2. “
Large human movements spring from
individual human initiatives. If you feel that
you cannot have much of an effect, the next
person may also become discouraged and a
great opportunity will have been lost.
On the other hand, each of us can inspire
”
others simply by working to develop our own
altruistic motivation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama
7. Parker Palmer on real C.
• The concept of community has been distorted - most references
to community are more realistically - Pseudocommunity – where
people hate conflicts
4
8. Parker Palmer on real C.
• The concept of community has been distorted - most references
to community are more realistically - Pseudocommunity – where
people hate conflicts
• By contrast real community is only reached through hard work …
at a great cost.
4
9. Parker Palmer on real C.
• The concept of community has been distorted - most references
to community are more realistically - Pseudocommunity – where
people hate conflicts
• By contrast real community is only reached through hard work …
at a great cost.
• To be connected – you have to look at your heart – otherwise
you will not be able to respond to criticism – you will always be
defending. The heart needs to be a place of peace. (need to
know what you believe and be OK with that - worldviews ?)
4
10. Parker Palmer on real C.
• The concept of community has been distorted - most references
to community are more realistically - Pseudocommunity – where
people hate conflicts
• By contrast real community is only reached through hard work …
at a great cost.
• To be connected – you have to look at your heart – otherwise
you will not be able to respond to criticism – you will always be
defending. The heart needs to be a place of peace. (need to
know what you believe and be OK with that - worldviews ?)
• Real community involves: taking social risks, being vulnerable,
being able to forgive, soft individualism, working from a position
of weakness, taking responsibility for our own actions.
4
11. Parker Palmer on real C.
• The concept of community has been distorted - most references
to community are more realistically - Pseudocommunity – where
people hate conflicts
• By contrast real community is only reached through hard work …
at a great cost.
• To be connected – you have to look at your heart – otherwise
you will not be able to respond to criticism – you will always be
defending. The heart needs to be a place of peace. (need to
know what you believe and be OK with that - worldviews ?)
• Real community involves: taking social risks, being vulnerable,
being able to forgive, soft individualism, working from a position
of weakness, taking responsibility for our own actions.
4
13. Is community that
important?
• Rousseau (1991) - we all experience an
ontological loneliness
5
14. Is community that
important?
• Rousseau (1991) - we all experience an
ontological loneliness
• This brings discomfort, loneliness, anguish.
5
15. Is community that
important?
• Rousseau (1991) - we all experience an
ontological loneliness
• This brings discomfort, loneliness, anguish.
• Our distinctively human way of overcoming
solitude is to “enter into unity with, share the
existence of, other beings through knowing
and loving them” (p35)
5
16. Is community that
important?
• Rousseau (1991) - we all experience an
ontological loneliness
• This brings discomfort, loneliness, anguish.
• Our distinctively human way of overcoming
solitude is to “enter into unity with, share the
existence of, other beings through knowing
and loving them” (p35)
• What are the consequences of non-
community?
5
17. Is community that
important?
• Rousseau (1991) - we all experience an
ontological loneliness
• This brings discomfort, loneliness, anguish.
• Our distinctively human way of overcoming
solitude is to “enter into unity with, share the
existence of, other beings through knowing
and loving them” (p35)
• What are the consequences of non-
community?
5
19. The “true” meaning of
community (according to Peck 1990)
• Concept of community is used far too loosely
6
20. The “true” meaning of
community (according to Peck 1990)
• Concept of community is used far too loosely
• Community is like a gem - multi-faceted,
inherently mysterious, miraculous,
unfathomable
6
21. The “true” meaning of
community (according to Peck 1990)
• Concept of community is used far too loosely
• Community is like a gem - multi-faceted,
inherently mysterious, miraculous,
unfathomable
6
23. 1. Inclusivity
• Most groups are exclusive cliques that work
hard to keep people out.
7
24. 1. Inclusivity
• Most groups are exclusive cliques that work
hard to keep people out.
• It is much easier to exclude rather than
include.
7
25. 1. Inclusivity
• Most groups are exclusive cliques that work
hard to keep people out.
• It is much easier to exclude rather than
include.
• Communities seek to be inclusive
7
26. 1. Inclusivity
• Most groups are exclusive cliques that work
hard to keep people out.
• It is much easier to exclude rather than
include.
• Communities seek to be inclusive
• Inclusivity extends the groups
7
27. 1. Inclusivity
• Most groups are exclusive cliques that work
hard to keep people out.
• It is much easier to exclude rather than
include.
• Communities seek to be inclusive
• Inclusivity extends the groups
7
34. 3. Consensus
• Community avoids the use of voting to
resolve differences - as in a democracy
• Consensus values individual difference -
which is not congruent with “majority rules”.
9
35. 3. Consensus
• Community avoids the use of voting to
resolve differences - as in a democracy
• Consensus values individual difference -
which is not congruent with “majority rules”.
• Consensus is when all agree that they have
come to the best decision for the group at
that time, given all the circumstances.
9
36. 3. Consensus
• Community avoids the use of voting to
resolve differences - as in a democracy
• Consensus values individual difference -
which is not congruent with “majority rules”.
• Consensus is when all agree that they have
come to the best decision for the group at
that time, given all the circumstances.
9
38. 4. Realism
• Diversity and difference are more likely to
produce realistic solutions to problems
10
39. 4. Realism
• Diversity and difference are more likely to
produce realistic solutions to problems
• The multiple points of view and freedom of
expression usually gives a better
understanding of the situation
10
40. 4. Realism
• Diversity and difference are more likely to
produce realistic solutions to problems
• The multiple points of view and freedom of
expression usually gives a better
understanding of the situation
• Humility is a key ingredient because you
begin to appreciate other people’s gifts and
recognise your own limitations
10
41. 4. Realism
• Diversity and difference are more likely to
produce realistic solutions to problems
• The multiple points of view and freedom of
expression usually gives a better
understanding of the situation
• Humility is a key ingredient because you
begin to appreciate other people’s gifts and
recognise your own limitations
10
44. 5. Contemplation
• Community is self examining, self-critical,
self aware
• Contemplation is the key to insight
11
45. 5. Contemplation
• Community is self examining, self-critical,
self aware
• Contemplation is the key to insight
• You don’t reach community and sit back and
relax
11
46. 5. Contemplation
• Community is self examining, self-critical,
self aware
• Contemplation is the key to insight
• You don’t reach community and sit back and
relax
11
48. 6. A safe place
• Acceptance and freedom to be yourself is a
critical part of community
12
49. 6. A safe place
• Acceptance and freedom to be yourself is a
critical part of community
• Community is healing - even though that is
not the focus of community - more a by
product
12
50. 6. A safe place
• Acceptance and freedom to be yourself is a
critical part of community
• Community is healing - even though that is
not the focus of community - more a by
product
12
57. Parker Palmer on C.
• We were created in and for a complex ecology of
community
14
58. Parker Palmer on C.
• We were created in and for a complex ecology of
community
• Community is a gift - not a product
14
59. Parker Palmer on C.
• We were created in and for a complex ecology of
community
• Community is a gift - not a product
• First you must create a capacity for connectedness as
an individual.
14
60. Parker Palmer on C.
• We were created in and for a complex ecology of
community
• Community is a gift - not a product
• First you must create a capacity for connectedness as
an individual.
• Community stems from contemplation - deepest forms
of contemplation arise out of failure, suffering, loss.
14
61. Parker Palmer on C.
• We were created in and for a complex ecology of
community
• Community is a gift - not a product
• First you must create a capacity for connectedness as
an individual.
• Community stems from contemplation - deepest forms
of contemplation arise out of failure, suffering, loss.
• Communiyty is “That place where the person you
least want to live with always lives” and “When they
move away, someone else rises to take their place” !!!!
14
62. Parker Palmer on C.
• We were created in and for a complex ecology of
community
• Community is a gift - not a product
• First you must create a capacity for connectedness as
an individual.
• Community stems from contemplation - deepest forms
of contemplation arise out of failure, suffering, loss.
• Communiyty is “That place where the person you
least want to live with always lives” and “When they
move away, someone else rises to take their place” !!!!
14
64. Parker Palmer on C.
• Community often suffers the romantic image of the “Garden
of Eden”
15
65. Parker Palmer on C.
• Community often suffers the romantic image of the “Garden
of Eden”
• Community is about creating “pockets of possibility” within
larger organisations.
15
66. Parker Palmer on C.
• Community often suffers the romantic image of the “Garden
of Eden”
• Community is about creating “pockets of possibility” within
larger organisations.
• Leadership within community requires authority - and you
can’t take it … it is given.
15
67. Parker Palmer on C.
• Community often suffers the romantic image of the “Garden
of Eden”
• Community is about creating “pockets of possibility” within
larger organisations.
• Leadership within community requires authority - and you
can’t take it … it is given.
• Community assumes people are resourceful - leaders/
facilitators call upon that resourcefulness and resist being
pushed/drawn/forced into traditional leadership (power) roles.
15
68. Parker Palmer on C.
• Community often suffers the romantic image of the “Garden
of Eden”
• Community is about creating “pockets of possibility” within
larger organisations.
• Leadership within community requires authority - and you
can’t take it … it is given.
• Community assumes people are resourceful - leaders/
facilitators call upon that resourcefulness and resist being
pushed/drawn/forced into traditional leadership (power) roles.
• Community is about suffering … which happens while you
wait for the possibilities in others to become reality
15
69. Parker Palmer on C.
• Community often suffers the romantic image of the “Garden
of Eden”
• Community is about creating “pockets of possibility” within
larger organisations.
• Leadership within community requires authority - and you
can’t take it … it is given.
• Community assumes people are resourceful - leaders/
facilitators call upon that resourcefulness and resist being
pushed/drawn/forced into traditional leadership (power) roles.
• Community is about suffering … which happens while you
wait for the possibilities in others to become reality
15
72. Community concepts
• Community is essentially about being a part of a group
where:
- people can be themselves with fear of being judged or condemned
by others
16
73. Community concepts
• Community is essentially about being a part of a group
where:
- people can be themselves with fear of being judged or condemned
by others
- People are committed to work together and although conflicts occur
they are resolved without big dramas.
16
74. Community concepts
• Community is essentially about being a part of a group
where:
- people can be themselves with fear of being judged or condemned
by others
- People are committed to work together and although conflicts occur
they are resolved without big dramas.
- Forgiveness runs freely.
16
75. Community concepts
• Community is essentially about being a part of a group
where:
- people can be themselves with fear of being judged or condemned
by others
- People are committed to work together and although conflicts occur
they are resolved without big dramas.
- Forgiveness runs freely.
- People’s strengths are respected and utilised for the good of the
group. People’s weaknesses are shared, understood, and
accepted.
16
76. Community concepts
• Community is essentially about being a part of a group
where:
- people can be themselves with fear of being judged or condemned
by others
- People are committed to work together and although conflicts occur
they are resolved without big dramas.
- Forgiveness runs freely.
- People’s strengths are respected and utilised for the good of the
group. People’s weaknesses are shared, understood, and
accepted.
- You feel safe to try (and possibly fail) new things.
16
77. Community concepts
• Community is essentially about being a part of a group
where:
- people can be themselves with fear of being judged or condemned
by others
- People are committed to work together and although conflicts occur
they are resolved without big dramas.
- Forgiveness runs freely.
- People’s strengths are respected and utilised for the good of the
group. People’s weaknesses are shared, understood, and
accepted.
- You feel safe to try (and possibly fail) new things.
- People are welcome to participate in the group - it is not just a little
club for people who feel the same way.
16
78. Community concepts
• Community is essentially about being a part of a group
where:
- people can be themselves with fear of being judged or condemned
by others
- People are committed to work together and although conflicts occur
they are resolved without big dramas.
- Forgiveness runs freely.
- People’s strengths are respected and utilised for the good of the
group. People’s weaknesses are shared, understood, and
accepted.
- You feel safe to try (and possibly fail) new things.
- People are welcome to participate in the group - it is not just a little
club for people who feel the same way.
16
80. Community in OE
• How realistic is it to expect us to experience/
promote community in our OE program?
17
81. Community in OE
• How realistic is it to expect us to experience/
promote community in our OE program?
• What are the constraints to establishing true
community - what makes it hard for OE?
17
82. Community in OE
• How realistic is it to expect us to experience/
promote community in our OE program?
• What are the constraints to establishing true
community - what makes it hard for OE?
• Should community even be something that
we strive for in OE programs?
17
83. Community in OE
• How realistic is it to expect us to experience/
promote community in our OE program?
• What are the constraints to establishing true
community - what makes it hard for OE?
• Should community even be something that
we strive for in OE programs?
17
85. Community on Expo...
• Are you prepared/committed to work that hard to reach
this “state of group functioning” ?
18
86. Community on Expo...
• Are you prepared/committed to work that hard to reach
this “state of group functioning” ?
• Forgive people when they hurt you? Current and/or past?
18
87. Community on Expo...
• Are you prepared/committed to work that hard to reach
this “state of group functioning” ?
• Forgive people when they hurt you? Current and/or past?
• Accept people with quite different views of the world to
you?
18
88. Community on Expo...
• Are you prepared/committed to work that hard to reach
this “state of group functioning” ?
• Forgive people when they hurt you? Current and/or past?
• Accept people with quite different views of the world to
you?
• Accept and value people who annoy you and get on your
nerves?
18
89. Community on Expo...
• Are you prepared/committed to work that hard to reach
this “state of group functioning” ?
• Forgive people when they hurt you? Current and/or past?
• Accept people with quite different views of the world to
you?
• Accept and value people who annoy you and get on your
nerves?
• Be prepared to really let your walls down?
18
90. Community on Expo...
• Are you prepared/committed to work that hard to reach
this “state of group functioning” ?
• Forgive people when they hurt you? Current and/or past?
• Accept people with quite different views of the world to
you?
• Accept and value people who annoy you and get on your
nerves?
• Be prepared to really let your walls down?
• Not just bite your tongue to avoid conflicts?
18
91. Community on Expo...
• Are you prepared/committed to work that hard to reach
this “state of group functioning” ?
• Forgive people when they hurt you? Current and/or past?
• Accept people with quite different views of the world to
you?
• Accept and value people who annoy you and get on your
nerves?
• Be prepared to really let your walls down?
• Not just bite your tongue to avoid conflicts?
• Speak up in the group?
18
92. Community on Expo...
• Are you prepared/committed to work that hard to reach
this “state of group functioning” ?
• Forgive people when they hurt you? Current and/or past?
• Accept people with quite different views of the world to
you?
• Accept and value people who annoy you and get on your
nerves?
• Be prepared to really let your walls down?
• Not just bite your tongue to avoid conflicts?
• Speak up in the group?
18
94. Models of group
development
• The most well known is Tuckman and
Jensen’s (1977) model of:
19
95. Models of group
development
• The most well known is Tuckman and
Jensen’s (1977) model of:
- Forming
19
96. Models of group
development
• The most well known is Tuckman and
Jensen’s (1977) model of:
- Forming
- Storming
19
97. Models of group
development
• The most well known is Tuckman and
Jensen’s (1977) model of:
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
19
98. Models of group
development
• The most well known is Tuckman and
Jensen’s (1977) model of:
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
19
99. Models of group
development
• The most well known is Tuckman and
Jensen’s (1977) model of:
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
- Mourning/adjourning
19
100. Models of group
development
• The most well known is Tuckman and
Jensen’s (1977) model of:
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
- Mourning/adjourning
19
111. Pseudocommunity
• People may pretend to be vulnerable - but it is all
unreal
• There is no such thing as instant community
21
112. Pseudocommunity
• People may pretend to be vulnerable - but it is all
unreal
• There is no such thing as instant community
• Conflict avoidance is the key feature of this stage
21
113. Pseudocommunity
• People may pretend to be vulnerable - but it is all
unreal
• There is no such thing as instant community
• Conflict avoidance is the key feature of this stage
• Minimisation, lack of acknowledgment, or ignoring of
individual differences.
21
114. Pseudocommunity
• People may pretend to be vulnerable - but it is all
unreal
• There is no such thing as instant community
• Conflict avoidance is the key feature of this stage
• Minimisation, lack of acknowledgment, or ignoring of
individual differences.
• Key is not to offend, annoy or irritate anyone - and
when people make you feel that way: ignore it,
pretend your not bothered, and change the subject
(good hostess behaviour)
21
115. Pseudocommunity
• People may pretend to be vulnerable - but it is all
unreal
• There is no such thing as instant community
• Conflict avoidance is the key feature of this stage
• Minimisation, lack of acknowledgment, or ignoring of
individual differences.
• Key is not to offend, annoy or irritate anyone - and
when people make you feel that way: ignore it,
pretend your not bothered, and change the subject
(good hostess behaviour)
21
117. Chaos
• Usually well intentioned but misguided attempts to heal or
convert …. “everything would be much better if only you were
more like me!”
22
118. Chaos
• Usually well intentioned but misguided attempts to heal or
convert …. “everything would be much better if only you were
more like me!”
• People resist change which gets the H&C working even harder.
22
119. Chaos
• Usually well intentioned but misguided attempts to heal or
convert …. “everything would be much better if only you were
more like me!”
• People resist change which gets the H&C working even harder.
• Individual differences are no longer ignored, they are “out”, but
the group attempts to obliterate them.
22
120. Chaos
• Usually well intentioned but misguided attempts to heal or
convert …. “everything would be much better if only you were
more like me!”
• People resist change which gets the H&C working even harder.
• Individual differences are no longer ignored, they are “out”, but
the group attempts to obliterate them.
• Unconstructive, noisy, uncreative … not a lot of fun.
22
121. Chaos
• Usually well intentioned but misguided attempts to heal or
convert …. “everything would be much better if only you were
more like me!”
• People resist change which gets the H&C working even harder.
• Individual differences are no longer ignored, they are “out”, but
the group attempts to obliterate them.
• Unconstructive, noisy, uncreative … not a lot of fun.
• Leader often gets a good serve too !
22
122. Chaos
• Usually well intentioned but misguided attempts to heal or
convert …. “everything would be much better if only you were
more like me!”
• People resist change which gets the H&C working even harder.
• Individual differences are no longer ignored, they are “out”, but
the group attempts to obliterate them.
• Unconstructive, noisy, uncreative … not a lot of fun.
• Leader often gets a good serve too !
• Tempting to escape into “organisation” - it is a solution to the
chaos problem but it will not lead to “true community”.
22
123. Chaos
• Usually well intentioned but misguided attempts to heal or
convert …. “everything would be much better if only you were
more like me!”
• People resist change which gets the H&C working even harder.
• Individual differences are no longer ignored, they are “out”, but
the group attempts to obliterate them.
• Unconstructive, noisy, uncreative … not a lot of fun.
• Leader often gets a good serve too !
• Tempting to escape into “organisation” - it is a solution to the
chaos problem but it will not lead to “true community”.
• Fighting is far better than pretending you are not divided. It is
painful …. But it is a beginning.
22
124. Chaos
• Usually well intentioned but misguided attempts to heal or
convert …. “everything would be much better if only you were
more like me!”
• People resist change which gets the H&C working even harder.
• Individual differences are no longer ignored, they are “out”, but
the group attempts to obliterate them.
• Unconstructive, noisy, uncreative … not a lot of fun.
• Leader often gets a good serve too !
• Tempting to escape into “organisation” - it is a solution to the
chaos problem but it will not lead to “true community”.
• Fighting is far better than pretending you are not divided. It is
painful …. But it is a beginning.
22
127. Emptiness
• Not an attractive solution to chaos
• People empty themselves of barriers to communication - feelings,
assumptions, ideas, motives - self protection mechanisms that we
have been developing very successfully for years.
23
128. Emptiness
• Not an attractive solution to chaos
• People empty themselves of barriers to communication - feelings,
assumptions, ideas, motives - self protection mechanisms that we
have been developing very successfully for years.
• Expectations and Preconceptions
23
129. Emptiness
• Not an attractive solution to chaos
• People empty themselves of barriers to communication - feelings,
assumptions, ideas, motives - self protection mechanisms that we
have been developing very successfully for years.
• Expectations and Preconceptions
• Prejudices (conscious and subconscious.)
23
130. Emptiness
• Not an attractive solution to chaos
• People empty themselves of barriers to communication - feelings,
assumptions, ideas, motives - self protection mechanisms that we
have been developing very successfully for years.
• Expectations and Preconceptions
• Prejudices (conscious and subconscious.)
• Ideology
23
131. Emptiness
• Not an attractive solution to chaos
• People empty themselves of barriers to communication - feelings,
assumptions, ideas, motives - self protection mechanisms that we
have been developing very successfully for years.
• Expectations and Preconceptions
• Prejudices (conscious and subconscious.)
• Ideology
• The need to heal, convert, fix, or solve (motive is often
questionable)
23
132. Emptiness
• Not an attractive solution to chaos
• People empty themselves of barriers to communication - feelings,
assumptions, ideas, motives - self protection mechanisms that we
have been developing very successfully for years.
• Expectations and Preconceptions
• Prejudices (conscious and subconscious.)
• Ideology
• The need to heal, convert, fix, or solve (motive is often
questionable)
• Need to control
23
133. Emptiness
• Not an attractive solution to chaos
• People empty themselves of barriers to communication - feelings,
assumptions, ideas, motives - self protection mechanisms that we
have been developing very successfully for years.
• Expectations and Preconceptions
• Prejudices (conscious and subconscious.)
• Ideology
• The need to heal, convert, fix, or solve (motive is often
questionable)
• Need to control
• Once people start to empty themselves …. They become receptive
to others and ….. They can enter the last stage ….
23
134. Emptiness
• Not an attractive solution to chaos
• People empty themselves of barriers to communication - feelings,
assumptions, ideas, motives - self protection mechanisms that we
have been developing very successfully for years.
• Expectations and Preconceptions
• Prejudices (conscious and subconscious.)
• Ideology
• The need to heal, convert, fix, or solve (motive is often
questionable)
• Need to control
• Once people start to empty themselves …. They become receptive
to others and ….. They can enter the last stage ….
23
137. Community
• Soft quietness descends
• Where to from here depends on task? - may be to
simply experience C and benefit from the healing?
24
138. Community
• Soft quietness descends
• Where to from here depends on task? - may be to
simply experience C and benefit from the healing?
• Always community building first - problem solving
second
24
139. Community
• Soft quietness descends
• Where to from here depends on task? - may be to
simply experience C and benefit from the healing?
• Always community building first - problem solving
second
• May slip back into chaos - need to work back through
stages.
24
140. Community
• Soft quietness descends
• Where to from here depends on task? - may be to
simply experience C and benefit from the healing?
• Always community building first - problem solving
second
• May slip back into chaos - need to work back through
stages.
• Emotions range from: joyful, loving, to sadness & grief
24
141. Community
• Soft quietness descends
• Where to from here depends on task? - may be to
simply experience C and benefit from the healing?
• Always community building first - problem solving
second
• May slip back into chaos - need to work back through
stages.
• Emotions range from: joyful, loving, to sadness & grief
• Energy level is almost supernatural (sometimes
sexual?)- things going on in a spiritual level
24
142. Community
• Soft quietness descends
• Where to from here depends on task? - may be to
simply experience C and benefit from the healing?
• Always community building first - problem solving
second
• May slip back into chaos - need to work back through
stages.
• Emotions range from: joyful, loving, to sadness & grief
• Energy level is almost supernatural (sometimes
sexual?)- things going on in a spiritual level
24
145. Fight gracefully
• there are no sides, factions - cliques have
been dropped
• Community is a place where conflict can be
resolved without bloodshed
25
146. Fight gracefully
• there are no sides, factions - cliques have
been dropped
• Community is a place where conflict can be
resolved without bloodshed
• Conflict resolution is a product more than a
pre-requisite to community
25
147. Fight gracefully
• there are no sides, factions - cliques have
been dropped
• Community is a place where conflict can be
resolved without bloodshed
• Conflict resolution is a product more than a
pre-requisite to community
25
149. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
26
150. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
- Resisting behaviours
26
151. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
- Resisting behaviours
- Manipulating behaviours
26
152. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
- Resisting behaviours
- Manipulating behaviours
- Helping behaviours
26
153. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
- Resisting behaviours
- Manipulating behaviours
- Helping behaviours
- Emotional behaviours
26
154. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
- Resisting behaviours
- Manipulating behaviours
- Helping behaviours
- Emotional behaviours
- Sub-grouping behaviours
26
155. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
- Resisting behaviours
- Manipulating behaviours
- Helping behaviours
- Emotional behaviours
- Sub-grouping behaviours
• Today’s message …
26
156. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
- Resisting behaviours
- Manipulating behaviours
- Helping behaviours
- Emotional behaviours
- Sub-grouping behaviours
• Today’s message …
- Before you respond/intervene .. Look beyond behaviour and
try to understand possible cause or contributing factors
behind behaviour.
26
157. Group member
• According to Trotzer (1989) there are five categories
of group member behaviour …
- Resisting behaviours
- Manipulating behaviours
- Helping behaviours
- Emotional behaviours
- Sub-grouping behaviours
• Today’s message …
- Before you respond/intervene .. Look beyond behaviour and
try to understand possible cause or contributing factors
behind behaviour.
26
161. Critical thinking & writing
• Seven processes of critical thinking and writing:
162. Critical thinking & writing
• Seven processes of critical thinking and writing:
1. Analysing and interpreting the experience
163. Critical thinking & writing
• Seven processes of critical thinking and writing:
1. Analysing and interpreting the experience
2. Immersion in the topic
164. Critical thinking & writing
• Seven processes of critical thinking and writing:
1. Analysing and interpreting the experience
2. Immersion in the topic
3. Asking questions
165. Critical thinking & writing
• Seven processes of critical thinking and writing:
1. Analysing and interpreting the experience
2. Immersion in the topic
3. Asking questions
4. Making links
166. Critical thinking & writing
• Seven processes of critical thinking and writing:
1. Analysing and interpreting the experience
2. Immersion in the topic
3. Asking questions
4. Making links
5. Understanding the topic from a variety of
perspectives
167. Critical thinking & writing
• Seven processes of critical thinking and writing:
1. Analysing and interpreting the experience
2. Immersion in the topic
3. Asking questions
4. Making links
5. Understanding the topic from a variety of
perspectives
6. Understanding the topic in light of theoretical
frameworks
168. Critical thinking & writing
• Seven processes of critical thinking and writing:
1. Analysing and interpreting the experience
2. Immersion in the topic
3. Asking questions
4. Making links
5. Understanding the topic from a variety of
perspectives
6. Understanding the topic in light of theoretical
frameworks
7. Develop a position and arguments to support it
