The document discusses collaborative information seeking systems, emphasizing that collaboration involves group members working together and sharing information to achieve common goals. It outlines the principles of collaboration and cooperation, distinguishes between different types of collaborative information systems, and highlights significant factors affecting these systems, such as communication and user needs. Recommendations for system development focus on understanding user requirements and enhancing usability.

1. 協作資訊尋求系統
Collaborative Information Seeking
Systems
James Chuang
2016.12.28

2. 報告大綱
一.緒論
二.協作資訊尋求
三.協作資訊尋求系統
四.系統議題
五.結論

3. 緒論

4. 緒論
 人們不只一同創造與分析資訊，很多時候也
會一同參與尋求資訊的過程。(Shah, 2012)
 資訊科學領域對資訊行為的研究，歷來主要
是以「個人」為探討與焦點。(謝珍妮，2010）
 資訊科技的進步，以科技協助協作。

5. 二、協作資訊尋求

6. 協作之定義
 London (1995) 認為協作簡單而言就是互相促
進地一起工作。
 Gray(1989) 認為協作是一個問題範圍之中的
一群利害關係人，他們共同進行決策的過程。
 Roberts與Bradley (1991) 協作是一個分享變
化目的的互動過程。

7. 合作與協作 (Austin & Baldwin, 1991; Panitz, 1996)
Cooperation
 指透過訂定規則來幫
助人們相互交流，以
完成特定目標或開發
擁有具體內容成果。
 每個人事先建立各自
想要獲取的利益，最
後達成各自的目標。
Collaboration
 在團隊與他人進行關
係上的聯結，彼此尊
重差異與分享知識。
 強調團隊活動中的權
力分配與責任分擔，
同時成員間有著共同
定義達成的目標。

8. 合作的層次 (Shah, 2014)
Communication
Contribution
Coordination
Cooperation
Collaboration

9. 以資訊密集性任務舉例 (Shah, 2014)
動作模式 定義(資訊任務中) 舉例
Communication 兩個人之間交換資訊 電子郵件、聊天
Contribution
將個人的資訊提供給
其他人
線上社群、Q&A、
Yahoo 知 識 + 、
LineQ
Coordination
在一般的場合下連結
不同人的想法
會議、線上視訊會議
Cooperation
所有人遵循互動的規
則
維基百科
Collaboration
一同工作並且完成一
個有共識的目標
腦力激盪、共同作者

10. 協作資訊尋求
Collaborative Information Seeking
Shah, C. (2012). Collaborative information seeking: The art and science of making the whole greater than the sum
of all (The Information Retrieval Series) (p. 185). Berlin, Germany: Springer

11. 協作資訊尋求之定義
 Foster (2006) 在資訊科學與技術年度評論
(ARIST)認為協作資訊尋求是研究個人和他人
合作資訊的尋求、搜尋，和檢索時，所利用
的系統與過程。
 協作資訊尋求是一個資訊尋求的過程。由明
確的參與者、互動與內在利益所組成，同時
包含資訊分享，進而使在小組中的成員對於
獲取資訊有一致的共識。
(Karamuftuoglu, 1998; Shah, 2009)
 協作資訊尋求是藉由不同小組人員的參與，
加上彼此擁有不同的技能與角色，進而在內
外部的互動之下獲得共同的利益。
(吳美美，2012；Shah, 2014)

12. 協作資訊尋求的相關領域

13. 協作資訊尋求之重要因素

14. 時間與空間
(Golovchinsky, Pickens, & Back, 2009; Hansen & Järvelin, 2005;
Twidale & Nichols, 1996)
協作資訊檢索（Collaborative Information Retrieval）

15. 控制、溝通與察覺
溝通
Communication
控制
Control
察覺
Awarenees

16. 察覺 Awarenees
四種與協作資訊尋求有關的察覺型態：
 團體察覺
 工作場域察覺
 情境察覺
 次要察覺
(Liechti and Sumi, 2002; Shah and Marchionini, 2010）

17. 三、協作資訊尋求系統

18. 早期的協作系統─Ariadne
（Twidale, Nichols, Smith, & Trevor, 1995）

19. 協作資訊尋求系統
 系統中介 (System-mediated) 或演算法中介
(Algorithmically-mediated)
 使用者中介 (User-mediated) 或介面中介
(Interface-mediated)
(Pickens, Golovchinsky, Shah, Qvarfordt and Back, 2008)

20. 以介面中介為主
協作資訊尋求系統

21. SearchTogether
(Morris and Horvitz, 2007）

22. SearchTogether (cont'd )
(Morris and Horvitz, 2007）

23. CoSense
(Amershi and Morris, 2008）

24. CoSense (cont'd )
(Amershi and Morris, 2008）

25. 以系統中介為主
協作資訊尋求系統

26. Cerchiamo
 FX Palo Alto 實驗室
（Golovchinsky, Adcock, Pickens, Qvarfordt, & Back, 2008）

27. Cerchiamo (cont'd )
 相關度變數𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 與新鮮度變數𝑤𝑓 Ｌ 𝑘
 𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 =
𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 ∈ 𝐿 𝑘
𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 ∈ 𝐿 𝑘
 𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 =
𝑟𝑒𝑙 ∈ 𝐿 𝑘
𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑙 ∈ 𝐿 𝑘
（Golovchinsky, Adcock, Pickens, Qvarfordt, & Back, 2008）

28. Cerchiamo (cont'd )
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡 =
𝐿 𝑘∈ 𝐿
𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 𝑤𝑓 Ｌ 𝑘 𝑟𝑙𝑓 𝑡, 𝐿 𝑘
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑 =
𝐿 𝑘∈ 𝐿
𝑤𝑟 Ｌ 𝑘 𝑤𝑓 Ｌ 𝑘 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎 𝑑, 𝐿 𝑘
Prospector
Miner

29. 與先前系統之差異

30. PERCIRS
PERsonalized and Collaborative Information
Retrieval System
Naderi, H., & Rumpler, B. (2010). PERCIRS: a system to
combine personalized and collaborative information
retrieval. Journal of Documentation, 66(4), 532-562.

31. PERCIRS (cont'd )

32. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 User community
 User profile similarity calculation (UPSC)

33. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 Document similarity

34. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 Equality-based UPSC
 Similarity-based UPSC

35. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 Graph-based UPSC
G =(V = (X,Y), E)
 Matching
 Cardinality
 Bipartite Graph
http://www.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/~u91029/Matching.html

36. PERCIRS (cont'd )
 Maximum weighted bipartite
http://www.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/~u91029/Matching.html

37. 四、系統議題

38. “協作資訊尋求系統的開發與設計
目前主要都聚焦在二個方面：
溝通與協調

39. 操作上的成本問題
 學習成本
 適應成本
 認知負荷（Cognitive load）

40. 五、建議與結論

41. 建議與結論
 了解協作者的實際需求
 保持系統的易用性
 嘗試符合使用者原有的使用習慣
 提供正確的工具
 允許隱私作業

42. Thanks!
Any questions?

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