28±3.66 1 h 0.8065
−0.56±4.05 1.5 h 0.5761
−1.41±4.46 2 h 0.4100
+0.65±4.31 Reperfusion 0.5281
−0.34±0.68 Interaction 0.6095
Table 2: The (%) hypocalcemic influence of
U-74389G in connection with reperfusion time
Hypocalcemia±SD (%) Reperfusion
time
P-value
+0.00±2.23 1 h 1.0000
−0.14±3.50 1.5 h 0.8782
−0.28±4.59 2 h 0.8492
+1.35±3.92 Reperfusion 0.1713
+0.14±0.66 Interaction 0.8245
3. Τsompos, et al.: Hypocalcemia after erythropoietin or U-74389G
Clinical Research in Hematology • Vol 2 • Issue 2 • 2019 3
energeticstateofneurons.Itshowsantiproliferativeproperties
on brain cancer cells and is considered as a new promising
anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of reperfusion
syndrome in IR injuries.
The same authors confirmed[2]
the short-term hypocalcemic
effect of Epo preparations in non-iron-deficient individuals.
Wei et al. led to reduced arrhythmia events and apoptosis rates
since the enhanced[3]
L-type Ca2+
current in human-induced
pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) after IR
injury also significantly decreased by Danshen. Fazal et al.
demonstrated[4]
that mitochondrial exchange protein directly
activated by cAMP produced within mitochondria (1Epac1)
favors Ca2+
exchange between the endoplasmic reticulum and
the mitochondrion, by increasing interaction with a
macromolecular complex, leading to mitochondrial Ca2+
overload and opening of the mitochondrial permeability
transitionpore(mPTP)andinhibitingisocitratedehydrogenase
twothroughthemitochondrialrecruitmentofCa2+
/calmodulin-
dependent protein kinase II in CMs. Mofid et al. remarked
that CM-specific transgenic mice overexpress S100A6, a
member of the family of EF-hand Ca2+
- binding proteins,
which improved[5]
Ca transients and protected against
apoptosis induced by H/R through enhanced calcineurin
activity after acute myocardial infarction. Hu et al.
demonstrated[6]
that liraglutide significantly lowered Ca2+
overload, improved Ca transient compared with H/R group,
directly protected CMs against reperfusion injury, possibly
through modulation of intracellular Ca homeostasis in
H9c2 cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction
undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Guan et al.
concluded[7]
that the intracellular Ca2+
release was markedly
decreased associated with the decrease of nuclear translocation
of NFATc4 and inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated
kinase (ERK)/AKT phosphorylation; thus, CD38 inhibited
SIRT3 expression and activation of Ca2+
– NFAT signaling
pathway in CD38 knockout mice H9c2 cells. Oropeza-
Almazán et al. considered[8]
intracellular Ca2+
mishandling as
an underlying mechanism in H/R injury that results in
mitochondrial dysfunction and CMs death. These events are
mediated by mitochondrial Ca2+
(mCa2+
) overload that is
facilitated by the mitochondrial Ca uniporter (MCU) channel.
First, CMs treated with siRNA demonstrated a reduction of
mitochondrial Ca2+
transport. siRNA treated CMs showed
decreased mitochondrial permeability pore opening and
oxidative stress trigger by Ca2+
overload. Kapelko et al.
prevented[9]
hypoxia-induced elevation of diastolic Ca2+
level
and eliminated Ca2+
transport alterations manifested by slow
Ca2+
removal from the sarcoplasm and delay in CMs relaxation
mainly due to preservation of Ca2+
transport after Oxacom
administration in isolated rat hearts. Tahrir et al. showed.[10]
that the presence of Tat impairs the uptake of mitochondrial
Ca2+
([Ca2+
]m
) and the electrophysiological activity resulting
in dysregulation of CMs health and homeostasis in neonatal
rat ventricular CMs (NRVMs). He et al. identified[11]
canonical
transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) three and six as
the cation channels through which most of the damaging Ca
enters cells to trigger their death, consistent with activation of
a positive-feedback loop in which Ca entering through TRPCs
activates calcineurin-mediated NFATc3-directed transcription
of TRPC genes, leading to more Ca2+
entry in vitro in H9c2
CMs. Wu et al. induced[12]
Ca2+
influx in CMs, with subsequent
reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, depolarizing of Δψm,
opening mPTP, inducing injury and transient receptor potential
vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) has key roles during IR through these
pathways after activation ofTRPV4 in H9c2 cells and NRVMs
in vitro. Consolini et al. associated that free Ca concentration
([Ca2+
]m) mainly depends[13]
on mitochondrial entrance
through the uniporter (UCam) and extrusion in exchange with
Na+
(mNCX) driven by the electrochemical gradient (ΔΨm).
Contrarily, relaxation was slowed by cardioplegia (high K-low
Ca Krebs) and by inhibition of UCam. Thus, Mit regulates the
cytosolic [Ca2+
] and SR Ca2+
content in I/R rat hearts. Panel
et al. treated[14]
cells either with Ca2+
ionophores (A23187,
ionomycin, and ETH129) or subjected to hypoxia followed by
reoxygenation. Thus, Ca2+
ionophores are not suitable to
induce CypD-dependent mPTP opening in adult isolated
murine CMs. Qiu et al. reversed[15]
the inhibitory effect of
sasanquasaponin (SQS) on H/Rinduced elevation of [Cl]i
,
Ca2+
overload and generation of ROS, and eliminated
SQSinduced cardioprotection after both inhibitions of PKCε
by εV12 and S67A mutation of AE3 in H9c2 cells. Luo et al.
prevented arrhythmias since hypoxia increased[16]
INaL
, INCX,
and diastolic intracellular [Ca2+
]i
through the stimulated
reverse Na+y
-Ca2+
exchange (NCX) and decreased amplitude
of [Ca2+
]i
transients in ventricular myocytes through inhibiting
INaL
and ICaL
. Maiolino et al. demonstrated[17]
that the Na+
/Ca2+
exchanger 1 (NCX1) provides functional support for both
glutamate uptake and use for ATP synthesis. Mohamed et al.
observed[18]
that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) activates cell
Table 3: The U-74389G/erythropoietin hypocalcemic efficacies after Chi-square tests application
Odds ratio (95% Confidence interval) Endpoint P value
0.00000334 0 0.00001891 1 h 0.0000
0.2490068 0.2476003 0.2504212 1.5 h 0.0000
0.1988753 0.1980955 0.1996583 2 h 0.0000
2.063208 2.057305 2.069128 Reperfusion 0.0000
2.3623042 2.3482723 2.3764196 Interaction 0.0000
5. Τsompos, et al.: Hypocalcemia after erythropoietin or U-74389G
Clinical Research in Hematology • Vol 2 • Issue 2 • 2019 5
signaling pathways such as p53, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+
]i
),
and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-receptor through Gαi
-
coupled-receptor, thus UDCA protects CMs against CoCl2
-
induced [Ca2+
]i
dynamic alteration in hepatocytes. Pahlitzsch
et al. noted that HR significantly increased[19]
the ANG II
response compared with control, although calcium transients
remained similar, perhaps due to increased oxidative stress
and increased Ca sensitivity of the contractile apparatus in
live slices and in isolated afferent arterioles in C57Bl6 mice.
Heetal.foundtheintracellularCa2+
accumulationsignificantly
increased[20]
compared with control group, along with
enhanced mPTP opening and elevated ROS generation.
However, suppression of stromal interaction molecule 1 by
siRNA significantly decreased apoptosis and intracellular
Ca2+
accumulation induced by H/R in H9c2 CMs. Nwankwo
et al. provided[21]
the first evidence that calpain-1 reduces the
platelet hyperactivity in sickle cell disease (SCD) mice. He
et al. have shown[22]
that: Tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl)
phosphate could decrease store-operated calcium entry,
restore H9c2 cell viability, mitigate Ca2+
-overload in H/R
injury, and reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in
H/R injury. O’Shea et al. concluded[23]
that the binding of the
receptor for advanced glycation end-products cytoplasmic
domain to the diaphanous-related form in, DIAPH1, led to
increased expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+
ATPase
and reduced expression of the sodium Ca exchanger in
experimentalmyocardialIRinmice.LiuandDongameliorated
the overproduction of intracellular ROS and intracellular[24]
Ca overload in the presence of carnosic acid for myocardial
infarction in H9c2 CMs. Chang et al. decreased[25]
mitochondrial Ca overload and inhibited the opening of mPTP
after exenatide a glucagon-like peptide-1 pretreatment in
H9c2 cells subjected to HR. Hu et al. were showed[26]
that
melatonin reduced Ca overload, inhibited IP3R expression,
and promoted SERCA2a expression through ERK1 pathway
in CMs against H/R. Skyschally et al. reduced infarct size (by
45% with polylactic acid plasma, P 0.05) and improved
mitochondrial function (e.g., increased respiration, ATP
formation, and Ca retention capacity and decreased ROS
formation) after remote ischemic[27]
perconditioning RPER
plasma/plasma dialysate in rat. Lopez et al. found[28]
that pGz
ameliorated the [Ca2+
]i
, and [Na+
]i
elevation and ROS
overproduction and further increased the activities of SOD,
and GSH peroxidase and reduced the malondialdehyde and
calpains. pGz diminished cell damage and elevated [Ca2+
]i
during human resources (HR) and improved cognitive
function in mdx mice. Qian et al. noticed that the
downregulation[29]
of IP3 receptors by IL-1ra attenuates Ca2+
overload versus the dimethyl sulfoxide group and the systolic
and diastolic dysfunctions of HR-injured CMs, which
contributes to inhibition of apoptosis in IR-injured CMs and
reduction of myocardial infarct size in vivo. Braun et al.
provided new evidence that blocking[30]
the Ca activated
potassium channels KCa3.1
and KCa2.1
, the main mediators of the
endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, with TRAM34
and UCL1684, respectively, showed similar effects in HR and
control impaired renal artery relaxation.Yin et al. significantly
improved[31]
the cell viability and decreased lactate
dehydrogenase release, attenuated myocyte apoptosis,
decreased [Ca2+
]i
and Ca-sensing receptor (CaSR) expression,
increased the ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels and inhibited
the related apoptotic signaling pathways after pretreatment
with Astragaloside IV (60 µmol/L) in rats with MIR injury. Li
et al. protected[32]
hippocampal neurons from IR injury
through two independent signaling pathways, the one
including the calcineurin/FKBP12.6-RyR/Ca overload
pathway after propofol administration. Zheng et al. concluded
that miR-148a may mitigate hepatic IR injury by ameliorating
toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation through
targeting CaMKIIα. Positive crosstalk with the Ca2+
/CaMKII
pathway is required[33]
for complete activation of the TLR4
pathway and inflammation in vitro and in vivo IR-treated
mice. Zeng et al. indicated[34]
that CaSR may modulate T
lymphocytes to release cytokines through mitogen-activated
protein kinase pathways and affect CM injury. Kleinbongard
et al. associated[35]
cardioprotection by remote ischemic
preconditioning (26% decrease in the area under the curve of
troponin I/T) with greater mitochondrial ADP-stimulated
complex I respiration (+10%), ATP production (+46%), and
Ca retention capacity (+37%), whereas ROS production
(−24%) was less than placebo. Li et al. showed[36]
that
dichloroacetate treatment ameliorated contractile dysfunction
and improved the intracellular Ca signal of isolated CMs
under HR conditions in mice. Gu et al. used chronic
intermittent hypobaric hypoxia treatment to reduce[37]
the Ca
overload and cTnI protein expression (P 0.01) by
upregulating the expression of PGC-1α and regulating the
energy metabolism of glucose and lipid in CMs after HR. Li
et al. investigated[38]
the role of a circular RNAs (circRNA)
transcribed from the sodium/Ca exchanger 1 (ncx1) gene,
named circNCX1, in oxidative stress-induced CM apoptosis
during ischemic myocardial injury. Bai and Han detected[39]
mitochondrial viability, cellular apoptosis, ROS production,
and Ca overloading in H9c2 cells that exposed to HR-induced
cytotoxicity. Further, nicorandil decreased the production of
ROS and alleviated Ca overloading in these HR-induced cells.
Cheng et al. showed[40]
that tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside
enhanced the cardioprotective effect of transient hypoxia on
HR by reducing excessive ROS production and Ca
overloading. Ke et al. showed[41]
that S1P prevented loss of
ΔΨm, relieved mitochondrial Ca overload, inhibited opening
of the mPTP, and release of cytochrome C in H9c2 cells.
Woods et al. found[42]
that mitochondrial Ca2+
(m
Ca2+
) uptake
mediated by the MCU plays a critical role in signal
transduction, bioenergetics, and cell death, and its
dysregulation is linked with several human diseases. Xing
et al. decreased[43]
p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2) associated
with oxidative stress, Ca overload and caspase-12-mediated
apoptosis activation in HR-treated N2a cells on ER stress.
Harhous et al. proposed[44]
that STAT3 had a weak effect on
6. Τsompos, et al.: Hypocalcemia after erythropoietin or U-74389G
6 Clinical Research in Hematology • Vol 2 • Issue 2 • 2019
the Ca retention capacity after IR in various cell types. Li
et al. accompanied[45]
the inhibited Ca2+
overload and the
upregulation of miR-202-5p and also upregulation or
downregulation of its downstream TRPV2, with the increase
of SERCA2a and suppression of IP3R presenting the
cardioprotective effects in MIR rats CMs. Li et al. indicated[46]
that pre-treatment with YiqiYangyinHuoxue activated the
PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, which reduces
mPTP opening, overproduction of ROS and Ca overload in
isolated rat hearts. Sadler et al. found voltage-gated calcium
channel α2
δ1
subunit expression[47]
similar in sciatic nerve,
dorsal root ganglia, and lumbar spinal cord tissue from SCD
and control mice. Wang et al. attenuated[48]
HR-mediated ER
stress, redox imbalance, Ca overload and caspase-12-related
CMs apoptosis, dependent on Pak2 upregulation after
melatonin treatment in CMs. Yuan et al. indicated[49]
the
pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with ROS
generation, calcium overload, energy metabolism disorder,
neutrophil infiltration, and others in ischemic heart disease
myocardial IR (MI/R) rat. Guan et al. concluded[50]
that during
I/R, MCU upregulation induces calpain activation, which
downregulates OPA1 in a mouse myocardial IR model. Zeng
et al. inhibited[51]
HR-increased INaL, reversed INCX
augmentation, shortened the APD, and diminished [Ca2+
]i
overload, to maintain Ca2+
homeostasis through the reverse
mode of the Na+
/Ca2+
exchange current and protected CMs
after T3 administration against HR injury.
According to the above, Table 3 shows that U-74389G has
2.3623042-fold (2.3482723–2.3764196) more hypercalcemic
effect than Epo whether all variables have been considered
(P = 0.0000); a trend reversed along time, in Epo non-
deficient rats. A meta-analysis of these ratios from the same
experiment, for 27 other seric variables, provides comparable
results [Table 4].[52,53]
CONCLUSIONS
The antioxidant agent U-74389G was proved to have
2.3623042-fold (2.3482723–2.3764196) more hypercalcemic
effect than Epo whether all variables have been considered
(P = 0.0000); a trend reversed along the short-term time
frame of the experiment in rats. A biochemical investigation
remains about how U-74389G mediates in these actions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors acknowledged in preliminary studies.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
“All applicable international, national, and/or institutional
guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.”
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