Due to the natural intermittent properties of some renewable energies, the grid is subjected to instability, insufficient power delivery and fluctuation. When these renewable energies are combined together to address the challenge of power shortage, increasing energy demand, and voltage drop, the grid is subject to different stabilities issues compare to the single energy source. This paper compares the dynamic behavior of single energy with mixed energy sources. The paper compares the impact of DFIG alone, Solar PV alone and Small Hydro power alone with hybrid type under distributed generation concept on transient stability of power system. To investigate this investigation, a DIgSILENT power factory library models was used as a component model for wind Turbine / Solar PV and small hydropower system. The simulation was carried out on single machine infinite system.
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation and its Impac...IJAEMSJORNAL
Presently, the grid accommodates several mixed energies so as to improve power generation and cater for demand which is ever increasing. These energy sources interact with each other and with the existing grid. Due to the complementary nature of most renewable energy and the mixed dynamics associated with them coupled with the bi directional power flow, transient stability based on single source will not give the overall assessment of the network. This paper presents the impact of hybrid Solar PV-Wind and Small Hydro distributed generation on transient stability of power system so as to take advantages of their complementary roles. To investigate this impact, a detail modeling of grid connected wind / solar PV and small hydropower system with single machine infinite system is carried out. The configuration of the proposed typical grid connected hybrid distributed generation (HDG) consists of hybrid Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), solar PV and small hydropower system. DFIG is integrated through PWM converter into the existing grid while the solar PV consisting of DC sources is integrated through PWM inverter and the hydro power is directly connected through a synchronous generator. The simulation was done in DIgSILENT power factory software
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using Facts D...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Due to increasing integration of new technologies into the grid such as hybrid electric vehicles, distributed generations, power electronic interface circuits, advanced controllers etc., the present power system network is now more complex than in the past. Consequently, the recent rate of blackouts recorded in some parts of the world indicates that the power system is stressed. The real time/online monitoring and prediction of stability limit is needed to prevent future blackouts. The aggravated increase in energy demand has posed a serious problem for the power system’s stability and reliability, and hence has become of major concern. The shortcomings of conventional source of energy have paved way for renewable energy sources. The latter can form a part of a standalone system or grid connected system. A single renewable source of energy When integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. This thesis deals with PV, Wind, Hydro system. In this thesis an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. The mathematical model considered uses a STATCOM to meet the reactive power need upon sudden step change in power. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Solar PV and Wind Energy SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It begins with an abstract that describes how combining solar and wind power can provide better reliability than individual systems and be more economical. The document then reviews technologies for solar PV cells and wind turbines. It describes two types of hybrid solar-wind systems - grid-connected and stand-alone. Several research papers on hybrid solar-wind systems are summarized that address optimization, power electronics, and integration challenges. The document concludes that hybrid systems can help address the intermittent nature of solar and wind power.
A review of hybrid solar pv and wind energy system paperRanjit Singh
The document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It discusses how combining solar and wind power can provide more reliable energy generation by offsetting the intermittency of each source. It reviews the challenges of integrating such hybrid systems into electric grids or using them for standalone power, as well as potential solutions like optimal sizing, power electronics configurations, and advanced control systems. The document summarizes research on both grid-connected and standalone hybrid solar-wind systems.
The document discusses incorporating microgrid technology with rooftop solar PV deployment to enhance energy economics. It identifies factors that cause energy losses in the existing distribution system, such as inefficient equipment and conversion losses. A hybrid microgrid is proposed to effectively manage the distribution system and efficiently utilize solar power and storage. Comparisons are presented based on energy savings, payback period calculations, and CO2 emission reductions to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power Systemijtsrd
In this paper DC linked, grid connected solar/hydro hybrid system is modelled and simulated. A control scheme is developed for solar and hydro system for variable solar irradiance and variable load. Synchronous generator based hydro system is used to feed bulk of the power and whenever solar irradiance is available solar system along with hydro system and grid supply to the load. The performance analysis of the proposed HES and its power management strategy has been done using the simulink toolboxes of MATLAB software. The proposed system consists PV system hydro system, battery and grid. In some remote/rural areas, it is very difficult to satisfy the demand of electrical power throughout the year with the power grid. In such areas, the power requirement can be fulfilled by renewable energy system such as hydro or PV system. Either the hydro system or PV system is not capable of supplying power requirement throughout the year as both systems are intermittent. Hence, the judicious combination of hydro and PV system has been modeled for electrification. The power management strategy is modeled to manage the power flow of the energy systems to fulfill the load demand. The presented results clearly show that the proposed HES and its control strategy are suitable for implementation in remote/rural areas. Karan Sapotra"Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12954.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12954/modelling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-solar-hydro-based-hybrid-power-system/karan-sapotra
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation and its Impac...IJAEMSJORNAL
Presently, the grid accommodates several mixed energies so as to improve power generation and cater for demand which is ever increasing. These energy sources interact with each other and with the existing grid. Due to the complementary nature of most renewable energy and the mixed dynamics associated with them coupled with the bi directional power flow, transient stability based on single source will not give the overall assessment of the network. This paper presents the impact of hybrid Solar PV-Wind and Small Hydro distributed generation on transient stability of power system so as to take advantages of their complementary roles. To investigate this impact, a detail modeling of grid connected wind / solar PV and small hydropower system with single machine infinite system is carried out. The configuration of the proposed typical grid connected hybrid distributed generation (HDG) consists of hybrid Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), solar PV and small hydropower system. DFIG is integrated through PWM converter into the existing grid while the solar PV consisting of DC sources is integrated through PWM inverter and the hydro power is directly connected through a synchronous generator. The simulation was done in DIgSILENT power factory software
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using Facts D...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Due to increasing integration of new technologies into the grid such as hybrid electric vehicles, distributed generations, power electronic interface circuits, advanced controllers etc., the present power system network is now more complex than in the past. Consequently, the recent rate of blackouts recorded in some parts of the world indicates that the power system is stressed. The real time/online monitoring and prediction of stability limit is needed to prevent future blackouts. The aggravated increase in energy demand has posed a serious problem for the power system’s stability and reliability, and hence has become of major concern. The shortcomings of conventional source of energy have paved way for renewable energy sources. The latter can form a part of a standalone system or grid connected system. A single renewable source of energy When integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. This thesis deals with PV, Wind, Hydro system. In this thesis an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. The mathematical model considered uses a STATCOM to meet the reactive power need upon sudden step change in power. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Solar PV and Wind Energy SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It begins with an abstract that describes how combining solar and wind power can provide better reliability than individual systems and be more economical. The document then reviews technologies for solar PV cells and wind turbines. It describes two types of hybrid solar-wind systems - grid-connected and stand-alone. Several research papers on hybrid solar-wind systems are summarized that address optimization, power electronics, and integration challenges. The document concludes that hybrid systems can help address the intermittent nature of solar and wind power.
A review of hybrid solar pv and wind energy system paperRanjit Singh
The document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It discusses how combining solar and wind power can provide more reliable energy generation by offsetting the intermittency of each source. It reviews the challenges of integrating such hybrid systems into electric grids or using them for standalone power, as well as potential solutions like optimal sizing, power electronics configurations, and advanced control systems. The document summarizes research on both grid-connected and standalone hybrid solar-wind systems.
The document discusses incorporating microgrid technology with rooftop solar PV deployment to enhance energy economics. It identifies factors that cause energy losses in the existing distribution system, such as inefficient equipment and conversion losses. A hybrid microgrid is proposed to effectively manage the distribution system and efficiently utilize solar power and storage. Comparisons are presented based on energy savings, payback period calculations, and CO2 emission reductions to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power Systemijtsrd
In this paper DC linked, grid connected solar/hydro hybrid system is modelled and simulated. A control scheme is developed for solar and hydro system for variable solar irradiance and variable load. Synchronous generator based hydro system is used to feed bulk of the power and whenever solar irradiance is available solar system along with hydro system and grid supply to the load. The performance analysis of the proposed HES and its power management strategy has been done using the simulink toolboxes of MATLAB software. The proposed system consists PV system hydro system, battery and grid. In some remote/rural areas, it is very difficult to satisfy the demand of electrical power throughout the year with the power grid. In such areas, the power requirement can be fulfilled by renewable energy system such as hydro or PV system. Either the hydro system or PV system is not capable of supplying power requirement throughout the year as both systems are intermittent. Hence, the judicious combination of hydro and PV system has been modeled for electrification. The power management strategy is modeled to manage the power flow of the energy systems to fulfill the load demand. The presented results clearly show that the proposed HES and its control strategy are suitable for implementation in remote/rural areas. Karan Sapotra"Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12954.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12954/modelling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-solar-hydro-based-hybrid-power-system/karan-sapotra
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grid Management Renewable Energy Balancing Power GenerationBalvinder Singh
Renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature hence; it is therefore a challenging task to integrate renewable energy resources into the power grid.
This document discusses hybrid renewable energy systems and their suitability for rural regions in India. It notes that about 75% of India's population lives in rural areas that often face electricity shortages, hindering development. Hybrid systems that combine two or more renewable sources like biomass, wind, solar, and hydro could help address this issue by providing a more reliable supply. The document outlines several hybrid system examples and notes their advantages like increased reliability, flexibility, and lower operating costs compared to individual renewable systems. However, hybrid systems also present challenges like complex power conditioning, stochastic resource availability, and coordination with electric grids.
IRJET- Optimization of Hybrid Energy Mix for Rural Electrification in NigeriaIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing a hybrid energy mix for rural electrification in Nigeria. It analyzes using a renewable hybrid power system combining solar, wind, diesel generator, and battery storage to provide electricity for Kaba-Owode, a small community in Nigeria that experiences unreliable power. The simulation software HOMER was used to evaluate different system configurations. The results showed that a PV/Diesel/Battery system would be the most financially sustainable solution to meet the community's energy demands.
IRJET - Multi-Hybrid Renewable Energy Source based on Solar, Wind and Biogas ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed multi-hybrid renewable energy system combining solar, wind, and biogas sources. It presents a block diagram and simulation of the system, which shows that the sources can supply power proportionally to their capacities to meet the load demand. The system is not affected when faults are applied to the grid. The document also provides background on each renewable source and reviews their use individually and in hybrid configurations to provide sustainable energy. It concludes that a hybrid system integrating multiple sources can reliably power remote areas.
IRJET- Solar Energy: Potential and Policies of IndiaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the potential and policies of solar energy in India. It begins by stating that solar energy is playing an important role in meeting electrical energy demands as conventional fuel sources decline. Photovoltaic installations use solar panels to generate electricity in a cost-effective way from sunlight. However, the use and effectiveness of solar energy systems in India remains limited. The document then reviews India's solar energy policies and incentives to promote renewable energy sources. It also discusses technological challenges and the need for continued innovation to improve the output and widespread adoption of solar energy systems in India.
IRJET- Grid Connected Multilevel Converter by using Renewable Energy SourcesIRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid renewable energy system that uses both solar and wind power sources connected to a grid. It proposes using a seven-level multilevel inverter to convert the power from the solar panels and wind turbine to grid-compatible AC power. The system aims to provide a reliable source of electricity by combining two variable renewable sources and connecting to the grid. Modeling and simulation of the hybrid system with maximum power point tracking control is presented to regulate power from the solar and wind sources.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a model for integrating renewable energy sources like wind and solar to power loads. The model uses MATLAB Simulink to simulate two generating units - a solar PV array and a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator. It includes transmission systems to step up the voltages to 33kV for transmission over 30km lines, then step down to 230V for loads. The model automatically switches between the generating units based on the load to prevent overloading. When the solar output meets the load, excess solar is used to charge batteries. If the load increases above the solar capacity, the wind unit is switched in to support the load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses PEM fuel cell systems for distributed generation applications. It notes that distributed generation is growing due to concerns about fossil fuel shortages, emissions and energy security. PEM fuel cells are well-suited for distributed generation because they are efficient, scalable, low emission, and able to provide base load power and load following. The document identifies potential market applications including using by-product hydrogen from industrial processes to power fuel cells, providing power to remote communities currently relying on diesel generators, and enabling energy storage for renewable power systems.
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems with lower carbon footprint levels. The purpose of this work is the development of a hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energy in sun and electricity to generate electricity. The working model can able to run on dual mode- solar and electricity. It can also be driven independently either by solar or electricity. The battery can be charge from solar panel (40W) or by power supply. The household single phase A.C. power supply of 230V is converted into 12V D.C. using step down transformer and rectifying circuit. The working model can achieve energy saving, low carbon emission, environmental protection for the upcoming future of human life.
Implementation of Solar Distribution Grid for Agriculture Resources through M...IRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing a solar distribution grid for agricultural resources in India using MATLAB. It begins by introducing the problem of unreliable grid power for irrigation and proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV) solution. It then reviews existing power supply methods for agriculture and the technical issues with grid-connected PV systems. The document provides details on modeling solar resource assessment factors like insolation and panel orientation in MATLAB. It also examines PV array output calculation and maximum power point tracking to optimize solar energy harvesting. The goal is to simulate distributing solar power from arrays to agricultural fields and control it for irrigation needs.
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
Comparative analysis of electrochemical energy storage technologies for smart...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a comparative analysis of different forms of electrochemical energy storage technologies for use in the smart grid. This paper addresses various energy storage techniques that are used in the renewable energy sources connected to the smart grid. Energy storage technologies will most likely improve the penetrations of renewable energy on the electricity network. Consequently, energy storage systems could be the key to finally replacing the need for fossil fuel with renewable energy. It is hard to evaluate the different types of energy storage techniques between themselves due to the fact that each technology could be used in a different way and are more like compliments. Subsequently, for the purposes of this paper, it is seen that the use of energy storage technologies will increase the supply, and balances out the demand for energy.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG) in India. It defines DG and provides examples of DG technologies like internal combustion engines, biomass, turbines, micro-turbines, wind turbines, solar power, and fuel cells. India's power sector is dominated by large centralized generation, but DG can help meet electricity demand and electrify rural areas not served by the grid. DG based on renewables like biomass and small hydro are suitable options for remote villages. Challenges include the high costs of some DG technologies and the need for government subsidies to promote wider adoption in India.
A Review on Fuzzy-GA Based Controller for Power Flow Control in Grid Connecte...Yayah Zakaria
Now-a-days Renewable Energy Sources became an alternative to meet the increasing load demand because they are environmental friendly and also available abundant in nature. Among the Renewable Energy Sources, the Photo Voltaic (PV) System is gaining more attention due abundant availability of solar energy. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique
is used to extract maximum power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) Array. When there is a need to transfer bulk amount of power from PV Array to Power Grid, the power quality issues, especially the real and reactive power flow problems, are a major concern. In this paper a novel control technique was
proposed to control the power flow and to deal with power quality issues that arise when PV Array is integrated with power grid. It consists of a Fuzzy-GA based Cascaded Controller fed Flexible AC Transmission System device, namely Unified Power Flow Controller, for effective control of real and reactive power flow in grid connected photovoltaic system. The output of the
Fuzzy Logic Controller is a control vector which is fine tuned by using Genetic Algorithm approach.
Energy Sustainability by 2030 - Knowledge Paper for Connexionsrannaluru
- The Indian government has set ambitious targets to install 175 GW of renewable energy, including 100 GW of solar, by 2022. This will significantly increase variable renewable generation on the grid.
- As solar PV increases, it causes variability that impacts the net load curve. In California, this has led to the "duck curve" pattern, with steep ramping needs in the evening.
- India is expected to experience a similar duck curve as its solar targets are achieved. Modeling shows the 100 GW solar goal will result in steep ramping needs after sunset that could challenge grid operations without solutions. Flexible resources and demand response will be needed to integrate high levels of solar reliably.
The document discusses distributed generation (DG) in India. It begins by defining DG as decentralized small-scale electricity generation connected to distribution networks. In India, DG currently makes up a small portion of generation but will play an important role in increasing access given transmission challenges. Key technologies discussed include biomass, microturbines, solar, and small hydro. However, DG in India faces challenges in commercial viability without subsidies and improving cost-effectiveness compared to centralized generation alternatives.
A Review on Integration of Wind Turbines in Distributed Generation Power Systemijtsrd
This document summarizes a review on integrating wind turbines into distributed generation power systems. It discusses how wind power is an important renewable energy source that provides challenges for grid integration due to its variability. Energy storage and control systems that can mimic conventional power plants are needed to maintain grid stability when integrating intermittent wind power. The document reviews various European grid codes and their requirements for frequency control by wind power, including definitions of different reserve types (immediate, primary, secondary, tertiary) and their timescales of activation to balance supply and demand.
This document discusses selecting the optimal location and size of multiple distributed generations using the Kalman filter algorithm. It first provides background on distributed generation technologies and their benefits, such as reducing power losses, improving voltage stability and reliability. The objectives of distributed generation include meeting increasing power demand in a cost-effective way and integrating renewable sources. The document then describes modeling distributed generations using the Kalman filter and determining their optimal locations and sizes to minimize power losses and maximize system stability and reliability.
This document provides an overview of distributed generation (DG), including definitions, technologies, and system architectures. It discusses how DG can help address issues related to load growth and grid reliability by generating power near demand centers. DG includes a variety of technologies like solar PV, fuel cells, and reciprocating engines. It can be interconnected with the grid or operate independently. DG provides economic and environmental benefits but also faces challenges related to integration with the electric grid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grid Management Renewable Energy Balancing Power GenerationBalvinder Singh
Renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature hence; it is therefore a challenging task to integrate renewable energy resources into the power grid.
This document discusses hybrid renewable energy systems and their suitability for rural regions in India. It notes that about 75% of India's population lives in rural areas that often face electricity shortages, hindering development. Hybrid systems that combine two or more renewable sources like biomass, wind, solar, and hydro could help address this issue by providing a more reliable supply. The document outlines several hybrid system examples and notes their advantages like increased reliability, flexibility, and lower operating costs compared to individual renewable systems. However, hybrid systems also present challenges like complex power conditioning, stochastic resource availability, and coordination with electric grids.
IRJET- Optimization of Hybrid Energy Mix for Rural Electrification in NigeriaIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing a hybrid energy mix for rural electrification in Nigeria. It analyzes using a renewable hybrid power system combining solar, wind, diesel generator, and battery storage to provide electricity for Kaba-Owode, a small community in Nigeria that experiences unreliable power. The simulation software HOMER was used to evaluate different system configurations. The results showed that a PV/Diesel/Battery system would be the most financially sustainable solution to meet the community's energy demands.
IRJET - Multi-Hybrid Renewable Energy Source based on Solar, Wind and Biogas ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed multi-hybrid renewable energy system combining solar, wind, and biogas sources. It presents a block diagram and simulation of the system, which shows that the sources can supply power proportionally to their capacities to meet the load demand. The system is not affected when faults are applied to the grid. The document also provides background on each renewable source and reviews their use individually and in hybrid configurations to provide sustainable energy. It concludes that a hybrid system integrating multiple sources can reliably power remote areas.
IRJET- Solar Energy: Potential and Policies of IndiaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the potential and policies of solar energy in India. It begins by stating that solar energy is playing an important role in meeting electrical energy demands as conventional fuel sources decline. Photovoltaic installations use solar panels to generate electricity in a cost-effective way from sunlight. However, the use and effectiveness of solar energy systems in India remains limited. The document then reviews India's solar energy policies and incentives to promote renewable energy sources. It also discusses technological challenges and the need for continued innovation to improve the output and widespread adoption of solar energy systems in India.
IRJET- Grid Connected Multilevel Converter by using Renewable Energy SourcesIRJET Journal
This document discusses a hybrid renewable energy system that uses both solar and wind power sources connected to a grid. It proposes using a seven-level multilevel inverter to convert the power from the solar panels and wind turbine to grid-compatible AC power. The system aims to provide a reliable source of electricity by combining two variable renewable sources and connecting to the grid. Modeling and simulation of the hybrid system with maximum power point tracking control is presented to regulate power from the solar and wind sources.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a model for integrating renewable energy sources like wind and solar to power loads. The model uses MATLAB Simulink to simulate two generating units - a solar PV array and a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator. It includes transmission systems to step up the voltages to 33kV for transmission over 30km lines, then step down to 230V for loads. The model automatically switches between the generating units based on the load to prevent overloading. When the solar output meets the load, excess solar is used to charge batteries. If the load increases above the solar capacity, the wind unit is switched in to support the load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses PEM fuel cell systems for distributed generation applications. It notes that distributed generation is growing due to concerns about fossil fuel shortages, emissions and energy security. PEM fuel cells are well-suited for distributed generation because they are efficient, scalable, low emission, and able to provide base load power and load following. The document identifies potential market applications including using by-product hydrogen from industrial processes to power fuel cells, providing power to remote communities currently relying on diesel generators, and enabling energy storage for renewable power systems.
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems with lower carbon footprint levels. The purpose of this work is the development of a hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energy in sun and electricity to generate electricity. The working model can able to run on dual mode- solar and electricity. It can also be driven independently either by solar or electricity. The battery can be charge from solar panel (40W) or by power supply. The household single phase A.C. power supply of 230V is converted into 12V D.C. using step down transformer and rectifying circuit. The working model can achieve energy saving, low carbon emission, environmental protection for the upcoming future of human life.
Implementation of Solar Distribution Grid for Agriculture Resources through M...IRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing a solar distribution grid for agricultural resources in India using MATLAB. It begins by introducing the problem of unreliable grid power for irrigation and proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV) solution. It then reviews existing power supply methods for agriculture and the technical issues with grid-connected PV systems. The document provides details on modeling solar resource assessment factors like insolation and panel orientation in MATLAB. It also examines PV array output calculation and maximum power point tracking to optimize solar energy harvesting. The goal is to simulate distributing solar power from arrays to agricultural fields and control it for irrigation needs.
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
Comparative analysis of electrochemical energy storage technologies for smart...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a comparative analysis of different forms of electrochemical energy storage technologies for use in the smart grid. This paper addresses various energy storage techniques that are used in the renewable energy sources connected to the smart grid. Energy storage technologies will most likely improve the penetrations of renewable energy on the electricity network. Consequently, energy storage systems could be the key to finally replacing the need for fossil fuel with renewable energy. It is hard to evaluate the different types of energy storage techniques between themselves due to the fact that each technology could be used in a different way and are more like compliments. Subsequently, for the purposes of this paper, it is seen that the use of energy storage technologies will increase the supply, and balances out the demand for energy.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG) in India. It defines DG and provides examples of DG technologies like internal combustion engines, biomass, turbines, micro-turbines, wind turbines, solar power, and fuel cells. India's power sector is dominated by large centralized generation, but DG can help meet electricity demand and electrify rural areas not served by the grid. DG based on renewables like biomass and small hydro are suitable options for remote villages. Challenges include the high costs of some DG technologies and the need for government subsidies to promote wider adoption in India.
A Review on Fuzzy-GA Based Controller for Power Flow Control in Grid Connecte...Yayah Zakaria
Now-a-days Renewable Energy Sources became an alternative to meet the increasing load demand because they are environmental friendly and also available abundant in nature. Among the Renewable Energy Sources, the Photo Voltaic (PV) System is gaining more attention due abundant availability of solar energy. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique
is used to extract maximum power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) Array. When there is a need to transfer bulk amount of power from PV Array to Power Grid, the power quality issues, especially the real and reactive power flow problems, are a major concern. In this paper a novel control technique was
proposed to control the power flow and to deal with power quality issues that arise when PV Array is integrated with power grid. It consists of a Fuzzy-GA based Cascaded Controller fed Flexible AC Transmission System device, namely Unified Power Flow Controller, for effective control of real and reactive power flow in grid connected photovoltaic system. The output of the
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling and simulation of distributed generation systemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that models and simulates a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and wind distributed generation system to meet the energy demands of Leh, India effectively. The study analyzes Leh's local energy requirements and assesses the solar and wind resources for their potential contributions to the hybrid system. Using the HOMER software, various system configurations and component sizes are evaluated to optimize the performance of the hybrid system. Simulations determine the most cost-effective and reliable solution that meets Leh's energy demands while considering the intermittency of renewable energy sources. The economic feasibility of the proposed PV-wind hybrid system is examined through metrics such as the levelized cost of energy.
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IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Wind and Fuel Cell SystemIRJET Journal
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Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
Analysis of Various Power Quality Issues of Wind Solar System – A Reviewijtsrd
This paper presents a review on grid Integration and power quality issues associated with the integration of renewable energy systems in to grid and Role of power electronic devices and Flexible AC Transmission Systems related to these Issues. In this paper, recent trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and photovoltaic PV power generators are presented. Discussions about common and future trends in renewable energy systems based on reliability and maturity of each technology are presented. Classification of various Power Quality Issues used by different researchers has been done and put for reference. Application of various techniques as applied to mitigate the different Power Quality problems is also presented for consideration. Power Electronics interface not only plays a very important role in efficient integration of Wind and Solar energy system but also to its effects on the power system operation especially where the renewable energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity.However there are various issues related to grid integration of RES keeping in the view of aforesaid trends it becomes necessary to investigate the possible solutions for these issues. Nitish Agrawal | Dr. Manju Gupta | Neeti Dugaya "Analysis of Various Power Quality Issues of Wind/Solar System – A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47909.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/47909/analysis-of-various-power-quality-issues-of-windsolar-system-–-a-review/nitish-agrawal
Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid...ijtsrd
This document discusses power quality enhancement techniques for hybrid AC/DC microgrids. A microgrid consists of distributed energy resources (DERs) like solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries that can operate connected or disconnected from the main power grid. When operating independently, control methods are needed to coordinate the AC and DC sub-grids. The performance of a hybrid microgrid system is analyzed in this paper using MATLAB/Simulink. Key challenges for microgrids are discussed like protection systems and maintaining stability with variable DERs and loads.
This document discusses distributed generation (DG) in India's electricity system. It defines DG as smaller-scale electricity generation located near the point of use, connected to distribution networks rather than transmission lines. The document outlines key benefits of DG such as lower capital costs, local power use, and not requiring new high-voltage transmission infrastructure. It also provides an overview of DG technologies and compares DG development in India to other countries.
This document discusses control techniques for power converters in AC microgrids. It begins by classifying power converters based on their role in a microgrid as either grid-forming, grid-feeding, or grid-supporting. Grid-forming converters control voltage amplitude and frequency, grid-feeding converters deliver preset power levels, and grid-supporting converters help regulate voltage and frequency. The document then examines control structures for each type of converter and discusses hierarchical microgrid control involving primary, secondary, and tertiary control layers to minimize costs while maintaining reliability.
A Review on Fuzzy-GA Based Controller for Power Flow Control in Grid Connecte...IJECEIAES
Now-a-days Renewable Energy Sources became an alternative to meet the increasing load demand because they are environmental friendly and also available abundant in nature. Among the Renewable Energy Sources, the Photo Voltaic (PV) System is gaining more attention due abundant availability of solar energy. The Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique is used to extract maximum power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) Array. When there is a need to transfer bulk amount of power from PV Array to Power Grid, the power quality issues, especially the real and reactive power flow problems, are a major concern. In this paper a novel control technique was proposed to control the power flow and to deal with power quality issues that arise when PV Array is integrated with power grid. It consists of a Fuzzy-GA based Cascaded Controller fed Flexible AC Transmission System device, namely Unified Power Flow Controller, for effective control of real and reactive power flow in grid connected photovoltaic system. The output of the Fuzzy Logic Controller is a control vector which is fine tuned by using Genetic Algorithm approach.
Abstract: Renewable energy source (RES) is applicable in most cases. Among different RES like wind, solar, biomass, hydro, etc. Wind energy is the most available and utilizable one. Wind energy is used for electric power generation. With respect to wind energy stabilization is one issue.
Integrating wind energy with power system requires the application of power electronics devices and controllers. These devices help to improve the quality of power generated. Wind energy is one of the most available and utilizable forms of renewable energy. There has been an extensive growth in the utilization of wind energy in recent years. Among the different renewable energy sources, wind energy has emerged as the most possible source of electrical power. The grouping of wind energy into existing power system presents a practical challenges and that requires indication of voltage stability, regulation, power quality problems, etc. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the distribution systems, mostly done by use of power electronic converters.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Distributed Generators in.pdfHeangsokleap1
This document summarizes a study that integrated solar photovoltaic distributed generators into an IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network based on the site's solar capacity factor. The study used a particle swarm optimization approach to determine optimal placement and sizing of solar PV units to minimize power losses and improve voltage profiles. Load flow analysis using the backward-forward sweep method was performed to analyze the effects on real and reactive power losses and bus voltages. Results were compared to other approaches in literature and showed the capacity factor-based approach provided benefits like reduced losses and improved voltages.
Distributed generation & power quality unit 5hariyenireddy1
The document discusses distributed generation (DG) technologies. It describes several technologies used in DG, including reciprocating engine gen-sets, combustion turbines, fuel cells of various types (phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, molten carbonate, solid oxide, alkaline), and direct methanol fuel cells. For each technology, it provides details on operating principles, typical power ranges, advantages and disadvantages. The goal is to explain the different options for distributed power generation on low voltage distribution networks.
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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Comparing the Dynamic Impact of Hybrid Distributed Generation with Single Source DG
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-4, Issue-5, May- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.4.5.13 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 424
Comparing the Dynamic Impact of Hybrid
Distributed Generation with Single Source DG
P. K Olulope
Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti,Nigeria
paulade001@yahoo.com
Abstract— Due to the natural intermittent properties of some
renewable energies, the grid is subjected to instability,
insufficient power delivery and fluctuation. When these
renewable energies are combined together to address the
challenge of power shortage, increasing energy demand, and
voltage drop, the grid is subject to different stabilities issues
compare to the single energy source. This paper compares
the dynamic behavior of single energy with mixed energy
sources. The paper compares the impact of DFIG alone,
Solar PV alone and Small Hydro power alone with hybrid
type under distributed generation concept on transient
stability of power system. To investigate this investigation, a
DIgSILENT power factory library models was used as a
component model for wind Turbine / Solar PV and small
hydropower system. The simulation was carried out on single
machine infinite system.
Keywords— Distributed Generation, Hybrid distributed
generation, export modes, stability margin, single energy
source.
I. INTRODUCTION
Hybrid distributed generation with multi- source is
common in the present day electric grid due to the steep rise
in electrical demand across the globe. Two or more energies
are combined together to reduce incessant load shedding. The
hybrid system is connected to distribution system in order to
reduce voltage drop which often occur when the load is far
from the generating stations. Besides, market deregulation
and growing concern about global warming and climate
change, the desire to reduce greenhouse gas emission is
driving the power and energy sector in general away from the
traditional vertical integration and cost-based regulation
towards increased exposure to market forces. Under DG
paradigm small generators also known as distributed
generators are connected close to customers at the
distribution level in other to solve the challenge of voltage
drop. Generally, single source DG has been employed to
solve the challenge of Voltage drop. Common among them
are Solar PV, wind Turbine, etc. However, when these DGs
are hybridized together to form two or more energy sources,
they could form a viable energy sources that can have more
impact than the single energy source. Hybrid distributed
generation is preferable due to their complementary roles but
have different dynamic behaviors which could impact
negatively on the system than single energy source. Hybrid
distributed generation can be defined as a small set of co-
operating units that generates electricity and heat, with
diversified primary energy carriers(Renewable and non-
renewable), while the coordination of their operation takes
place by utilization of advanced power electronics and are
located closed to the consumers end. They are either grid
connected or standalone system, renewable or non-renewable
system [1]. It can be described as distributed generation
when it is connected close to the consumers to deliver power
to local or industrial load [2]. The used of Currently, there
are wide-spread uses of distributed generation across the
globe though the level of penetration is still low [2, 3]. In
2011, few grid systems have penetration levels above five
percent. Examples are Denmark – 26%, Portugal – 17%,
Spain – 15%, Ireland – 14%, and Germany – 9%. For the
U.S. in 2011, the penetration level was estimated at 2.9%
[4].Germany, Demark and Ireland are already proposing a
significant proportion of installed capacity to be connected to
the distribution system below 100kV [5]. By year 2020, the
penetration level of DG in some countries such as
USA is expected to increase by 25% as more independent
power producers; consumers and utility company imbibe the
idea of distributed generation [6]. In the same way, solar PV
is gaining wide spread especially in Germany. 3% of total
generation in Germany today is from solar PV. South Africa
also concludes that the realization of the vision 2030 will be
based on solar PV, Concentrated solar power (CSP) and wind
power [7]. However, the rapid progress in renewable energy
power generation technologies, and the awareness of
environmental protection have been the major reasons why
alternative energy and distributed generation is a promising
areas [8].
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-4, Issue-5, May- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.4.5.13 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 425
Because some of renewable energy sources can
complement each other, multi-source alternative energy
systems have great potential to provide higher quality and
more reliable power to consumers than a system based on a
single source [9]. The larger the penetration level of hybrid
distributed generation (HDG) in a power system, the more
difficult it becomes to predict, to model, to analyze and to
control the behavior of such system [9]. Some HDG using
induction generators are not grid friendly because they
consume reactive power instead of generating it. Most power
converters do not have adequate control mechanism to
actively support DG integration. The system inertia for some
of them (e.g., solar PV or fuel cell) is extremely low. They
are weather dependent with constant daily load variation
[10]. Also, existing protection mechanism might not be able
to take care of the problem of bi-directional power flow that
takes place due to DG connection in radial networks. New
design controllers are needed to effectively manage the
multi-energy sources distributed generation in other to
service remote villages.
Due to the natural intermittent properties of wind and
solar PV, stand alone wind/PV renewable energy systems
normally require energy storage devices or some other
generation sources to form a hybrid system. The possibility
of hybrid system is shown in fig 1.
In an electrical power grid without energy storage, energy
sources that rely on energy stored within fuels (coal, oil, gas)
must be scaled up and down to match the rise and fall of
energy production from intermittent energy sources. In this
way the operators can actively adapt energy production to
energy consumption in other to increase efficiency and lower
the cost of energy production and to facilitate the use of
intermittent energy sources. In the USA the demand for
electricity generation is mainly driven by price volatility i.e
using distributed generation for continuous use or for
peaking use (peak shaving) [3]. During seasonal changes,
some energy sources might have to switch on during off peak
hour while others during peak hour in other to reduce cost
and enhance load balancing within the system. These
configurations among many other things need to be
investigated to know the dynamic interaction between the
hybrids distributed generation and the grid.
Several works have been done on distributed generation
but most of the work is based on single energy source [9, 10,
11, 12 and 13]. Ref [14] investigated the impact of high
penetration of DG on transient stability. The DGs considered
in the case study are rotary generator and non-rotary
generator. It is found that DG influences the system transient
stability differently depending on DG penetration levels, DG
grid- connection-strength, different DG technologies, and
DG protection schemes. Reference [8] modeled and
examined the dynamic impact of fuel cell on transient
stability of power system network. Reference [15]
investigated the impact of high penetration of Solar PV on
the transient stability. Several other papers reported the
dynamic state of the system as the penetration level
increases.
Also several hybrid power systems have been developed
[16-17]. An isolated network for very low voltage
decentralized energy production and storage based on
photovoltaic and wind was developed, mainly considering
the energy management and control
of the photovoltaic and wind hybrid system [18]. A grid
connected hybrid scheme for residential power supply based
on an integrated PV array and a wind-driven induction
generator were discussed [19, 20].
However, all the hybrid power systems were based on
steady state, unit sizing, optimization techniques in other to
extract maximum power from the hybrid system and
standalone. None of them mention transient state and none
either consider additional energy sources such as small
hydropower system. Interaction of HDG interaction,
additional power transmitted across distribution corridor,
unexpected fault, bidirectional power flow form Hybrid DG,
electromechanical oscillation due to system with different
inertia constant, torsional interaction of wind turbine with
power system control and grid are some of the new things to
investigate for effective integration of HDG in other to
prevent the future grid from any unexpected cascaded event
that can lead to serious technical challenges. This study
investigates the dynamic impact of hybrid Wind/ PV/small
Hydro power on transient stability. To investigate this
impact, the modeling of grid connected wind /Solar PV/small
hydro power with single machine infinite system were
carried out in DIgSILENT power factory. The configuration
of the proposed typical grid connected hybrid distributed
generation (HDG) consists of converter driven synchronous
wind generator Solar PV and small hydro power. The wind
turbine is integrated through PWM converter into the
existing grid while the solar PV incorporated into the system
consists of DC sources integrated through PWM inverter.
The small hydropower system is modeled as synchronous
generator.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2
describes the hybrid distributed generation concept. Section 3
gives the mathematical modeling of HDG. Section 4
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-4, Issue-5, May- 2018]
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describes the simulation setup in DIgSILENT. Section 5
gives the transient stability indicator and section 6 gives the
results and discussion. Conclusion is described in section
VII.
Fig.1: Matrix describing the hybrid distributed generation [1]
II. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND HYBRID
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION CONCEPT
Small generators connected to the distributed network in other
to service the consumer load is called distributed generation.
Also, a large wind farm connected to the network to meet
consumer demand is also assumed to be distributed
generation. Presently, the promising sources of distributed
generation are wind turbine and Solar PV. A Solar PV cell
harvest energy directly from sunlight and converting it to
electricity. Due to the high initial cost, the number of customer
4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-4, Issue-5, May- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.4.5.13 ISSN: 2454-1311
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involved in the usage of solar PV is still low. Later, as the cost
of PV began to decrease, there will be an increasing usage
across the globe and several other applications will be
developed [7]. However, the low running cost and the
maintenance cost of these PVs as well as the long life usage
make it an attractive alternative energy source.
Also, wind turbine especially the doubly-fed induction
generator has the ability to provide supplementary active and
reactive power to the existing grid.
It converts energy inherent in wind to electricity through wind
turbine, shaft, induction generator and various controllers to
ensure proper grid integration and friendliness. Like PV, wind
output power depends on the availability of wind.
Many of the primary energy sources are complimentary and
abundant in nature which gives it a good opportunity to
increase availability, power quality and flexibility of power
supply when they are fully optimized. The objective of the
integration is to capitalize on the strengths of both
conventional and renewable energy sources, both cogeneration
and non-cogeneration types. The combination of hybrid power
generation was represented in matrix form in ref [7]. Fig 2
shows the detail configuration of the proposed hybrid
distributed generation. Three scenarios are mentioned in this
paper namely the import mode, balanced mode and the export
mode but only the export mode is analysed. The export mode
is shown in Fig2 and it describes how the load is supplied by
the centralized generator and distributed generator. The modes
are further explained below:
Import mode: In this mode, the load demands are supplied by
GEN2 and HDG with additional supply from the GRID. This
is shown in Fig2.
Balanced mode: In this mode, the load demands are met by
the combination of GEN2 and HDG without any extra supply
from the GRID. This means that the power generated by HDG
and GEN 2 is sufficient to meet the load demands. This is
shown in Fig 2
Export mode: In this mode, HDG and GEN2 supply the loads
and export the excess generation to the GRID. This is shown
in Fig 2.
The penetration level for HDG is defined as:
% PLHDG=
𝑃 𝐻𝐷𝐺
𝑃 𝐻𝐷𝐺+𝑃 𝐶𝐺
× 100 (1)
where %PLHDG is the percentage penetration of the DG/HDG,
PHDG is the active power generated by HDG and PCG is the
active power from the centralized generators (GRID and
GEN2).
PCG+PHDG = PLOAD
where PLOAD is the power delivered to the load
In all the simulations, the active and the reactive power of
GEN2 are kept constant.
%PL HDG is the percentage penetration of the DG or hybrid
DG. While PHDG is the power generated by two or more DG
and PCG is the power generated by the grid. The combination
of hybrid power generation was represented in matrix form in
ref [1]. Figure 2 shows the detail configuration of the
proposed hybrid distributed generation. In fig2, the load is
supplied by the centralized and distributed generator while in
export mode the HDG exported its excess generation to the
grid. The combination of the DG and GEN2 are used to
supply the load with zero contributed to or from the grid
(GEN1) (Balanced mode). The export mode can be explained
when the excess power is released to the grid.
III. MODIFIED SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS
SYSTEM
Fig 2 shows the modified single machine infinite bus system
model used in this paper. This power system model consists of
an infinite bus system (Grid) represented by GEN1, one
centralized generator (GEN2), a hybrid distributed generation
(HDG) and two equal loads (LOAD1 and LOAD2). GEN1 is
connected to bus 2 via line 3. The transmission lines (line 1,
line2 and line3) are modeled as equivalent 𝝅 transmission
lines. Line 1 and line 2 are 100km long each, while line 3 is
40km long. GEN 2 is connected to bus 3 via a 100MVA
transformer (transformer 1) and has a capacity of 80MW and
60MVAr. The DG/HDG consisting of wind generator (DFIG),
SOLAR PV and small hydropower system (SHP) is connected
to bus 3 via another 100MVA transformer (Transformer 2).
Each DFIG is rated 8MW, 0.89 power factor lagging. The
SOLAR PV is rated 8MW real power at unity power factor.
When SOLAR PV alone is connected to the HDG bus, a
capacitor bank is used at that bus to compensate for reactive
power. The hydropower is rated 8MW and 4MVAr. LOAD1
and LOAD2 are connected to bus 2 and bus 3, respectively,
and are rated 80MW and 40MVAr each.
DIgSILENT power factor 14.1 was used to model this test
system. To investigate the effect of a large disturbance, a
three-phase fault was applied in the middle of line 2 and
cleared after 200ms by removing the line.
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Proposed Hybrid Distributed Generation Configuration
Fig.2: Modified Single Machine Infinite Bus System.
The focus is to investigate the impact of Hybrid solar PV, wind turbine (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator- DFIG) and small
hydropower systems (SHP) on transient stability. In order to obtain all possible combinations, a truth table is formed as shown in
Table 1.
Table.1: Truth table describing the combination of different DG
SCENARIOS WIND TURBINE
(DFIG)
SOLAR PV SMALL HYDRO
POWER (SHP)
INFERENCE
1 0 0 0 No DG Integration
2 0 0 1 Small Hydropower only
(Base case 1)
3 0 1 0 SOLAR PV only (Base case
2)
4 0 1 1 SOLAR PV and Small
Hydropower
5 1 0 0 Wind turbine only (Base case
3)
6 1 0 1 DFIG and Small
Hydropower
7 1 1 0 DFIG and SOLAR PV
8 1 1 1 DFIG, SOLAR PV, Small
Hydropower (SHP)
The truth table shows how the three generators can be
combined to form HDG. The first column shows various
scenarios. There are 8 scenarios. For example, scenario 1
shows the case where there is no integration of DG/HDG.
Scenario 2 shows the case where only SHP is integrated and
so on. Zero (0) means no generator is connected while one
(1) means a generator is connected. The base cases are single
source DGs (Scenarios 2, 3 and 5). These base cases were
chosen in order to draw out comparisons between HDG and
single source DG,
IV. SIMULATION SCENARIOS
The simulation scenarios are discussed in this section.
Case study 1 consists of scenarios 2 (Small Hydropower
alone), 3 (SOLAR PV alone) and 5 (DFIG alone) which are
the base cases.
Case study 2 consists of scenario 4 (Hybrid SOLAR PV and
Small Hydropower)
Case study 3 consists of scenario 6 (Hybrid DFIG and Small
Hydropower)
Case study 4 consists of scenario 7 (Hybrid DFIG and
SOLAR PV)
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Case study 5 consists of scenario 8 (Hybrid DFIG, SOLAR
PV and Small hydropower)
Three penetration levels of HDG (PLHDG) were considered:
(i) Import mode, PLHDG=40%
(ii) Balanced mode, PLHDG=50%
(iii) Export mode, PLHDG=80%
The penetration level for HDG is defined as:
% PLHDG=
𝑃 𝐻𝐷𝐺
𝑃 𝐻𝐷𝐺+𝑃 𝐶𝐺
× 100
where %PLHDG is the percentage penetration of the
DG/HDG, PHDG is the active power generated by HDG and
PCG is the active power from the centralized generators
(GRID and GEN2).
Note that PCG+PHDG = PLOAD
where PLOAD is the power delivered to the load
In all the simulations, the active and the reactive power of
GEN2 are kept constant. The descriptions of the penetration
levels are as follows:
Import mode: In this mode, the load demands are supplied
by GEN2 and HDG with additional supply from the GRID.
This is shown in Fig 3a.
Balanced mode: In this mode, the load demands are met by
the combination of GEN2 and HDG without any extra supply
from the GRID. This means that the power generated by
HDG and GEN 2 is sufficient to meet the load demands. This
is shown in Fig 3b
Export mode: In this mode, HDG and GEN2 supply the
loads and export the excess generation to the GRID. This is
shown in Fig 3c.
Fig 3a: Modelling configuration for import mode
Fig 3b: Modeling configuration for balanced mode
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Fig 3c: Modeling configuration for export mode
V. MODELING OF HYBRID DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION:
5.1 Wind Generator
The generator is made of wound rotor synchronous
generator and the voltage equations follows the general
equations reported in [18] as described in equation 2-4
below. The assumption is that the magnetic flux
distribution in the rotor is sinusoidal in order to allow
vector modelling.
𝑢 𝑑𝑠 = −𝑅 𝑠 𝑖 𝑑𝑠 − 𝜔 𝑚 𝜓 𝑞𝑠 +
𝑑𝜓 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑢 𝑞𝑠 = −𝑅 𝑠 𝑖 𝑞𝑠 + 𝜔 𝑚 𝜓 𝑑𝑠 +
𝑑𝜓 𝑞𝑠
𝑑𝑡
3
𝑢 𝑓𝑑 = 𝑅𝑓𝑑 𝑖𝑓𝑑 +
𝑑𝜓 𝑓𝑑
𝑑𝑡
4
The flux equation s:
𝜓 𝑑𝑠 = −(𝐿 𝑑𝑚 + 𝐿 𝜎𝑠)𝑖 𝑑𝑠 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑚 𝑖𝑓𝑑 5
𝜓 𝑞𝑠 = −(𝐿 𝑞𝑚 + 𝐿 𝜎𝑠)𝑖 𝑞𝑠 6
𝜓 𝑓𝑑 = 𝐿𝑓𝑑 𝑖𝑓𝑑 7
Where ψfd indicates the field quantities. In 3rd
order
modelling the quantities dψ /dt is neglected in order to
focus on the phenomenon that are of interest. Hence the
equations reduced to:
𝑢 𝑑𝑠 = −𝑅 𝑠 𝑖 𝑑𝑠 + 𝜔 𝑚(𝐿 𝑠𝑄 + 𝐿 𝑞𝑚)𝑖 𝑞𝑠 8
𝑢 𝑞𝑠 = −𝑅 𝑠 𝑖 𝑞𝑠 − 𝜔 𝑚(𝐿 𝑠𝑄 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑚)𝑖 𝑑𝑠 9
𝑢 𝑓𝑑 = −𝑅𝑓𝑑 𝑖𝑓𝑑 +
𝑑𝜓 𝑓𝑑
𝑑𝑡
10
The electromagnetic torque is calculated from this equation
as well as the active and reactive power.
𝑇𝑒 = 𝜓 𝑑𝑠 𝑖 𝑞𝑠 − 𝜓 𝑞𝑠 𝑖 𝑑𝑠 11
The active and the reactive power released to the grid are
calculated as:
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑠 𝑖 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑢 𝑞𝑠 𝑖 𝑞𝑠 12
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑞𝑠 𝑖 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑠 𝑖 𝑞𝑠 13
The integration through the power converters follows the
same procedure with DFIG. It is integrated through vector
control decoupled means. In the same way, the rotor side
control the active and reactive power while the grid-side
converter controls the voltage and the reactive power..
Fig 4: Frequency-converter with two PWM-converters and intermediate DC Voltage circuit [21]
5.2. Modeling of wind Turbine
Rotor equations modeling
The general relations between wind speed and aerodynamic
torque hold [17]:
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𝑇𝑡 =
1
2
𝜌𝜋𝑅3
𝑣2 𝐶 𝑝(𝜆,𝛽)
𝜆
14
And the power is shown as
𝑃𝑤 =
𝜌
2
𝐶 𝑝(𝝀, 𝛽)𝐴 𝑅 𝑣 𝑤
3
15
The power coefficient Cp of the wind turbine in equation 14
is a function of tip-speed ratio 𝜆 which is given by:
𝜆 =
𝜔𝑅
𝑣
16
Tt=turbine aerodynamic torque (Nm), ρ= specific density of
air (kg/m3), v= wind speed (m/s), R=radius of the turbine
blade (m), CP= coefficient of power conversion, 𝛽 = pitch
angle, P=power extracted from the airflow (W), 𝝀= Tip speed
ratio,
𝜔= is the rotational speed of the wind turbine shaft
The value of Q fed into the grid in equation 13 above
depends on the control of the power electronic in the grid
sides .This does not affect active power except that the
efficiency of the inverter can be incorporated into the last
two variables. In this paper, for transient stability studies of
power systems the generator is represented by third order
model as indicated in DigSILENT [18]. In this case the
model is obtained by neglecting the stator transients for the
fifth order model of induction machine. It shows that there
are three electrical equations and one mechanical equation.
The model is in d-q expressed in rotor reference frame. In
rotor reference frame, the d axis in the rotor reference frame
is chosen collinear to the rotor phase winding and the
position of the rotor reference frame is the actual position of
the rotor.
Obviously, there is a change in generator speed as a result
of the difference in electrical and mechanical torque. This is
expressed as:
𝑑𝜔
𝑑𝑡
=
1
2𝐻
(𝑇 𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒) 17
Where H is the inertial constant(s) and this is specified in
DIgSILENT as acceleration time constant in the induction
generator type. Tm and Te is the mechanical and electrical
torque respectively.
5.3. Modeling of Small Hydro Turbine
The power available in water current is proportional to the
product of head and flow rate.
The general formula for any hydro power is:
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝜌 𝑔𝑄𝐻 18
Where: P is the mechanical power produced at the turbine
shaft (Watts), ρ is the density of water (1000 kg/m3
), g is the
acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2
), Q is the water flow
rate passing through the turbine (m3
/s), H is the effective
pressure head of water across the turbine (m). The hydro-
turbine converts the water pressure to mechanical shaft
power, which further rotates the generator coupled on the
same shaft. The relation between the mechanical and the
hydraulic powers can be obtained by using hydraulic turbine
efficiency ηh, as expressed by following equations:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝜂ℎ 𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑 19
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
And the whole equation is derive from Bernoulli’s theorem
which states
v2
2g
+ h +
p
ρg
=
Phyd
ρgQ
20
Where v is the water flow speed (m/s), A is the area of the
cross section (m2
) p is the pressure of water (N/m2
).
3.3. Solar cell modeling
PV effect is a basic physical process through which solar
energy is converted directly into electrical energy. It consists
of many cells connected in series and parallel. The voltage
and current output is a nonlinear relationship. It is essential
therefore to track the power since the maximum power
output of the PV array varies with solar radiation or load
current. This is shown by Matlab simulation. The equivalent
diagram of a solar cell is represented by one diode model as
shown in fig 5
Fig 5: Model for single solar cell
The output terminal of the circuits is connected to the
load. The output current source is the different between
the photocurrent Iph and the normal diode current ID.
Ideally the relationship between the output voltage V and
the load current I of a PV cell or a module can be
expressed as [20,21]
Ipv = Iph − ID = Iph − I0[exp (
Vpv+iRs
mKTc
) − 1] 21
Where Iph is the photocurrent of the PV cell (in amperes),
I0 is the saturation current, Ipv is the load current (in
amperes), Vpv is the PV output voltage(in volts), Rs is the
series resistance of the PV cell (in ohms) and m, K and Tc
represent respectively the diode quality constant,
Boltzmann’s constant and temperature.
The power output of a solar cell is given by
𝑃𝑝𝑣 = 𝑉𝑝𝑣 𝐼 𝑝𝑣 22
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Where Ipv is the output current of solar cell (A). Vpv is the
solar cell operating voltage (V), Ppv is the output power of
solar cell (W).
VI. TRANSIENT STABILITY INDICATOR
Impact of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using CCT
To measure the impact of HDG on transient stability, the
critical clearing time (CCT) is used as the stability index.
This index measures the stability margin and indicates the
robustness of the system to disturbances. The longer the
CCT, the longer the system can tolerate the fault, and the
more robust is the system. The impact of penetration level
based on import mode, balanced mode and export mode on
transient stability with HDG is investigated by monitoring
the CCT. To assess the level of instability, the rotor angle is
monitored when a temporary three-phase fault is applied in
the middle of line 2 while the CCT is monitored by applying
three-phase fault on line 2 at different locations from bus 3.
The locations of the fault are 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and
100% of the total length of the transmission line (bus 3-
bus2). In other word, the fault distance is the distance from
bus 3 to the fault location. For example, when the fault
occurs at bus 3, the fault location will be 0% and when the
fault occurs at bus 2, the fault location will be 100% and so
on. The CCT is calculated by increasing the fault clearing
time (FCT) until the rotor angle of GEN 2 reaches its critical
clearing angle where further increase will make the system
unstable.
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
For clarity, the impact of single source DG and HDG is
shown at different case studies. The following simulations
are recorded for export mode only as indicated in section IV:
Case study 2 is compared with each of the DG in
case study 1
Case study 3 is compared with each of the DG in
case study1
Case study4 is compared with each of the DG in
case study 1
Case study 5 is compared with each of the DG in
case study1
CASE STUDY 2
The graphs in Fig 6-8 show the graphs for case study 3 with
case study 1
Fig 6: Comparison Of the impact of Hybrid SOLAR PV-SHP
and SHP alone on the rotor angle of GEN2 (Export mode)
Fig 7: Comparison Of the impact of Hybrid Solar PV-SHP
and solar PV alone on the rotor angle of GEN2 (Export
mode)
Fig 8: Comparison Of the impact of HYBRID SHP +SOLAR
PV and DFIG alone on the rotor angle of GEN2 (Export
mode).
Figs 6-8 show the simulations when Hybrid Solar PV +SHP
is compared with SHP, Solar PV and wind turbine. It can be
seen that when DFIG alone was connected the system has
more oscillations compared with the cases with SOLAR PV
alone and SHP. This suggests that when DFIG alone is
integrated into the system, the system is prone to more
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
TIME IN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
RELATIVE ROTOR ANGLE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (GEN 2) IN DEGREE
HYBRID SOLAR PV+SHP
SHP ALONE
HYBRID SOLAR PV+SHP
SHP ALONE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
TIMEINSECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
RELATIVEROTORANGLEOFSYNCHRONOUSGENERATOR(GEN2)INDEGREE(EXPORTMODE)
SOLARPV
HYBRIDSOLARPV+SHP
HYBRIDSOLARPV+SHP
SOLARPVALONE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
TIME IN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
RELATIVE ROTOR ANGLE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (GEN2) IN DEGREE (EXPORT MODE)
HYBRID SHP+SOLAR PV
DFIG ALONE
HYBRID SHP+SOLAR PV
DFIG ALONE
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instability compared to SOLAR PV alone and HYBRID
SOLAR PV +SHP. This is due to the crowbar which is
triggered to block the rotor side converter and as a result, the
voltage cannot recover completely immediately after the fault
is cleared because the rotor side converter cannot provide the
necessary reactive power to the generator for magnetization
purpose. The generator then absorbs reactive power from the
grid. When HYBRID SOLAR PV+SHP is connected, the
system is more transiently stable than when DFIG alone is
connected. This can be seen at the settling time. The settling
time when HYBRID SOLAR PV+SHP is integrated into the
grid is 4.5 seconds compared with 10 seconds for DFIG
alone. The combination of SHP and SOLAR PV has
improved the first swing and the subsequent swings. This is
because of the good transient stability characteristics of
SOLAR PV and SHP as seen in Fig 6 and Fig 7. When SHP
alone is used, the system seems to have a better transient
stability in terms of first swing compared with when
HYBRID SOLAR PV +SHP is used. However, for the
subsequent oscillations, when SHP alone or when HYBRID
SOLAR PV+SHP is used, they have similar settling time.
The system is transiently stable when HYBRID SOLAR
PV+SHP is integrated compared to when Solar PV alone is
integrated. This can be seen in the first swing and the
oscillation duration. The oscillation duration when Solar PV
alone is used is 9 seconds while that of HYBRID SOLAR
PV+SHP is 5 seconds.
CASE STUDY 3
The graphs in Fig 9-11 show the graphs for case study 3 with
case study 1
Fig 9: Comparison Of the impact of HYBRID DFIG+ SHP
and SHP alone on the rotor angle of GEN2 (Export)
Fig 10: Comparison Of the impact of HYBRID DFIG+ SHP
and SOLAR PV alone on the rotor angle of GEN2 (Export)
Fig 11: Comparison of the impact of HYBRID DFIG+ SHP
and DFIG alone on the rotor angle of GEN2 (Export)
The graph in Fig 11 indicates worsen instability when DFIG
alone is used compared to when Hybrid DFIG+SHP is used.
However, the degree of instabilities is not as high in the
simulations in Fig9-10 as that of Fig 11. The system is
transiently stable when HYBRID DFIG+SHP is integrated
compared to when DFIG alone is integrated at the same time
when SOLAR PV alone is integrated. The stability of Hybrid
DFIG+ SHP is worsened especially at the first swing but
settle almost at the same time with oscillation when SHP is
integrated.
CASE STUDY 4
The graphs in Fig 12-14 show the graphs for case study 4
with case study 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
RELATIVE ROTOR ANGLE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (GEN2) IN DEGREE
TIME IN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
HYBRID DFIG+SHP
SHP ALONEHYBRID DFIG+SHP
SHP ALONE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
RELATIVE ROTOR ANGLE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (GEN2) IN DEGREE
TIME IN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
HYBRID DFIG+SHP
SOLAR PV ALONE
HYBRID DFIG+SHP
SOLAR PV ALONE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-150
-100
-50
0
50
TIMEINSECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
RELATIVEROTORANGLEOFSYNCHRONOUSGENERATOR(GEN2)INDEGREE(EXPORTMODE)
HYBRIDDFIG+SHP
DFIGALONE
DFIGALONE HYBRIDDFIG+SHP
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Fig 12: Comparison of the impact of HYBRID
DFIG+SOLAR PV and SHP alone on the rotor angle of
GEN2 (Export)
Fig 13: Comparison of the impact of HYBRID
DFIG+SOLAR PV and SOLAR PV alone on the rotor angle
of GEN2 (Export)
Fig 14: Comparison Of the impact of HYBRID SOLAR
PV+DFIG and DFIG alone on the rotor angle of GEN2
(Export
)
In Figs12-14, Hybrid SOLAR PV+DFIG shows an improved
stability except in the case of HYBRID DFIG+SOLAR PV
and SHP. This is because of the presence of DFIG in the
hybrid combinations that made the oscillation higher than the
SHP. However, the settling time is improved
CASE STUDY 5
The graphs in Fig 15-17 show the graphs for case study 5
with case study 1
Fig15: Comparison of the impact of HYBRID DFIG+
SOLAR PV+SHP and SOLAR PV alone on the rotor angle of
GEN2 (Export)
Fig 16: Comparison of the impact of HYBRID DFIG+
SOLAR PV+SHP and SHP alone on the rotor angle of GEN2
(Export)
Fig 17: Comparison of the impact of HYBRID DFIG+
SOLAR PV+SHP and DFIG alone on the rotor angle of
GEN2 (Export)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
RELATIVEROTOR ANGLEOF SYNCHRONOUSGENERATOR (GEN2)IN DEGREE
TIMEIN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
HYBRIDDFIG+ SOLAR PV
SHP ALONE
HYBRID DFIG+SOLAR PV
SHP ALONE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
RELATIVE ROTOR ANGLE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (GEN2) IN DEGREE
TIME IN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
HYBRIDDFIG+ SOLAR PV
SOLAR PVALONE
SOLAR PVALONE
HYBRID DFIG+SOLAR PV
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
RELATIVEROTOR ANGLEOF SYNCHRONOUSGENERATOR (GEN2)IN DEGREE
TIMEIN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
HYBRIDDFIG+ SOLAR PV
DFIG ALONE
HYBRID DFIG+SOLAR PV
DFIGALONE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
TIMEIN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEOFINDEGREE
RELATIVEROTOR ANGLEOF SYNCHRONOUSGENERATOR (GEN2)IN DEGREE(EXPORTMODE)
SOLAR PVALONE
HYBRID DFIG+SOLAR PV+SHP
SOLAR PVALONE
HYBRID DFIG+SOLAR PV+SHP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
TIMEINSECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
RELATIVEROTORANGLEOFSYNCHRONOUSGENERATOR(GEN2)INDEGREE(EXPORTMODE)
SHPALONE
HYBRIDDFIG+SOLARPV+SHP
HYBRIDDFIG+SOLARPV+SHP
SHP ALONE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
TIME IN SECOND
RELATIVEROTORANGLEINDEGREE
RELATIVE ROTOR ANGLE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (GEN2) IN DEGREE (EXPORT MODE)
DFIG ALONE
HYBRID DFIG+ SOLAR PV+SHP
DFIG ALONE
HYBRID DFIG+ SOLAR PV+SHP
12. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-4, Issue-5, May- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.4.5.13 ISSN: 2454-1311
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The graph in Figs 15-17 shows that when Hybrid
DFIG+SOLARPV+SHP is integrated, the stability is worsen
compared to SOLAR PV alone, SHP alone and DFIG alone.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The graphs in Figs 6-17 show the rotor angle swings of GEN
2 when SOLAR PV alone, DFIG alone and its HYBRID
form are integrated into the system. The export modes are
shown in the figures above. When three DGs are integrated,
the system stability margin is lower which means the system
experience more instability than the one with two DGs. The
results show that the stability depends on the type of DG
used. When DFIG is used, it shows more instability than
other type of DG. Besides, Hybrid DG is transiently stable
compared to single DG except when SHP is used. When SHP
is used, the single DG is more stable. It means that SHP
helps in the stability of the system because, synchronous
generator in SHP supply reactive power and thus bring
improvement to the stability of the system when under a
severe fault.
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