The aim of the present study is to make a comparative personality profile in the light of anger expression, narcissism and happiness among middle aged males and females. A sample of 100 middle aged individuals (50 males and 50 females) was selected. The variables selected for the study were anger expression, narcissism and happiness. Results indicate that happiness and narcissism both are positively correlated and basically self-love is found to be a basic source of happiness for both subsamples. Moreover, significant differences were found in case of anger expression and overall narcissism. Male counterparts were positioned at the top point of narcissism and anger expression and lack anger control but females have more anger out, anger reaction, superiority and vanity than male ones which pinpoints the fact that females tend to invest a great deal of energy in maintaining and preventing the experience and expression of anger. While controlling anger is certainly desirable, the over-control of anger may result in passivity, withdrawal and depression.
Group Identity and Unhealthy Food Consumption among College Students: the The...inventionjournals
Theresearch suggests that peers on campus are important reference groups for college students’ unhealthy behavior, including unhealthy eating behavior. Guided by the Theory of Normative Social Behavior, the current study examined the role of group identity in the descriptive norms and unhealthy food consumption link. The results suggest that the magnitude of the association between descriptive norms and unhealthy food consumption was greater as group identity with same-sex students on campus became stronger. The findings demonstrate that students were likely to model unhealthy food consumption of same-sex peers on campus.
Attitudes toward suicide may influence the
treatment content and outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to
investigate how public attitudes toward suicide were influenced
by (1) their degree of idealism; and (2) their degree of
relativism. A questionnaire survey with Suicide Perception
Scale and Ethic Position Questionnaire was carried out on 50
male and 50 female participants (aged 21 and above) from
Klang Valley, Malaysia to obtain answer. The findings
supported both hypotheses, indicated that (1) higher idealism is
associated with lower level of acceptance toward suicide; and
(2) higher relativism is associated with higher level of
acceptance toward suicide. In sum, variations in public’s
attitude toward suicide were related to individual differences in
personal ethical ideologies and moral philosophies.
Manju mehta behavioural sciences in medical practice, 2nd edition from sims...Muhammad Ahmad
This document provides an introduction to behavioural sciences. It defines behavioural sciences as the study of human behaviour at the individual and group level, drawing from fields like psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics and statistics. It discusses the need to incorporate behavioural sciences into medical education to help students understand patients as whole persons and deal with psychosocial factors. Behavioural sciences can help explain differences in how individuals respond to illness, stressors and medical treatment. A purely biomedical knowledge is not sufficient for a doctor, who needs skills in communication, decision making and addressing behavioural aspects of health.
A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intellige...Jonathan Dunnemann
This document provides a literature review on spiritual intelligence, adolescence, and related theories. It discusses how adolescence is an important period for developing skills and identity. Spiritual intelligence training during adolescence can help develop emotional regulation, motivation, empathy and build character to successfully transition to adulthood. Theories like Erikson's psychosocial development theory view adolescence as a time of identity crisis that can be resolved through exploring life's direction. Spiritual intelligence is conceived as a type of intelligence involving spiritual capabilities and resources that predict adaptation and problem solving. It allows people to connect intra- and interpersonally and ask deeper questions about life's meaning to develop one's potential.
The document summarizes research comparing how bipolar disorder I and schizophrenia affect individuals in social settings. It reviews key characteristics of each disorder and hypotheses that schizophrenia would be more intense socially, while bipolar disorder would be more easily recognizable. The research method involved observing subjects with each disorder and a control group in a social environment and interviewing them. Preliminary results suggest bipolar disorder affects social behavior more noticeably, supporting the hypothesis. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
This document summarizes a literature review on the sociocultural perception of attractiveness and its influence on the development of eating disorders among adolescent girls. The review examines how Western societies' emphasis on thinness leads to body dissatisfaction and unhealthy weight control behaviors in adolescent girls. Several studies cited found links between perceived pressure from peers, parents, and media to be thin and increased dieting, exercise, and body image concerns in girls. The literature review concludes that sociocultural pressure to attain unrealistic beauty standards can negatively impact girls' self-esteem and psychological well-being and increase their risk of developing eating disorders.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Group Identity and Unhealthy Food Consumption among College Students: the The...inventionjournals
Theresearch suggests that peers on campus are important reference groups for college students’ unhealthy behavior, including unhealthy eating behavior. Guided by the Theory of Normative Social Behavior, the current study examined the role of group identity in the descriptive norms and unhealthy food consumption link. The results suggest that the magnitude of the association between descriptive norms and unhealthy food consumption was greater as group identity with same-sex students on campus became stronger. The findings demonstrate that students were likely to model unhealthy food consumption of same-sex peers on campus.
Attitudes toward suicide may influence the
treatment content and outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to
investigate how public attitudes toward suicide were influenced
by (1) their degree of idealism; and (2) their degree of
relativism. A questionnaire survey with Suicide Perception
Scale and Ethic Position Questionnaire was carried out on 50
male and 50 female participants (aged 21 and above) from
Klang Valley, Malaysia to obtain answer. The findings
supported both hypotheses, indicated that (1) higher idealism is
associated with lower level of acceptance toward suicide; and
(2) higher relativism is associated with higher level of
acceptance toward suicide. In sum, variations in public’s
attitude toward suicide were related to individual differences in
personal ethical ideologies and moral philosophies.
Manju mehta behavioural sciences in medical practice, 2nd edition from sims...Muhammad Ahmad
This document provides an introduction to behavioural sciences. It defines behavioural sciences as the study of human behaviour at the individual and group level, drawing from fields like psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics and statistics. It discusses the need to incorporate behavioural sciences into medical education to help students understand patients as whole persons and deal with psychosocial factors. Behavioural sciences can help explain differences in how individuals respond to illness, stressors and medical treatment. A purely biomedical knowledge is not sufficient for a doctor, who needs skills in communication, decision making and addressing behavioural aspects of health.
A Review Study on Spiritual Intelligence, Adolescence and Spiritual Intellige...Jonathan Dunnemann
This document provides a literature review on spiritual intelligence, adolescence, and related theories. It discusses how adolescence is an important period for developing skills and identity. Spiritual intelligence training during adolescence can help develop emotional regulation, motivation, empathy and build character to successfully transition to adulthood. Theories like Erikson's psychosocial development theory view adolescence as a time of identity crisis that can be resolved through exploring life's direction. Spiritual intelligence is conceived as a type of intelligence involving spiritual capabilities and resources that predict adaptation and problem solving. It allows people to connect intra- and interpersonally and ask deeper questions about life's meaning to develop one's potential.
The document summarizes research comparing how bipolar disorder I and schizophrenia affect individuals in social settings. It reviews key characteristics of each disorder and hypotheses that schizophrenia would be more intense socially, while bipolar disorder would be more easily recognizable. The research method involved observing subjects with each disorder and a control group in a social environment and interviewing them. Preliminary results suggest bipolar disorder affects social behavior more noticeably, supporting the hypothesis. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
This document summarizes a literature review on the sociocultural perception of attractiveness and its influence on the development of eating disorders among adolescent girls. The review examines how Western societies' emphasis on thinness leads to body dissatisfaction and unhealthy weight control behaviors in adolescent girls. Several studies cited found links between perceived pressure from peers, parents, and media to be thin and increased dieting, exercise, and body image concerns in girls. The literature review concludes that sociocultural pressure to attain unrealistic beauty standards can negatively impact girls' self-esteem and psychological well-being and increase their risk of developing eating disorders.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study examining how social, psychological, and physical factors influence health outcomes and perceptions of quality of life. The study analyzed data from the 2010 General Social Survey to test whether age, education level, or religiosity were associated with self-reported health condition. Results showed that age had the strongest influence, with older individuals reporting poorer health. Higher education levels were also linked to better perceived health. Religiosity was found to encourage healthier behaviors. Understanding the social factors that impact health can help improve healthcare approaches.
Review of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa for Mankindijsrd.com
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are not called as a disease, but the today mankind is suffering from it. Hence, the present review of studies of literature is an important prerequisite for actual planning and then execution of any research work. The research workers need to acquire up-to-date information on what has been thought and said in a particular area so that they can derive benefit from the work of their predecessors.
The Relations Among Feminist Identity Development, Gender - Role Orientation,...umbcpsych357
The study examined the relationships between feminist identity development, gender role orientation, and psychological well-being in 244 women at a large southwestern university. It found that women with highly developed feminist identities and more masculine gender roles had greater psychological well-being, defined as life satisfaction and positive functioning. In contrast, women with lower feminist identity reported lower overall psychological well-being. The results supported the hypotheses that feminist identity development and gender role orientation independently influence women's psychological well-being.
Adolesccence is the period of both vulnerability and opportunity hinged on the power of affective systems to influence behaviour
This presentation is about understanding the development in adolescents and ways to deal with a variety of manifestations which the storm of adolescence bring into one's life
Over the last three decades, rapidly increasing interest has been shown, and a great growth has occurred in publications and new journals, related to assessing spiritual health and well-being. Most attention has been paid to university students (many of whom participate in research projects to gain credit points) and adults, many of whom have been in poor states of health. However, assessment of spiritual health of younger adolescents has received less attention, with pertinent publications in journals such as the International Journal of Children's Spirituality (Büssing, FöllerMancini, Gidley, & Heusser, 2010; Fisher, 2006; Yuen, 2015), other journals (Muñoz-García & Aviles-Herrera, 2014; Rican & Janosova,
2010; Shorkey & Windsor, 2010) and books (Francis & Robbins,
2005; Hughes, 2007; Roehlkepartain, Benson, Scales, Kimball, & King, 2008), and some unpublished works (Mason, Singleton, & Webber, 2007; WHOQOL SRPB Group, 2002, Wallace, 2010). The relative paucity of research with youth could be due to increased ethical demands of gaining parental permission and that of school systems and staff, as well as that from young people themselves. Developing instruments with language that is appropriate for young people has also provided a challenge.
Marriage Burnout: When the Emotions Exhausted Quietly Quantitative ResearchRula alsawalqa
Background: When the spouses are aware of the fact that each one has emotional needs thatmust be fulfilled, it will lead to decrease
the marital satisfaction, such as the lack of awareness which will lead to marriage burnout in a long-term period.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of the spouses’ age, years of marriage, and the nature of marriage
burnout dimensions, especially the emotional exhaustion.
Methods: The researcher of the present study applied a Maslach burnout inventory (MBI) scale to 392 families whose ages were
within the range of (23 - 67) years. Those spouses were married for (1 - 35) years and had children.
Results: Descriptive statistics showed a higher marriage burnout level among the spouses who work in a full-time job and the ones
who do not work in comparison to the ones who work in a part-time job. Emotional exhaustion is mostly influenced by the increase
in the spouses’ ages and years of marriage. Although there was no impact for the years of marriage on depersonalization, personal
accomplishment and depersonalization were mostly influenced by the spouses’ nature of work.
Conclusions: Marriage burnout is a painful state of emotional exhaustion and physical and emotional depletion experienced by
spouses. This state results from emotional exhaustion, work exhaustion, and failure to fulfill the requirements of their marital
relationships, especially the emotional requirements. Spouses having children are more exposed to experience marriage burnout.
Keywords: Marriage Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Years of Marriage
Despite facing greater discrimination and lower socioeconomic status, African Americans typically have better mental health outcomes than whites. This study examines the relationship between racism-related coping strategies and mental health among African Americans using a national survey. The researchers identified three main coping dimensions - objection, internal attribution, and acquiescence. Acquiescence, or accepting discrimination as fact, was the most common strategy. Objection and internal attribution were linked to higher depressive symptoms. Educational attainment impacted strategy use - those with more education were more likely to object to discrimination. The study provides insight into coping strategies among African Americans and their association with mental health.
This study examined the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and ego identity development in college students. The researcher found that students who engaged in one form of NSSI, such as scratching or cutting, were likely to engage in other forms as well. Further, rates of NSSI were correlated with higher levels of ideological identity achievement. Specifically, students who scratched or bit themselves were more likely to have achieved an overall ego identity. However, students who bit themselves were also more likely to be in an interpersonal identity moratorium stage. The results suggest that while NSSI may be related to identity development, more research is needed to understand the causes and prevention of self-inj
Behavioral science systematically studies behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It encompasses how organisms interact in nature. Unlike lay understanding, behavioral science uses scientific methods to understand and predict behavior objectively. The core disciplines are psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology studies behavior through cause-and-effect, sociology examines social systems, and anthropology understands human-environment relationships. Common methods are experiments, observation, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Bullying in childhood can have long lasting negative effects. Victims are more likely to experience mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem that may persist into adulthood. Longitudinal studies show childhood victims are at higher risk as adults for disorders like depression, anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, and suicide attempts. Victims also tend to have poorer social relationships, economic difficulties, and lower quality of life in mid-life compared to non-victims. The effects of bullying can last decades and negatively impact both psychological and physical health.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Multidimensionality of pressure in adolescenceSurabhi Bhargav
The document summarizes findings from a study on the pressures faced by adolescent students. It was found that adolescents face significant pressure from peers, parents, and academics. Peer pressure was most commonly reported, with pressures to conform and score low marks. Parental pressure included strict study hours and scolding. Academic pressure stemmed from exams and subject selection for future careers. Adolescents reported feeling stressed, depressed, and frustrated in dealing with these pressures. They also engaged in avoidance behaviors like reduced study time or substance use. The study highlights the need to better understand and support adolescents in managing various developmental pressures.
The document discusses introducing behavioral sciences and their importance in healthcare. It defines behavioral sciences as the study of human behavior using principles of psychology, sociology, and anthropology in health and disease contexts. Psychology examines the mind's role in health and disease, while sociology and anthropology study the effects of society, culture, and environment. Together with basic sciences, behavioral sciences provide a holistic understanding of patients. The document also outlines the biopsychosocial model of healthcare and desirable doctor attitudes, such as active listening and empathy, when delivering bad news to patients.
Emotional labour, social intelligence, and narcissism among physicians in JordanRula alsawalqa
Although many studies have investigated relationships between emotional labour and
emotional intelligence among hospital staff, few have paid attention to social intelligence in
this field. This study explored the relationships between emotional labour, social intelligence,
and narcissism among physicians in governmental hospitals in Jordan. The goal was to
improve the understanding of the causes of patients abusing physicians in Jordan. Some
patients have maintained that physicians are responsible for hostile behaviour against them,
as these resulted from medical errors, physician negligence, and a failure to provide adequate
care, exacerbated by physician narcissism, lack of empathy, verbal miscommunication, and
lack of sympathy in critical cases. Findings confirmed that whenever physicians engage in
strategies of emotional labour, they display higher social intelligence and lower levels of
narcissism. Moreover, social intelligence does not mediate the relationship between emotional labour and narcissism. The results of the study suggest that interventions by the Jordan
Medical Association to reduce physical and verbal assaults on physicians should encompass
more than a mere legal focus.
Association Between Relationship Quality and Childhood Trauma in Emerging Ad...John Mattscheck, M.A.
This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and relationship quality in emerging adults. Researchers surveyed 1,904 college students about their trauma history and relationship beliefs, skills, and quality. Results showed that experiencing more childhood trauma was associated with lower quality relationships with parents and grandparents, but not with siblings or friends. There was no significant relationship found between trauma and students' relationship beliefs or interpersonal skills. The researchers hypothesized that resilience and support from non-family relationships may help explain why trauma did not negatively impact all areas of relationships.
Educational level, sex and church affiliation on health seeking Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of educational level, sex, and church affiliation on health seeking behavior among parishioners in Makurdi, Nigeria. 448 participants were surveyed using a health seeking behavior scale. The study found that educational level and sex were statistically significant predictors of health seeking behavior, with those with higher education and females reporting higher health seeking scores. Additionally, Catholics reported higher health seeking behavior than non-Catholics. The study suggests these factors be considered to improve health policies and promote behaviors.
Role Performance and Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of the...inventionjournals
Farm school serve as a mechanism for farmer to farmer extension at every block or tehsil. Role performance of the respondents towards ATMA has shown its prescribed role and their relative success or failure. A study was undertaken to know role performance and relationship between the selected characteristics and role performance towards farm school. The study was conducted in eight farm schools of Sri Ganganager District of Rajasthan with a sample of 160 farmers working on farm school. The findings inferred that majority (68.75%) of the respondents of Farm School fall in the category of moderate performance of role followed by 25.00 and 06.25 per cent of them fall in the poor and good role performance categories respectively. The result clearly indicates that the farmers were highly influenced by the farm school of ATMA project running in their area.
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
Thinking Deeply From Different Angle -A Re-analysis of the Education Problems...inventionjournals
To understand the education of college students with left-behind experience, a questionnaire survey is conducted in a Chinese university from a different angle. Based on the investigation results, the paper studied on the influential factors which affected these students' education. At the same time, the problems and difficulties in the process of education are also analyzed. In conclusion, this report puts forward some corresponding measures to resolve these troubles.
This document summarizes a study examining how social, psychological, and physical factors influence health outcomes and perceptions of quality of life. The study analyzed data from the 2010 General Social Survey to test whether age, education level, or religiosity were associated with self-reported health condition. Results showed that age had the strongest influence, with older individuals reporting poorer health. Higher education levels were also linked to better perceived health. Religiosity was found to encourage healthier behaviors. Understanding the social factors that impact health can help improve healthcare approaches.
Review of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa for Mankindijsrd.com
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are not called as a disease, but the today mankind is suffering from it. Hence, the present review of studies of literature is an important prerequisite for actual planning and then execution of any research work. The research workers need to acquire up-to-date information on what has been thought and said in a particular area so that they can derive benefit from the work of their predecessors.
The Relations Among Feminist Identity Development, Gender - Role Orientation,...umbcpsych357
The study examined the relationships between feminist identity development, gender role orientation, and psychological well-being in 244 women at a large southwestern university. It found that women with highly developed feminist identities and more masculine gender roles had greater psychological well-being, defined as life satisfaction and positive functioning. In contrast, women with lower feminist identity reported lower overall psychological well-being. The results supported the hypotheses that feminist identity development and gender role orientation independently influence women's psychological well-being.
Adolesccence is the period of both vulnerability and opportunity hinged on the power of affective systems to influence behaviour
This presentation is about understanding the development in adolescents and ways to deal with a variety of manifestations which the storm of adolescence bring into one's life
Over the last three decades, rapidly increasing interest has been shown, and a great growth has occurred in publications and new journals, related to assessing spiritual health and well-being. Most attention has been paid to university students (many of whom participate in research projects to gain credit points) and adults, many of whom have been in poor states of health. However, assessment of spiritual health of younger adolescents has received less attention, with pertinent publications in journals such as the International Journal of Children's Spirituality (Büssing, FöllerMancini, Gidley, & Heusser, 2010; Fisher, 2006; Yuen, 2015), other journals (Muñoz-García & Aviles-Herrera, 2014; Rican & Janosova,
2010; Shorkey & Windsor, 2010) and books (Francis & Robbins,
2005; Hughes, 2007; Roehlkepartain, Benson, Scales, Kimball, & King, 2008), and some unpublished works (Mason, Singleton, & Webber, 2007; WHOQOL SRPB Group, 2002, Wallace, 2010). The relative paucity of research with youth could be due to increased ethical demands of gaining parental permission and that of school systems and staff, as well as that from young people themselves. Developing instruments with language that is appropriate for young people has also provided a challenge.
Marriage Burnout: When the Emotions Exhausted Quietly Quantitative ResearchRula alsawalqa
Background: When the spouses are aware of the fact that each one has emotional needs thatmust be fulfilled, it will lead to decrease
the marital satisfaction, such as the lack of awareness which will lead to marriage burnout in a long-term period.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of the spouses’ age, years of marriage, and the nature of marriage
burnout dimensions, especially the emotional exhaustion.
Methods: The researcher of the present study applied a Maslach burnout inventory (MBI) scale to 392 families whose ages were
within the range of (23 - 67) years. Those spouses were married for (1 - 35) years and had children.
Results: Descriptive statistics showed a higher marriage burnout level among the spouses who work in a full-time job and the ones
who do not work in comparison to the ones who work in a part-time job. Emotional exhaustion is mostly influenced by the increase
in the spouses’ ages and years of marriage. Although there was no impact for the years of marriage on depersonalization, personal
accomplishment and depersonalization were mostly influenced by the spouses’ nature of work.
Conclusions: Marriage burnout is a painful state of emotional exhaustion and physical and emotional depletion experienced by
spouses. This state results from emotional exhaustion, work exhaustion, and failure to fulfill the requirements of their marital
relationships, especially the emotional requirements. Spouses having children are more exposed to experience marriage burnout.
Keywords: Marriage Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Years of Marriage
Despite facing greater discrimination and lower socioeconomic status, African Americans typically have better mental health outcomes than whites. This study examines the relationship between racism-related coping strategies and mental health among African Americans using a national survey. The researchers identified three main coping dimensions - objection, internal attribution, and acquiescence. Acquiescence, or accepting discrimination as fact, was the most common strategy. Objection and internal attribution were linked to higher depressive symptoms. Educational attainment impacted strategy use - those with more education were more likely to object to discrimination. The study provides insight into coping strategies among African Americans and their association with mental health.
This study examined the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and ego identity development in college students. The researcher found that students who engaged in one form of NSSI, such as scratching or cutting, were likely to engage in other forms as well. Further, rates of NSSI were correlated with higher levels of ideological identity achievement. Specifically, students who scratched or bit themselves were more likely to have achieved an overall ego identity. However, students who bit themselves were also more likely to be in an interpersonal identity moratorium stage. The results suggest that while NSSI may be related to identity development, more research is needed to understand the causes and prevention of self-inj
Behavioral science systematically studies behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It encompasses how organisms interact in nature. Unlike lay understanding, behavioral science uses scientific methods to understand and predict behavior objectively. The core disciplines are psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology studies behavior through cause-and-effect, sociology examines social systems, and anthropology understands human-environment relationships. Common methods are experiments, observation, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Bullying in childhood can have long lasting negative effects. Victims are more likely to experience mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem that may persist into adulthood. Longitudinal studies show childhood victims are at higher risk as adults for disorders like depression, anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, and suicide attempts. Victims also tend to have poorer social relationships, economic difficulties, and lower quality of life in mid-life compared to non-victims. The effects of bullying can last decades and negatively impact both psychological and physical health.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Multidimensionality of pressure in adolescenceSurabhi Bhargav
The document summarizes findings from a study on the pressures faced by adolescent students. It was found that adolescents face significant pressure from peers, parents, and academics. Peer pressure was most commonly reported, with pressures to conform and score low marks. Parental pressure included strict study hours and scolding. Academic pressure stemmed from exams and subject selection for future careers. Adolescents reported feeling stressed, depressed, and frustrated in dealing with these pressures. They also engaged in avoidance behaviors like reduced study time or substance use. The study highlights the need to better understand and support adolescents in managing various developmental pressures.
The document discusses introducing behavioral sciences and their importance in healthcare. It defines behavioral sciences as the study of human behavior using principles of psychology, sociology, and anthropology in health and disease contexts. Psychology examines the mind's role in health and disease, while sociology and anthropology study the effects of society, culture, and environment. Together with basic sciences, behavioral sciences provide a holistic understanding of patients. The document also outlines the biopsychosocial model of healthcare and desirable doctor attitudes, such as active listening and empathy, when delivering bad news to patients.
Emotional labour, social intelligence, and narcissism among physicians in JordanRula alsawalqa
Although many studies have investigated relationships between emotional labour and
emotional intelligence among hospital staff, few have paid attention to social intelligence in
this field. This study explored the relationships between emotional labour, social intelligence,
and narcissism among physicians in governmental hospitals in Jordan. The goal was to
improve the understanding of the causes of patients abusing physicians in Jordan. Some
patients have maintained that physicians are responsible for hostile behaviour against them,
as these resulted from medical errors, physician negligence, and a failure to provide adequate
care, exacerbated by physician narcissism, lack of empathy, verbal miscommunication, and
lack of sympathy in critical cases. Findings confirmed that whenever physicians engage in
strategies of emotional labour, they display higher social intelligence and lower levels of
narcissism. Moreover, social intelligence does not mediate the relationship between emotional labour and narcissism. The results of the study suggest that interventions by the Jordan
Medical Association to reduce physical and verbal assaults on physicians should encompass
more than a mere legal focus.
Association Between Relationship Quality and Childhood Trauma in Emerging Ad...John Mattscheck, M.A.
This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and relationship quality in emerging adults. Researchers surveyed 1,904 college students about their trauma history and relationship beliefs, skills, and quality. Results showed that experiencing more childhood trauma was associated with lower quality relationships with parents and grandparents, but not with siblings or friends. There was no significant relationship found between trauma and students' relationship beliefs or interpersonal skills. The researchers hypothesized that resilience and support from non-family relationships may help explain why trauma did not negatively impact all areas of relationships.
Educational level, sex and church affiliation on health seeking Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of educational level, sex, and church affiliation on health seeking behavior among parishioners in Makurdi, Nigeria. 448 participants were surveyed using a health seeking behavior scale. The study found that educational level and sex were statistically significant predictors of health seeking behavior, with those with higher education and females reporting higher health seeking scores. Additionally, Catholics reported higher health seeking behavior than non-Catholics. The study suggests these factors be considered to improve health policies and promote behaviors.
Role Performance and Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of the...inventionjournals
Farm school serve as a mechanism for farmer to farmer extension at every block or tehsil. Role performance of the respondents towards ATMA has shown its prescribed role and their relative success or failure. A study was undertaken to know role performance and relationship between the selected characteristics and role performance towards farm school. The study was conducted in eight farm schools of Sri Ganganager District of Rajasthan with a sample of 160 farmers working on farm school. The findings inferred that majority (68.75%) of the respondents of Farm School fall in the category of moderate performance of role followed by 25.00 and 06.25 per cent of them fall in the poor and good role performance categories respectively. The result clearly indicates that the farmers were highly influenced by the farm school of ATMA project running in their area.
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
Thinking Deeply From Different Angle -A Re-analysis of the Education Problems...inventionjournals
To understand the education of college students with left-behind experience, a questionnaire survey is conducted in a Chinese university from a different angle. Based on the investigation results, the paper studied on the influential factors which affected these students' education. At the same time, the problems and difficulties in the process of education are also analyzed. In conclusion, this report puts forward some corresponding measures to resolve these troubles.
University Management Perception of Academic Staff Union of Universities [Asu...inventionjournals
This paper examines the trend towards the intensified industrial disharmony in the ivory towers in the Nigerian educational system. It sensitizes the plethora logger head with the trade unions particularly, Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) on the university campuses. It is a uniform concept applicable to all the campuses having the body. The question is what is the University management’s perception of unionism on campus? How does the administrative structure inherited from colonialism guarantee the desired creative intellectual ground breaking decision making? These are some of the questions examined in this paper. The issues of decentralization, delegation and deregulation or independence are also highlighted and to which extent it guarantees industrial harmony. Going by their available evidences, it is clear that the University management of the various Universities, have a low perception of unionism on campus, hence the desired industrial harmony remains a mirage. There is a link between the university management’s perception of unionism and the attitude to work, which is largely unfavourable. Recommendations are however proffered and the link between industrial harmony in the University campus and effective counselling practices is established.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Agriculture in Bihar: the latent sector of development inventionjournals
Bihar is the third most populous state in India with majority of its population depending on agriculture. Thus, agriculture yet forms the backbone of development. An average Indian still spends almost half of his/her total expenditure on food and roughly half of India’s work force is still engaged in agriculture for its livelihood. Being both a source of livelihood and food security for a vast majority of low income, poor and vulnerable sections of society, its performance assumes greater significance in view of the proposed National Food Security Bill and the ongoing Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme. The experience from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South African) countries indicates that a one percentage growth in agriculture is at least two to three times more effective in reducing poverty than the same growth emanating from non-agriculture sectors. Thus with proper thrust on technologies, institutional direction, farm level support services, all delivery mechanisms, improved farm infrastructure including rural connectivity , Bihar could be developed as a granary of India. It can also be developed as the major hub of fruits, vegetables, and fisheries for both national and global markets. The entire economic growth processes in Bihar depends on the dynamics of agriculture. There are successful experiments in different parts of the country, which if adopted, can provide an answer to various problems which Bihar is facing in its race to higher productivity levels. Bihar can then surely catch up with the present productivity levels of rice and wheat in Punjab and other cherished goals in maize, pulses, oilseeds, horticulture and livestock production in the next few year Plans. The paper tries to prove that if agriculture is developed systematically then agriculture can be one of the major profit earning sectors for Bihar.
“Cropping Pattern, Productivity and Resource Use in Instructional Farm of Kri...inventionjournals
Agriculture is the primary source of income for rural families in India. About 65 percent of the population is directly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Krishi Vigyan Kendra dewas has got a farm of 20.489 hectare. Out of this, in 18.00 hectare, breeder seed production programme has been taken in kharif and in Rabi season. In the farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Dewas, Mainly Soybean crop grown in kharif season and gram grown in Rabi season. On an average, total cropped area was 32.21 hectare per year. Net cultivated area of farm was 18.00 hectare. On an average Cropping intensity of farm was 183.50 percent, the productivity of Soybean came to 10.30 quintals and the gram came to 10.86 quintals per hectare in KVK Farm. On an average, in soybean crop 67 labours and in case of gram, 89 labours were used per hectare. The labour efficiency in soybean crop came to 124.69 percent and in gram crop came to 114.24 percent. . The productivity of whole farm came to 15.03 kg per hectare. Land of Farm is undulating. Some fields are requiring leveling. It is need for appointment of Farm Manager (Breeder) and tractor driver and provide facility of Go down and grading at Farm. It is also need for increasing the area of threshing floor, making boundary wall near to residential area of farm to protect the crops.
Impact of Vocational Training Programme on Income and Employment Generation t...inventionjournals
Women empowerment is the important aspect in the present scenario. Vocational training are the important tool to prepare trainees for job that are based on manual or practical activities traditionally nonacademic and totally related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation. The investigation was carried in the operational area of KVK, Kandhamal. The list of beneficiaries who had been attended the training programme was obtained from the KVK, Kandhamal, out of total only 40% trainees were selected from each selected villages by random sampling method, finally in all 104 trainees have selected for the study. Most of the respondents belonged to medium socio-economic status. The majority of the respondents were from low number of vocational training attended. The maximum respondents had medium economic motivation, medium market orientation, medium risk preferences. The majority of the respondents belonged to low category of income and employment generation. Significant association between socio-economic status, number of vocational training attended, market orientation, risk preference with income and employment generation. Majority of the respondents felt that marketing facilities may be created at village level for sell out their product, provide proper guidance after training, loan procedure should be easy and less time consuming.
Impact of Vocational Training Programme on Income and Employment Generation t...
Similar to Comparative Personality Sketch of Middle Aged Male and Female Counterparts Highlighting Its Effect On Anger Expression, Narcissism And Happiness
Running Head DATA ANALYSIS PROJECT1DATA ANALYSIS PROJECT2.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: DATA ANALYSIS PROJECT 1
DATA ANALYSIS PROJECT 2
Data Analysis Project: Analysis of Social Behavior and Education
Name:
Institution:
Tutor:
Date:
Abstract
This research examined social life with respect to how society is optimistic; sources of stress to the population under study as well analysis of social behavior across various level of education completed by the respondents. Participants for this study (n = 439) were randomly selected respondents of the legal age. The respondents represented two major age groups, age group three that consists of 18-29, 30-34 and 45 plus while the other age group, five, were categorized into the cohorts; 18-24,25-32, 33-40,45-49 and 50 plus. This data was analyzed to determine the nature social behaviors and habits across all the age groups and their levels of education. Correlation and regression analyses were also utilized to determine whether or not there was an association between the total life optimism and self esteem. Findings showed that self esteem is a factor that explains all the social life habits. Results are discussed in light of previous research, including limitations of the study. Implications to put into practice and future recommendations to the findings of this research are presented.
Introduction
Social behavior has interesting and a vast forms and its study is never limited to some aspects yet a study could still concern a section of society and analyze among many, the common behavior and social life habit within a society. Social behavior could be determined in terms of sex, level of education or even age. According to South African Supplement to Social Psychology3e (2009), in a wider scope, social behavior stems of instincts. Social behavior is also attaché to personal traits. Some of these personal traits are prejudice and authoritarianism. In this respect the habits shown at a time and within a people of a specific group varies widely. The sources of communal stress and reasons for satisfaction in life also vary from group to group. Just as widely segregated as the social life is, the social behavior is also as distinct according to these social lines.
In the study and analysis of social life, there are however some common habits and social perspectives that cuts across the social lives. Habits such as cigarette smoking or taking alcohol are such habits that cut across social boundaries. There is often a reason towards a particular social behavior. In some instances class and education level contributes a lot while at other time peer pressure and influence contribute towards a particular social orientation. Moreover, stress satiations may lead to a population assuming some habits for example the smoking as a way to deal with stress or even using hard drugs.
Problem Statement
The phrase social behavior has been used in many contexts. Social behavior is defi8nable with respect to a particular society without which it would pose more problems than tend to.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 1- CHARACTER STRENGTH RESEARCH PAPER .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 1- CHARACTER STRENGTH RESEARCH PAPER
2
ASSIGNMENT 1- CHARACTER STRENGTH RESEARCH PAPER
1
Assignment 1: Character Strength Research Paper
Khalid Alharbi
SWU 349: Stress Management Tools II
Arizona State University
Introduction
Stress is unavoidable in our society nowadays. Basically, due to the pressure that we get on -sometimes- a daily basis. We took a test on “VIA Character Strengths Assessment”, which was hosted via the University of Pennsylvania and Dr. Martin Seligman’s Team. After answering the 240 questions however, The results of the character strengths were the following: They include (1) Spirituality, Sense of Purpose & Faith, (2) Creativity, innovation, and originality, (3) Forgiveness and Mercy, (4) Gratitude and (5) Capacity to love and be loved. The purpose of the paper would be to review the literature on my top 5 characters and how these characters make me happy.
Gratitude
Nezlek, J. B., Krejtz, I., Rusanowska, M., & Holas, P. (2019). Within-person relationships among daily gratitude, well-being, stress, and positive experiences. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(3), 883-898.
For one, nothing really makes me happy as “gratitude”. Basically because of my gracious attitude. Which really makes me appreciate all the things that I have; both intangible and tangible. Moreover, I always show my gratitude to my family. Friends and even classmate because I believe that I am not an Island and thus, I need the help of everyone in my community. My gratitude also encourages me to help others who are in need.
The article by (Nezlek, Krejtz, Rusanowska, & Holas, (2019) on “within-person relationship among daily gratitude, well-being, stress, and positive experiences” highlights the significance of gratitude in our lives today. Some of the most interesting findings were that negative relationships between stress and self-esteem make people more grateful. I partially agree with the findings because I believe that gratitude is a habit that a person must master to appreciate his family, friends and even community.
Spirituality, Sense of Purpose & Faith
McIntosh, E. J. (2015). Thriving and spirituality: Making meaning of meaning making for students of color. About Campus, 19(6), 16-23.
Spirituality, a sense of purpose and faith plays a fundamental role in my life because I am always excited with the perspective of my action today affecting my happiness in the future. I value my sense of purpose because it is my driving force that makes me happy. Furthermore, I believe that my faith has made grateful for everything I have because I believe in a supreme being that watches over me. Therefore, I am always that a Supreme Being guides me and protect when I am working hard to achieve my goals.
The article by McIntosh (2015) is an interesting one because it highlights the correlation between thriving and correlation amongst students in society. Even though the studies focus on the students of color, it still focus ...
Relationships are dynamic, alive and responsive to the choices, attitudes and behaviors we bring to them. Research shows that we really are living in organic networks in which we are constantly impacting others and the social environment as the social world impacts us. The competencies associated with Emotional Intelligence directly and powerfully transform interactions and ongoing relationships with others. These skills can be learned and every day is a new opportunity to practice them.
The document discusses various topics related to theories of personality, including:
1. Definitions of personality and approaches to studying personality, including psychoanalytic, humanistic, cognitive, and behavioral approaches.
2. The role of culture, gender, ethnicity in shaping personality.
3. How personality may be presented differently on social media than in real life.
4. Common methods used to assess personality, such as self-report tests, projective techniques, clinical interviews, and behavioral or thought sampling assessments.
Write a two to three-page paper (excluding APA title page and refe.docxodiliagilby
Write a two to three-page paper (excluding APA title page and reference pages), comparing Freud, Mahler, and Adler. Compare and contrast the developmental models of Freud and Mahler; then, contrast these two developmental theories to Adler’s theory. Be sure to also address the following:
1. A brief description of each theory. Which perspective appeals to you more, and why?
2. What are some ways that the Adlerian approach can be applied to group counseling? What are some advantages of using a group format with this approach?
3. What concepts from these psychoanalytic approaches do you see as being potentially useful in your work as a nurse psychotherapist? Describe.
Adier's Need to Belong as the Key for Mental Health
Rachel Shifron
Abstract
According to Adier's (1932) Individual Psychology the inability to belong or to
connect with others results in pathology. In this essay the author presents several
case studies that highlight the need to belong as a primary issue in therapy. The case
descriptions include therapy with an individual, a couple, a client with addiction
issues, a cross-cultural couple, and a mother and daughter-in-law. The case materi-
als presented in this article reveal that individuals with psychological disorders can
lessen their psychopathology by learning more effective methods to promote belong-
ing. Adlerian methods and interventions to promote belonging are discussed.
In Adier's (1932, 1991) Individual Psychology every child is born with
the need to belong and with the ability to connect with others. Acquiring
the methods of connecting involves a learning process. This kind of learning
is the key for well-being. It is essential that one belongs and is connected
to three significant groups in one's circle of life. I expand Adier's descrip-
tion of the life tasks (Dreikurs, 1950) to refer to these significant groups as
being family, friends, and work associates. Feeling a sense of belonging to
these groups is the primary universal issue of mental health. Individuals with
psychological disorders can lessen their psychopathology by learning more
effective methods to belong.
This article reflects my many years of counseling and therapy from an
Individual Psychology perspective (Shifron, 2006, 2008). My clinical experi-
ences have shown me the universality of the need to belong, and I believe
this paper offers an exceptional opportunity for clinicians from different
theoretical approaches to learn more about Adier's optimistic and brilliant
perspective. Adier's Individual Psychology is based on the conceptualization
that psychopathology results from the lack of feeling belonging. This is an
optimistic view, because the absence of feeling belonging is a curable situ-
ation. According to Adier's theory (Ferguson, 2006), every individual makes
choices. In this paper I focus on the belief that every individual is capable
and creative and that by making different kinds of choices, each person can
learn how to feel belongi ...
This document discusses self-determination theory (SDT), which examines how social environments can facilitate or undermine intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. SDT focuses on three innate psychological needs - competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Research has found that satisfying these needs enhances intrinsic motivation and well-being, while thwarting these needs diminishes motivation and well-being. Specifically, factors like rewards, feedback, and choice can impact whether environments support autonomy and competence, thus influencing motivation.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
A Study on Spiritual Intelligence among Higher Secondary Students in Relation...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Spiritual Intelligence and Social Adjustment are the two psychological constructs, which scaffold each individual in the modern world to lead a value-oriented and mentally healthy life. This study aims to investigate the level of spiritual Intelligence among higher secondary students in relation to their social adjustment. For this purpose, data collected from 320 higher secondary students from various higher secondary schools of Thrissur district. The tool used for the collection of data was a Spiritual Intelligence Inventoryand Social Adjustment for higher secondary students, developed by the investigator and standardized. The results revealed that higher secondary students are having low level of Spiritual Intelligence. There is no significant difference in the Spiritual Intelligence among higher secondary school boys and girls. Rural andGovernment higher secondary school students are having a higher level of Spiritual Intelligence than Urban and Private school students are.Spiritual Intelligence and Social Adjustment are highly correlated. This study suggested that the school authorities should take immediate measures to provide adequate training for developing Spiritual Intelligence and Social Adjustment in them.
The document summarizes a study on gender differences in marital adjustment, mental health, and frustration reactions during middle age. The study was conducted in Delhi, India with 150 males and 150 females between ages 40-55 who were bank employees, doctors, or lecturers. It was found that females had higher levels of recreational adjustment than males, while males had a more group-oriented attitude than females. The study aimed to understand how marital adjustment, mental health, and reactions to frustration differed between males and females during middle age.
This document summarizes research on providing social and psychological support to research teams working in polar regions. It discusses the importance of positive emotions in expanding thought, building personal resources, and reducing the impact of stress. It also covers theories of subjective well-being, optimism, resilience, and goals. The document recommends selecting team members who are psychologically equipped based on these factors. It also suggests ways to increase resilience, such as creating positive work environments that foster flow states and changing attribution styles. Social influence and compliance theories are discussed to help diverse cultural groups work efficiently as a team.
Objective: Spirituality has been shown to be associated with various aspects of health. It has also been discussed as an aid in coping with adversities.
Methods: The present investigation examined four dimensions of spirituality – belief in God, mindfulness, quest for meaning and feeling of security – as possible mediators between childhood adversities and adult adaptation. Two samples of n ≈ 500 were examined via internet in a retrospective survey.
Results: Two pathways from childhood to adult adaptation via spirituality were detected, one via mindfulness and one via feeling of security. Both pathways began at maternal love, the opposite of emotional neglect. Childhood abuse or physical neglect was not associated with the development of spirituality. Associations were not only linear in nature, but also displayed interactions.
Objective: Spirituality has been shown to be associated with various aspects of health. It has also been discussed as an aid in coping with adversities.
Methods: The present investigation examined four dimensions of spirituality – belief in God, mindfulness, quest for meaning and feeling of security – as possible mediators between childhood adversities and adult adaptation. Two samples of n ≈ 500 were examined via internet in a retrospective survey.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic .docxbagotjesusa
Self-Determination Theory and the
Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation,
Social Development, and Well-Being
Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci
University o f Rochester
Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alterna-
tively, passive and alienated, largely as a function o f the
social conditions in which they develop and function. Ac-
cordingly, research guided by self-determination t h e o ~
has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facil-
itate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motiva-
tion and healthy psychological development. Specifically,
factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine
intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The
findings have led to the postulate of three innate psycho-
logical needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness--
which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and
mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished mo-
tivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance
of these psychological needs and processes within domains
such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and
psychotherapy.
T he fullest representations o f humanity show people to be curious, vital, and self-motivated. At their best, they are agentic and inspired, striving to learn; ex-
tend themselves; master new skills; and apply their talents
responsibly. That most people show considerable effort,
agency, and commitment in their lives appears, in fact, to
be more normative than exceptional, suggesting some very
positive and persistent features o f human nature.
Yet, it is also clear that the human spirit can be
diminished or crushed and that individuals sometimes re-
ject growth and responsibility. Regardless of social strata
or cultural origin, examples o f both children and adults
who are apathetic, alienated, and irresponsible are abun-
dant. Such non-optimal human functioning can be observed
not only in our psychological clinics but also among the
millions who, for hours a day, sit passively before their
televisions, stare blankly from the back o f their classrooms,
or wait listlessly for the weekend as they go about their
jobs. The persistent, proactive, and positive tendencies o f
human nature are clearly not invariantly apparent.
The fact that human nature, phenotypically expressed,
can be either active or passive, constructive or indolent,
suggests more than mere dispositional differences and is a
function of more than just biological endowments. It also
bespeaks a wide range of reactions to social environments
that is worthy o f our most intense scientific investigation.
Specifically, social contexts catalyze both within- and be-
tween-person differences in motivation and personal
growth, resulting in people being more self-motivated,
energized, and integrated in some situations, domains, and
cultures than in others. Research on the conditions that
foster versus undermine positive human potenti.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES COLLEGE, AALO
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
NATIONAL WEBINAR
ON
“MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL- BEING”
Sociological Perspectives on
Mental Health and Illness
Impact of Spirituality on Well Being among Aged Peopleijtsrd
The purpose of the current study was to determine how spirituality affected older peoples wellbeing. Positive correlations between spirituality and different measures of life satisfaction, psychosocial wellbeing, and both physical and emotional state are encouraged. Given the loss, physical disease, incapacity, and mortality that adults must face, understanding a persons spiritual perspective becomes more and more crucial. One attribute of the mind, heart, and soul that is considered to be spiritual. It deals with personal, subjective experiences that are occasionally shared with others. In Indian society, spirituality is important at all ages. The researcher adopted Descriptive research design and consequently the sampling method adopted for this study was non probability sampling. For this study the researcher used purposive sampling method to gather data from respondents. A sample size of 60 was collected using interview schedule. The result showed that 63 of the respondents had good level of spirituality, 20.3 of the respondents had moderate level of spirituality and 16.7 of the respondents had poor level of spirituality. Dr. M. Punitha | Mr. G. Vivek "Impact of Spirituality on Well-Being among Aged People" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52596.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/52596/impact-of-spirituality-on-wellbeing-among-aged-people/dr-m-punitha
This document discusses aging and happiness. It notes that most studies show a U-shaped curve for age and happiness, with happiness lower in midlife and higher in older age. However, aging does not have to result in declining happiness. Factors like maintaining social connections, having a sense of purpose, and focusing less on comparisons can help people experience increasing life satisfaction as they age. The document provides recommendations for cultivating happiness, including pursuing engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment.
The document discusses gender stereotypes among married couples in family. It aims to critically examine stereotypical gender roles through a study of 100 married couples selected randomly. The study objectives are to identify major areas of gender stereotypes in household responsibilities, decision making, independence, and social life. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires and interviews using statistical techniques to understand stereotypical perceptions between husbands and wives. Preliminary results show disagreements around equal sharing of household work and a tendency to see men as achievers outside home while women take care of family.
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Comparative Personality Sketch of Middle Aged Male and Female Counterparts Highlighting Its Effect On Anger Expression, Narcissism And Happiness
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 2 ||February. 2016 || PP.43-53
www.ijhssi.org 43 | P a g e
Comparative Personality Sketch of Middle Aged Male and
Female Counterparts Highlighting Its Effect On Anger
Expression, Narcissism And Happiness
Sraboni Chatterjee* and Payel Dey**
*Assistant Professor, Bijoy Krishna Girls’ College, Howrah
** Student of Indira Gandhi Open University
ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study is to make a comparative personality profile in the light of anger
expression, narcissism and happiness among middle aged males and females. A sample of 100 middle aged
individuals (50 males and 50 females) was selected. The variables selected for the study were anger expression,
narcissism and happiness. Results indicate that happiness and narcissism both are positively correlated and
basically self-love is found to be a basic source of happiness for both subsamples. Moreover, significant
differences were found in case of anger expression and overall narcissism. Male counterparts were positioned
at the top point of narcissism and anger expression and lack anger control but females have more anger out,
anger reaction, superiority and vanity than male ones which pinpoints the fact that females tend to invest a
great deal of energy in maintaining and preventing the experience and expression of anger. While controlling
anger is certainly desirable, the over-control of anger may result in passivity, withdrawal and depression.
Key words: Anger expression, happiness, narcissism, self-love, depression
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, society is facing extremely tough challenges in the form of global warming, natural
disasters, economic recession, unprecedented homelessness, terrorism and the draining continuation of war with
all this sadness and horror, where in the world does a science based on testing happiness, wellbeing, personal
growth and “the good life” fit into the modern day agenda ? Positive psychology focuses on wellbeing,
happiness, personal strengths, wisdom, creativity, imagination and characteristics of positive groups and
institutions, positive thinking and positive emotions. Furthermore, the focus is not just on home to make
individuals happy, thereby perpetuating a self centered, narcissistic approach, but on happiness and flourishing
at a group level as well.
Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi describe positive psychology in the following way: “We believe that a
psychology of positive human functioning will arise that achieves a scientific understanding and effective
interventions to build thing in individuals’ families and communities”.
Happiness is as important to us, both as individual and as a world, primarily because happiness is really all there
is. As human beings, although we possess cognitive abilities and are highly “thought” oriented the quality of our
lives is ultimately entirely determined by our emotions.
Happiness does not just make you enjoy life move, it actually affects how successful you are in both your
personal and professional lives. Happiness makes people more sociable and altruistic, it increases how much
they like themselves and others, and it strengthens their immune system. The cumulative effects means that
people have satisfying and successful relationship find especially fulfilling careers and live longer, healthier,
lives.
The word narcissism is derived from a great myth which is about Narcissus, a handsome Greek Youth, who
rejected the desperate advance of the nymph echo. As punishment, he was deemed to fall in love with his own
reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus pined away and changed into the flower
that bears his name, the Narcissus (Sanyal, 2005). In other words, it relates to an exaggerated self love.
However the term may consist of a variety of meaning depending on the orientation.
A narcissist can feel happy when he / she have been helping someone. The source of this happiness is not the
fact that the person who received help happy, but the fact that a narcissist was able to appear as someone with a
good heart, someone who is causing divine etc, when he / she was helping some else. A narcissist loves the
feeling they get when they think they have been helping someone and that this person and also other people are
aware that they have been doing “good deeds”. So again it all boils down to a narcissist, not to the person who
received help. This is natural behavior for these people, who cannot generally care about anyone but themselves.
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Middle age is a dreaded period in the life span. It is time of transition and the time when male and female
leave behind the physical and behavioural characteristics will prevail. This is the time when male
undergo a change in virility and female a change in fertility. It is a time of stress also. Radical
adjustments to change roles and patterns of life and lead to a period of stress.
Middle age is a “dangerous age” in the life span. Because it is a time when individuals break down
physically as a result of overwork, over worry, or careless living. The incidence of mental illness both
male and female and it is also a peak age for suicides, especially among the male. In middle age is
male and female normally reach their peaks of achievement. Middle age should be a time not only
for financial and social success but also for authority and prestige. Choi (2009), made a study on
anger expression and mental health in middle aged women. Participants (1442) were classified into 4
types of anger expression by k-mean cluster analysis, 18 participants
were recruited. Results indicated high trait anger among middle aged women. Anger out score was more
than anger in and anger control was average. So the study commented that middle aged women
control their anger effectively and may contribute to the improvement their mental health.
Campbell, Rudich and Sedikides (2002) in another study examined whether or not narcissism and high self-
esteem are associated with positive self-view and whether each is associated with positivity with different
domains of self. In three experiments 407 subjects completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and The
Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. In experiment 1 narcissist rated themselves as extraverted but not as more
agreeable or emotionally stable. In experiment 2 narcissists rated themselves better than their romantic partners.
In experiment 3 narcissists rated themselves as more intelligent, but not moral, than the average persons. In
contrast high self-esteem individuals viewed themselves as more moral and more intelligent.
Lyubomirsky (2006), on in other study investigated theoretically and empirically derived similarities
and differences between the constructs of enduring happiness and self-esteem in middle age and older
age. Participants were retired employees of a large utility company serving much of southern
California. A systematic, computer-driven procedure was used by the company to select a random sub-
sample of the names and addresses of individuals from the company’s population of retirees. Self -
report questionnaires were applied, 621 participants were recruited. Results indicated that happiness and
self-esteem, while highly correlated, presented unique patterns of relations with the other measured
variables. The best predictors of happiness were the following : mood and temperamental traits, social
relationships, purpose in life, and global life satisfaction. By contrast, self-esteem was best predicted
by dispositions related to agency and motivation.
As the above mentioned sample and its characteristics highlight various shades of middle age’s life thus
they have been selected for the present venture. The psychosocial changes that take place within this age are
numerous. In the present context, this issue is attempted to be verified with regard to the selected set of variables
like anger-expression, happiness and narcissism.
1.1Objectives for the present study are:
Embracing all the categorical discussions, the objectives of the present study are decided to be:
To locate the difference, if there is any, between middle aged male and female counterparts with
respect to their
1) Anger-expression
2) Narcissism
3) Happiness
To locate, if there is any relation, between Happiness and Narcissism among middle aged
male.
To locate, if there is any relation, between Happiness and Narcissism among middle aged
female.
II. METHOD
2.1. Sample and its characteristics:
A total no of 100 middle aged individuals (50 male and 50 female) were selected. The subject
will be selected on the basis of the following criteria:
2.1.1. Inclusion Criteria:
Age - 35-45 years.
Sex - Male and female.
Education - H.S to Graduate.
Socio Economic Status - Upper middle class.
Religion - Hinduism.
Mother Tongue - Bengali.
Working Status-Working in government and non-government offices.
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2.1.2. Exclusion Criteria:
Age - Above 45 years.
Educational Qualification - Below H.S.
Working Status - Unemployed were excluded.
2.2.Research Hypotheses:
There is no difference, between middle aged male and female in terms of Anger expression.
There is no difference, between middle aged male and female in terms of Narcissism.
There is no difference, between middle aged male and female in terms of Happiness.
There is no relation, between Happiness and Narcissism among middle aged male.
There is no relation, between Happiness and Narcissism among middle aged female.
2.3.Selected Tools:
i) Information Blank – consisting information’s like name, age, sex, religion, mother tongue,
marital status, education, family history, working status, personal hobby, future economic plan, major illness.
ii) State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) by Spielberger (1996):
Anger is a more frequent emotional response in childhood. The State –Trait Anger Expression
inventory provides concise measure of the experiences and expiration of anger. The expression of anger, as
measured by the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) is conceptualized having two major
components – State Trait Anger. State anger is defined as an emotional state marked by subjective feelings that
very in intensity from mild annoyance or irritation to intense fury and rage. Trait anger is defined as the
disposition to perceive a particular situation.
iii) Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) by Raskin and Hall (1979):
This inventory has been developed by Raskin and Hall (1979) for measurement of overall
narcissistic behavioural pattern with its related dimensions. Cronbach’s α for internal consistency for NPI was
0.81. The NPI has been used widely and shows satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity (Bushman
and Baumeister, 1998; Emmons, 1987; Morf and Rhodewalt, 1993; Rhodewalt et.al, 1998; Rhodewalt and
Morf, 1998).
iv) The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) by Hills and Argyle (2002):
This test has been developed by Hills and Argyle (2002) for the measurement of overall
happiness. The OHQ has high scale reliabilities with values of α (168) = 0.91 respectively. The inter- item
correlation for the OHQ ranged from -0.04 to 0.65. Highly significant difference (p<0.01) was obtained between
high and low group of OHQ score for every item of OHQ (Hills and Argyle, 2002). This indicates that all items
of OHQ are making a valid contribution to the measurement of overall happiness.
2.4. Sampling Techniques:
The present research endeavor has employed purposive sampling as the technique of
selection of subjects.
2.5. Procedure:
Step 1: The middle-aged individuals were selected according to the inclusion criteria
mentioned above.
Step 2: Rapport was established with the candidates.
Step 3: Information blank and the above mentioned questionnaires were given to them.
2.6. Precautions:
During the administration of each questionnaire, it was checked by the investigator whether
the respondents were relaxed and willing to participate. If there was any tension on the part of any respondent,
he/she was not forced to participate for that day, but a second appointment was fixed with her.
b) The respondents were made to sit in a well-lit and airy room and made to feel comfortable.
One respondent at a time was given the questionnaire.
c) No time limit was given to the respondents while answering the questionnaires. However, it
was found that most of the respondents covered the questionnaires within scheduled time.
d) It was noted that each individual being tested should interpret the questions for themselves.
The investigator answered questions about any particular item.
e) It was assured to the respondents that the results of tests would be treated in strict
confidence.
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III.RESULTS
The data obtained from the subjects were systematically arranged and properly tabulated with
respect to each of the variables considered in the present study. The presentation of the data has reflected the
measures of the obtained selected study variables and their statistical distributions on the basis of which suitable
statistical techniques were applied to analyze and to find out necessary information to serve the objectives of the
study. The processed data are as follows:
The first section deals with the descriptive statistics in terms of mean and standard
deviation for two different study groups (male and female) of middle age group.
Table: 3.1 represent the means (M) and standard deviations (S.D) of male and female
participants of middle age group with respect to the selected variables.
Variables Male (N=50) Female (N=50)
Mean S.D Mean S.D
State Anger 13.74 3.30 13.74 2.96
Trait Anger 16.10 5.38 16.14 4.86
Anger/In 14.14 3.35 14.46 3.39
Anger/Out 12.92 2.91 13.08 2.62
Anger Temperament 6.68 2.49 6.34 1.97
Anger Reaction 7.00 3.07 7.50 2.99
Anger Control 19.72 7.18 21.82 7.11
Anger Expression 24.30 3.67 22.76 3.48
Authority 4.82 1.22 3.50 .97
Self-Sufficiency 3.00 .63 2.84 .73
Superiority 2.62 .72 2.86 .94
Exhibitionism 3.96 1.49 2.88 1.11
Exploitativeness 1.54 .86 2.04 .60
Entitlement 2.80 .85 1.98 .82
Vanity 1.90 .54 2.22 1.05
Narcissism 20.64 3.12 18.18 4.18
Happiness 140.92 15.14 140.60 12.82
Table 3.1 shows the means (M) and standard deviations (S.D) of male and female
participants of middle age group with respect to the selected variables.
Males have higher mean magnitude than female counterparts on
Anger Temperament
Anger Expression
Authority
Self-sufficiency
Exhibitionism
Entitlement
Overall Narcissism
Females have higher mean magnitude than male counterparts on
Anger-Out
Anger Reaction
Anger Control
Superiority
Vanity
Table: 3.2 Means (M), standard deviations (S.D) and t values of males and females
corresponding to anger expression and their respective dimensions
Variable and its
dimensions
Male (N=50) Female (N=50) t-values
(df=98)Mean S.D Mean S.D
State Anger 13.74 3.30 13.74 2.96 1.00
Trait Anger 16.10 5.38 16.14 4.86 .039
Anger/In 14.14 3.35 14.46 3.39 .474
Anger/Out 12.92 2.91 13.08 2.62 .289
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Anger Temperament 6.68 2.49 6.34 1.97 .756
Anger Reaction 7.00 3.07 7.50 2.99 .824
Anger Control 19.72 7.18 21.82 7.11 1.46
Anger Expression 24.30 3.67 22.76 3.48 5.96**
Authority 4.82 1.22 3.50 .97 5.96**
Self-Sufficiency 3.00 .63 2.84 .73 1.15
Superiority 2.62 .72 2.86 .94 1.42
Exhibitionism 3.96 1.49 2.88 1.11 4.08**
Exploitativeness 1.54 .86 2.04 .60 3.35**
Entitlement 2.80 .85 1.98 .82 4.88**
Vanity 1.90 .54 2.22 1.05 1.90**
Narcissism 20.64 3.12 18.18 4.18 3.22**
Happiness 140.92 15.14 140.60 12.82 .114
*p<0.05 level of significance
**p<0.01 level of significance
Table: 3.2 indicates mean, standard deviations and significant mean differences for middle
aged male and female individuals with respect to anger expression, narcissism and their respective dimension
and happiness. Here significant mean differences were found only in case of anger expression, where male
counterparts possess higher mean magnitude than female subsample. Comparing the mean magnitude, it was
also found that female counterparts have higher mean magnitude in anger control, anger reaction and anger out
than male ones but male possess higher mean magnitude only in case of anger temperament but no significant
difference was found for the above mentioned dimension between these two sample. Significant mean
differences were also found in case of authority, exhibitionism, Exploitativeness, entitlement, vanity and overall
narcissism. Male subsample possesses higher mean magnitude in case of authority, self-sufficiency,
exhibitionism, entitlement and overall narcissism than female ones. On the other pole female have higher scores
on vanity, exploitativeness, superiority than their male counterparts. Considering happiness no significant mean
differences was between the two subsamples.
Table: 3.3 Means (M), standard deviations (S.D) and the co-efficient of correlation for male middle aged
individuals between narcissism corresponding with its related dimensions and happiness
Variables Male Group (N=50) Co-efficient of
Correlation
between narcissism and happiness
(df=48)
Mean S.D
Authority 4.82 1.22 .623**
Happiness 140.92 15.14
Self-sufficiency 3.00 .63 -.171
Happiness 140.92 15.14
Superiority 2.62 .72 .036
Happiness 140.92 15.14
Exhibitionism 3.96 1.49 .521**
Happiness 140.92 15.14
Exploitativeness 1.54 .86 -.241
Happiness 140.92 15.14
Entitlement 2.80 .85 .387**
Happiness 140.92 15.14
Vanity 1.90 .54 .021
Happiness 140.92 15.14
Overall Narcissism 20.64 3.12 .510**
Happiness 140.92 15.14
*p<0.05 level of significance
**p<0.01 level of significance
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Table 3.3 shows that a significant positive correlation exists between authority, exhibitionism, entitlement,
overall narcissism and happiness for male middle age group.
Table: 3.4 Means (M), standard deviations (S.D) and the co-efficient of correlation for female
middle aged individuals between narcissism corresponding with its related dimensions and happiness
Variables Female Group (N=50) Co-efficient of
Correlation
between narcissism and happiness
(df=48)
Mean S.D
Authority 3.50 .97 .201
Happiness 140.60 12.82
Self-sufficiency 2.84 .73 .234
Happiness 140.60 12.82
Superiority 2.86 .94 .249
Happiness 140.60 12.82
Exhibitionism 2.88 1.11 .015
Happiness 140.60 12.82
Exploitativeness 2.04 .60 .188
Happiness 140.60 12.82
Entitlement 1.98 .82 .275
Happiness 140.60 12.82
Vanity 2.22 1.05 .568**
Happiness 140.60 12.82
Overall Narcissism 18.18 4.18 .382**
Happiness 140.60 12.82
*p<0.05 level of significance
**p<0.01 level of significance
Table 3.4 shows that a significant positive correlation exists between vanity and overall
narcissism along with happiness for female middle age group.
IV. DISCUSSION
The total set of data was analyzed in terms of the descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviations of all the
selected groups of samples. The significant differences and the relationship between the variables were obtained
from t-test and co-efficient of correlation in many instances of the selected variables of the present study.
In the present study, significant differences were found to exist between the selected groups (i.e. middle aged
male and female) in terms of variables like anger-expression, authority, exploitativeness, entitlement,
exhibitionism, vanity and overall narcissism. On the other hand, significant positive correlation exists between
happiness and narcissism among two groups namely male and female.
4.1. Anger expression:
Statistical analysis indicates significant mean differences were found only in case of anger
expression (Table: 3.1 and 3.2)
Here male (Mean=24.3 S.D=3.67) counterparts possess higher magnitudinal trend than
female subsample (Mean=22.76 S.D=3.48). The reason may be that in our societal context, males experience
intense angry feelings, which may be suppressed, expressed in aggressive behaviour. Sometimes they manifest
anger in many facets of behaviour and are likely to experience extreme difficulty in interpersonal relationships
(Spielberger, 1996). Further analysis indicates that, middle aged male individuals also have high score in anger
temperament dimension which means that they are quick tempered and readily express their angry feelings with
little provocation but they are not necessarily vindictive in attacking others, may be authoritarian and use anger
to intimate others (Spielberger, 1996).
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Females on the other hand, have lower score in anger expression but higher magnitude in
anger control, anger-in and anger-out. The rationale behind such findings pinpoints the fact that this sample
tend to invest a great deal of energy in maintaining and preventing the experience and expression of anger.
While controlling anger is certainly desirable, the over-control of anger may result in passivity, withdrawal and
depression (Spielberger, 1996). Literature also suggests that, those who have high anger control must have low
score in anger out dimension (Spielberger, 1996). The findings of the present study actually indicate reverse
result. In both dimensions anger in and anger out female subsample possess higher score than male one but as
the difference is not significant so it can be commented that in some situation due to societal learning female
tend to suppress their feelings but in some situations they may express their anger (Spielberger, 1996).
Considering anger reaction it can also be pinpointed that as female possess higher score in this
dimension so they are highly sensitive to criticism, perceived affronts, and negative evaluation by others. They
may experience intense feelings of anger under such circumstances (Spielberger, 1996).
Lastly, from the viewpoint of state and trait anger it can be said that both male and female
middle aged individuals are positions at the similar point.
4.2. Narcissism:
Statistical analysis indicates significant differences in terms of gender variation with
respect to narcissism (Table: 3.1 and 3.2). Here significant mean differences were found in case of authority,
exhibitionism, exploitativeness, entitlement, vanity and overall narcissism. Male subsample possesses higher
mean magnitude in case of authority, self-sufficiency, exhibitionism, entitlement and overall narcissism than
female ones. On the other pole female have higher scores on vanity, exploitativeness, superiority than their male
counterparts.
Middle aged males (Mean=20.64 S.D=3.12) possess higher scores on narcissism than females
(Mean=18.18 S.D=4.18). Tendency to dominate others, being the major earners in the family tends to maximize
and protect self-esteem resulting in general feelings of self-worth, intimacy and commitment towards partner
(Robins and Beer, 2001). Basically, need for appreciation and admiration from others reduce the level of
anxiety, depression and increase subjective well-being among them (Sedikides, Rudich and Gregg,
Kumashiro and Rusbult, 2004).
State
Anger
Trait
Anger
Anger/I
n
Anger/
Out
Anger
Temper
ament
Anger
Reactio
n
Anger
Control
Anger
Express
ion
Series1 13.74 16.1 14.14 12.92 6.68 7 19.72 24.3
Series2 13.74 16.14 14.46 13.08 6.34 7.5 21.82 22.76
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
MeanScores
BAR DIAGRAM FOR MIDDLE AGED MALE AND FEMALE
INDIVIDUALS WITH RESPSCT TO ANGER EXPRESSION AND THEIR
CORRESPONDING DIMENSIONS
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Their concern about social dominance (Brown and Zeigler-Hill, 2004) and admiration suggest
that they possess high levels of self-esteem that would be positively associated with competition and family
support (Morf, Weir and Davidov, 2000; Ryckman, Thornton and Butler, 1994; Watson, Morris and
Miller, 1997).
4.3. Happiness:
Statistical analysis indicates no significant mean difference between middle aged male and
female with respect to happiness (Table: 3.1 and 3.2).
Data indicate similar position in subjective well-being for both groups namely, male and
female middle aged individuals (Mean=140.92 and S.D=15.14 for males and Mean=140.60 S.D=12.82 for
females). Actually, their involvement in life circumstances such as friendships and work status help them to
carry on stability in conjugal relationships and erase the negative effects from their core lives (Easterlin, 2003).
Positive perspective in the emotionally involved life context helps them to have a feeling of bliss in the
emotional context of conjugal life (Wilcox, Evenson, Agagaki, Waessertheil, 2003; Prakash, 1998).
Basically, marriage for both samples is found to be a source of love, affection, securing
romantic fulfillment and companionship (Cox, 1960), as a result of which they appear to have higher loading of
happiness (Bowman, 1974).
4.4 Analysis of Co-efficient of Correlation for the Specific Subsample corresponding to the Selected
Variables
Correlation between happiness and narcissism for middle aged male and female sample (Table: 3.1, 3.3
and 3.4)
Results indicate that a positive significant correlation exists between narcissism and happiness in
case of both male and female middle aged individuals. The meaning of such findings highlight the fact that self-
love is a source of creating happiness in lives. Theoretically, people going for marriage expect fulfillment of
certain personal and social needs. A more or less satisfied marital life prompts them possibly to have the sense
of security, definitely a sense of high self-esteem, giving rise to the positive terms of conjugality. A happy
married life is expected to erase the negative concomitants of personality, like exploitativeness, dysfunctional
relationship orientation etc. Middle aged individuals after covering a long pathway in marital relationships can
able to enjoy the fragrance of satisfaction of both lives personal and others and this self love, satisfaction
actually prompts them to reach the core centre of happiness (Lewis, 2011).
V. CONCLUDING COMMENTS:
Middle aged males have higher mean magnitude than female counterparts on
Anger Temperament
Anger Expression
Authority
Self-sufficiency
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Male Female
Mean
140.92
Mean
140.6
BAR DIAGRAM SHOWING THE POSITION OF MIDDLE AGED
MALE AMD FEMALE INTERMS OF THEIR HAPPINESS
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Exhibitionism
Entitlement
Overall Narcissism
Middle aged females have higher mean magnitude than male counterparts on
Anger-Out
Anger Reaction
Anger Control
Superiority
Vanity
5.1 IMPLICATIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY:
1. The present findings are of immense value in understanding the mental profiles of two
groups of middle aged individuals.
2. The findings are also helpful for individual counseling in particular and family counseling
in general if and when they are in requirement.
3. The findings seem to provide general awareness regarding specific socio-emotional status
of two groups of middle aged individuals that would prompt us to take certain resolution to help them in
required social direction in life, so that nature of their stay will improve qualitatively in the long run.
5.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:
No research study is complete in itself. Despite whole hearted efforts, hardly any research in
social sciences remains completely free from flaws and short comings. Therefore, it is evident and expected that
the present investigation has too left enough room for improvement in the areas of its short-comings. Some of
the short- comings as noted by researcher herself are now being discussed:
1. In the context of present investigation, it would have been ideal to conduct a longitudinal
study rather than a cross-sectional one to see the changes in certain psychosocial dimensions associated with
middle age. However, limitation of funds and time hindered such plans.
2. Another limitation of the study is that besides the urban population, the rural population, too,
could be studied in order to obtain an overall perspective of middle aged individuals in different cultures as well
as in societies.
3. Besides, the variables of anger expression, happiness, narcissism, personality dimensions,
and certain other variables could also be considered for the present investigation. Variables such as depression,
loneliness, adjustment, life-satisfaction, locus of control, value system associated with middle aged individuals
could be interesting grounds for the investigation.
4. The sample included in this study involved working individuals; if a reasonable segment
of house-wives could have been included then the specific findings would have borne more socio-emotional
relevance in our culture-specific situation.
5. A larger sample size would have been better to warrant generalizations of the present
findings as the present study essentially supports the idiographic research.
6. A number of questionnaires were used in this study. However, questionnaires may invite
falsification and faking behaviour on the part of the subjects.
5.3 AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH:
After a thorough investigation on the problems and different aspects of the psychology of
middle aged individuals, the researcher is of the opinion that the present study seems to have opened newer
avenues in the field that remain to be explored.
1. Further research studies in this area may highlight on other aspects of the personality (e.g. locus
of control, resilience, emotional intelligence, relationship profile, aggression, value profile) to attain a global
psychosocial picture of middle aged individuals.
2. Longitudinal studies may be conducted using the same variables to yield an in depth picture.
3. Middle aged belonging to different socio-economic status may be taken up for future
investigation to yield further trend of results in this light.
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