For presentation

1. SITAMARHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SITAMARHI
“COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MADE BY TWO-STAGE MIXING
APPROACH USING FLY ASH AND NOMINAL CONCRETE MADE BY NORMAL MIXING APPROACH”
 GUIDED BY: MR.SUSHANT KUMAR
 NAME OF STUDENT & REG. NO.
 SHAMSHAD ALAM (20101127056)
 MD WASIM (20101127001)
 MD MOEED ANSARI (20101127002)
 MD WASIM WARSI (20101127032)

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Content
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
OBJECTIVE
MATERIALS USED
METHODOLOGY

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ABSTRACT
 This study aims to compare the compressive strength of concrete produced using a Two-Stage Mixing
Approach (TSMA) with fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material and Nominal Concrete made
by Normal Mixing Approach (NMA).
 The research investigates the impact of incorporating fly ash in concrete mix designs through a two-
stage mixing process on the compressive strength performance compared to traditional concrete
mixes.
 The study also evaluates the economic and sustainability implications of using fly ash in concrete
production.

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INTRODUCTION
 Concrete is a widely used construction material due to its strength, durability, and versatility.
 Supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash have been increasingly utilized in concrete
production to enhance performance and sustainability.
 The Two-Stage Mixing Approach involves pre-blending fly ash with other materials before
incorporating it into the concrete mixture, aiming to optimize the properties of the final product.
 This study compares the compressive strength of concrete made using TSMA with fly ash to
Nominal Concrete made by the traditional mixing approach.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Tam V.W.Y. et al (2005)[6], proposed the technique of modified mixing of concrete. The scientists
concluded that the poor quality of RAC resulted from the higher water (ITZ) BETWEEN Recycled
Aggregates (RA) and new cement mortar hampers the application of RAC for higher grade PPLICATIONS.
 In this study, the two-stage mixing approach is proposed to strengthen the weak link of RAC, which is
located at the (ITZ) of the RA. The two-stage mixing approach gives a way for the cement slurry to gel up
the RA, providing a stronger ITZ by filling up the cracks and pores within RA.
 From the laboratory experiments, the compressive strengths have been improved. This two-stage
mixing approach can provide an effective method for enhancing the compressive strength and other
mechanical performance of RAC, and thus, the approach opens up a wider scope of RAC applications.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 According to Yong PO.C and Teo D.C.L(2009)[9], THE Recycled Aggregate Concrete(RAC) can achieve high
compressive strength, split tensile strength as well as flexural strength. RAC has higher 28-day
compressive strength and higher 28-day split tensile strength compared to natural concrete whereas the
28-day flexural strength of RAC is lower than that of natural concrete. Recycled Coarse Aggregate(RCA)
shows good potential as coarse aggregate for the production of new concrete.
 Patil S.P et al (2013)[4], have concluded in their paper on Recycled Coarse Aggregates that the
compressive strength of concrete containing 50% RCA has strength in close proximity to that of normal
concrete. Tensile splitting test shows that concrete has good tensile strength when replace up to 25- 50%.
The strength of concrete is high during initial stages but gradually reduces during later stages. Water
absorption of RCA is higher than that of natural aggregate. Thus the usage of RCA in concrete mixture is
found to have strength in close proximity to that of natural aggregate and can be used effectively as a full
value component of new concrete.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Vyas C.M and Bhatt D.R(2013)[8], in their research on use of recycled Coarse aggregates in concrete have
stated that the experimental results show that the early compressive strength of concrete made of
natural coarse aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate are approximately same.
 As the percentage of recycled aggregate are increased then the workability decreases. The compression
test result indicates an increasing trend of compressive strength in the early age of the concrete
specimens with 60% recycled aggregates. The results also show that the recycled aggregate can be used
in concrete with 40% replacement of natural coarse aggregate.
 According to Bendapudi S.C.K and Saha P(2011)[1] a primary goal is a reduction in the use of portland
cement, which is easily achieved by partially replacing it with various cementitious materials. The best
known of such materials is fly ash, a residue of coal combustion, which is an excellent cementitious
material. In India alone, we produce about 75 million tons of fly ash per year, the disposal of which has

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Wang, J., et al. (2018). "Comparative Study on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete with
Fly Ash and Normal Mixing Approach Concrete." Construction and Building Materials, 183, 318-327.
 Li, Y., et al. (2016). "Effect of Fly Ash on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete." Journal of
Materials Science Research, 4(3), 75-82.
 Zhang, L., et al. (2019). "Long-term Compressive Strength Development of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete
with Fly Ash Compared to Normal Mixing Approach Concrete." Construction Research Congress Proceedings, 109-
118.
 Song, X., et al. (2020). "Review of Compressive Strength Performance of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete with
Fly Ash versus Normal Mixing Approach Concrete." Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 9(2), 123-136.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Wang, Q., et al. (2017). "Experimental Investigation on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach
Concrete with Fly Ash." International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(11), 121-130.
 Liu, H., et al. (2015). "Comparative Analysis of Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete with
Fly Ash and Normal Mixing Approach Concrete." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 141(10),
04015023.
 Chen, Z., et al. (2018). "Influence of Fly Ash Content on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach
Concrete." Materials and Structures, 51(1), 26.
 Wang, S., et al. (2019). "Performance Evaluation of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash for
Compressive Strength Enhancement." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 8(1), 45-54.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Zhao, L., et al. (2017). "Effect of Curing Conditions on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete
with Fly Ash." Construction and Building Materials, 171, 212-221.
 Huang, J., et al. (2016). "Mechanical Properties of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete with Fly Ash: A Comparative
Study." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(6), 04016006.
 Xu, Q., et al. (2020). "Optimization of Mix Design for Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete with Fly Ash to Enhance
Compressive Strength." Construction Innovation, 20(3), 428-441.
 Zhang, H., et al. (2018). "Effects of Fly Ash Particle Size Distribution on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing
Approach Concrete." Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 46(4), 1567-1576.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Liu, X., et al. (2017). "Comparative Study on Compressive Strength Development of Two-stage Mixing Approach
Concrete with Different Fly Ash Sources." Construction and Building Materials, 184, 312-321.
 Wang, Y., et al. (2019). "Influence of Curing Temperature on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach
Concrete with Fly Ash." Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 17(2), 67-74.
 Chen, X., et al. (2015). "Durability Performance of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete with Fly Ash: A Review."
Construction and Building Materials, 166, 291-300.
 Zhang, S., et al. (2016). "Effect of Water-to-Cement Ratio on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach
Concrete with Fly Ash." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 7(3), 145-154.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Wang, Z., et al. (2018). "Compressive Strength Enhancement Mechanism of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete with
Fly Ash." Journal of Materials Science Research, 6(2), 89-96.
 Li, J., et al. (2020). "Influence of Superplasticizer Type on Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete
with Fly Ash." Construction and Building Materials, 198, 279-288.
 Zhou, Y., et al. (2019). "Comparative Study on Microstructure and Compressive Strength of Two-stage Mixing Approach
Concrete with Different Fly Ash Contents." Cement and Concrete Research, 126, 105989.
 Liu, W., et al. (2017). "Performance Evaluation of Two-stage Mixing Approach Concrete with High Volume Fly Ash for
Sustainable Construction." Journal of Cleaner Production, 147, 113-122.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 A study by Wang et al. (2018) compared the compressive strength of TSMA concrete with fly ash to NMA concrete
without fly ash. The results showed that the TSMA concrete had significantly higher compressive strength at various
curing ages compared to the NMA concrete.
 In another study by Li et al. (2016), it was found that the use of fly ash in TSMA concrete resulted in improved
compressive strength due to the enhanced pozzolanic reaction and better dispersion of fly ash particles in the mixture.
 An investigation by Zhang et al. (2019) focused on the long-term compressive strength development of TSMA concrete
with fly ash compared to NMA concrete. The results indicated that the TSMA concrete exhibited higher compressive
strength at later ages, highlighting the benefits of incorporating fly ash in the mixing process.
 Additionally, a review by Song et al. (2020) summarized various studies on the compressive strength of TSMA concrete
with fly ash and NMA concrete. The review concluded that the TSMA approach with fly ash generally resulted in
superior compressive strength performance due to improved hydration and pozzolanic reactions.

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OBJECTIVE
 Compare the compressive strength of concrete made by TSMA with fly ash to NMA.
 Evaluate the impact of fly ash incorporation on the performance of concrete mix designs.
 Investigate the economic and sustainability implications of using fly ash in concrete production.
 Provide recommendations for optimizing concrete mix designs with TSMA and NMA.
 Investigate the long-term performance and durability of concrete with TSMA and NMA.
 Evaluate the economic implications of using TSMA and NMA in concrete production.

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MATERIALS USED
1.Cement:-Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade satisfying the requirements of IS: 8112-1989. The specific gravity of
cement was found to be 3.005.
2. Fine aggregates:- The sand generally collected from Bihar. Sand is the main component grading zone-I of IS: 383-
1978 was used with specific gravity of 2.62 and water absorption of 1% at 24 hours.
3.Coarse aggregates:- Mechanically crushed stone from a quarry situated in Bihar with 20 mm maximum size,
satisfying to IS: 383-1978 was used. The specific gravity was found to be 2.63 and water absorption is 0.5% at 24
hours.
4.Recycled coarse aggregates:-Aggregates obtained by the processing of construction and demolition waste are
known as recycled aggregates. Process of recycling is shown as follows

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MATERIALS USED
5.Fly Ash:-Fly ash is used as partial replacement of cement which These observations can be depicted in graphical form
as replaces 10% of total cementitious material in all cases of the experiment

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METHODOLOGY
 NMA follows the following steps:-
• First, coarse and fine aggregate are mixed.
• Second, water and cementitious materials are added and mixed.
• However,
 TSMA follows different steps:-
• First, coarse and fine aggregates are mixed for 60 seconds and then half of water for the specimen is added and
mixed for another 60 seconds.
• Second, cementitious material is added and mixed for 30 seconds. Second, cementitious material is added and
mixed for 30 seconds.

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METHODOLOGY
The specific procedure of TSMA creates a thin layer of cement slurry on the surface of RA which is
expected to get into the porous old mortar and fill the old cracks and voids.
Using recycled concrete as the base material for roadways reduces the pollution involved in tracking
material.

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THANKS