Orlikowski, W. J. (2000). Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations. Organization Science, 11(4), 404-428.
Tech-Forward - Achieving Business Readiness For Copilot in Microsoft 365
A practice lens for studying technology use in organizations
1. Using technology and constituting
structures: A practice lens for
studying technology in organizations.
James Chuang
Orlikowski, W. J. (2000). Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens
for studying technology in organizations. Organization Science, 11(4), 404-428.
6. Embodied and Emergent Structures
▸ The intellectual tradition of social
constructivism
▸ Structurational models have posited that
technology is developed through a social-political
process which results in structures being
embedded within the technology.
6
10. Appropriation and Enactment of
Structures
▸ A view which allows us to frame what
users do with technologies not as
appropriation but as enactment.
▸ Emergent structures
10
12. “Lave (1988) has argued for the value of
focusing on "cognition in practice"
rather than "cognition in the head."
13. Artifact and Use
▸The distinction between the use of a
technology and its artifactual character is
an analytic, not an ontological one.
(Grint & Woolgar, 1995)
13
14. Artifact and Use (Cont’d)
▸Technological artifact: an identifiable, relatively
durable entity, a physically, economically, politically, and
socially organized phenomenon in space-time. (Lave, 1988)
▸Technological use: being experienced differently by
different individuals and differently by the same
individuals depending on the time or circumstance
14
16. “When users choose to use a
technology, they are also choosing
how to interact with that technology.
17. Structuring of Technologies-in-Practice
▸Giddens (1979, 1984) proposed the notion of
structure (or structural properties of social systems)
as the set of enacted rules and resources that
mediate social action through three dimensions or
modalities: facilities, norms, and interpretive
schemes.
17
20. Changes in Technologies-in-Practice
▸ People may change their technologies-in-
practice by deliberately modifying the
properties of their technology and thus how
they interact with it.
▸ E.g. plug-ins
20
21. “Technologies are thus never fully
stabilized or "complete," even though we
may choose to treat them as fixed, black
boxes for a period of time.
24. Background: The Notes Technology
▸ Notes software
released to the market in 1989 by Lotus Development Corporation
▸ CSCW (computer-supported cooperative work)
24
30. Limited- Use Technology-in-Practice (Cont’d)
30
2. Enactment of Alpha's time-based billing
structure
• All hours should be "chargeable“
3. Competitive culture
33. Example of Enactment (3)
▸ Two Technologies-in-Practice within Zeta
( Top 50 U.S. software company)
▸ Customer Support Department (CSD)
▸ 2 technologies-in-practice
1. Process-Support Technology-in-Practice
2. Improvisation Technology-in-Practice
33
36. Examples of Enactment: Summary
▸ They are not embodied within the technology; rather,
they emerge from the ongoing and situated interactions
that users have with the technology at hand.
36
38. Implications of the Practice Lens for
Studying Technology
▸Human social conduct are of two types:
those that "hold because actors themselves know
them-in some guise-and apply them in the
enactment of what they do" ; and those that refer
to the unintended consequences of agents'
patterns of action. (Giddens, 1984)
38
In this paper, I extend the structurational perspective on technology
proposing a practice-oriented
interaction between people, technologies, and social action.
社會意義建構理論之傳統>事實>人同意>才是事實故資源與技術 to 行動者有意義> 產生影響
研究如何透過談判、說服語辯論以凝聚社群,進而使生產技術達到穩定
結構化模型假設科技是通過社會政治過程而產生的,這導致結構(規則和資源)嵌入在技術中。
「結構Structure」是指社會在生產過程中反覆涉及到的規則與資源