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Categorization describing resource classes and types
This document discusses the principles and implications of categorization in organizing resources across various contexts, including cultural, individual, and institutional categories. It outlines methods for creating categories, such as enumeration and property-based systems, as well as the challenges associated with existing categorization frameworks. The text also examines the importance of language and cognitive models in shaping categories and highlights the need to reconcile individual classifications with institutional standards.
Categorization describing resource classes and types
- 1. Categorization: Describing Resource Classesand Types. Glushko, R. J. (Ed.). (2013). The discipline of organizing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chapter 6. James Chuang
- 2. Outline 6.1 Introdution 6.2 TheWhat and Why of categories 6.3 Principle for creating categories 6.4 Category design issue and implications 6.5 Implementing categories
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- 6. The What andWhy of categories
- 7. The What andWhy of categories ✘Categories are equivalence classes, sets or groups of things or abstract entities that we treat same. ✘Include and Exclude ✘Cognitive and Linguistic models
- 8. All human languagesand cultures divide up the world into categories.
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- 11. Cultural Categories ✘描述各種實體與人類各層面經驗 ✘Plato: “Carvingnature at its joints” ✘Nature Language E.g., Banana
- 12. Cultural Categories Linguistic Relativity(Whorf, 1956) 陳長益(2000)。語言相對論。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。 取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1313416/ Hopi English
- 13. Cultural Categories Linguistic Relativity(Whorf, 1956) ✘ 語言不僅是思考的「工具」而已，它同時 也是思想的內容與思想的「塑造者」。 ✘ 愛斯基摩人用不同的字詞代表或指示不同 類的雪。 ✘ 亞洲人以「稻」、「米」及「飯」指稱未 剝殼的米、剝了殼的米及已煮熟的米。 陳長益(2000)。語言相對論。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。 取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1313416/
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- 16. Individual Categories Individual Categories ✘應付立即行動，處理緊 急狀況 ✘ 具獨創性，可能跳脫文 化的框架 ✘ 自個人經歷或成長歷史 中融合文化分類 Cultural Categories ✘ 需長時間且發展緩慢
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- 18. Institutional Categories ✘有邏輯地、明確地創造，由多人協作 ✘Information-intensive domain ✘Laws, Regulation, Standards ✘Classification: the systematic assignment of resources to categories.
- 19. Institutional Categories ✘Reconcile mismatchesbetween existing Individual Categories. ✘Overcome the vagueness and inconsistency of Cultural Categories. ✘Collaboration of many individuals. ✘Different business or technical perspectives.
- 20. Credit: Serge Lachinov& Den fjättrade ankan https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Dmitri_Mendeleev
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- 23. Categorization Continuum Animal (Cultural/ Institutional) Mammal (Institutional) Domestic short-hair (Institutional) Cat (Cultural) Trouble maker, favorite (Individual)
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- 26. Principle for creatingcategories 1. Enumeration 2. Single properties 3. Multiple properties and Hierarchy 4. Family resemblance 5. Similarity 6. Theory-based categorization 7. Goal-based categorization
- 27. Enumeration ✘ The simplestprinciple for creating a category is enumeration. ✘Extensional definition ✘Institutional Categorization ✘Unambiguous, Impractical, Inefficient.
- 29. Single properties ✘Intrinsic static properties ✗CDs,DVDs, 8-track cartridges, etc. ✗Author, date, location, etc. ✘Extrinsic static properties ✗Alphabetic ✗Numeric
- 30. Single properties ✘Extrinsic andDynamics ✘Usage or Behaviors→Context-dependent 1. Current owner or location of a resource 2. Frequency of access 3. Joint frequency of access with other resources 4. Current rating or preference with respect to alternative resources
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- 32. Single properties ✘Choice ofproperties ✘A large number of items in a system of categories → lack coherence
- 33. Multiple properties andHierarchy 1. Multi-level or Hierarchical Categories 2. Different properties for subsets of resources 3. Necessary and sufficient properties
- 34. Multi-level or HierarchicalCategories ✘ Logical hierarchy ✘ Inherited or inferred
- 35. How many properties andlevels do we need? Logically complete It’s complete for “all intents and purposes”
- 36. Different properties forsubsets of resources Intrinsic extrinsic Static 依上衣、褲、襪， 再依顏色 跟室友分衣櫃格子 Dynamic 依季節分 最常穿的放門邊
- 37. Necessary and sufficientproperties ✘A large set of resource dose not always require many properties and categories to organize it. ✘E.g. Prime number ✘Every member of the category is an equally good member or example of the category. ✘Monothetic (單設定) → Classical categories 黃震昇(2008)。被動綜合與單╱ 多設定：舒茲現象社會學意識界域的探討(碩士論文)。 取自http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/4734
- 38. The Classical View ofCategories
- 39. The limits ofproperty-based categorization ✘Basing categories on easily perceived properties is often not effective. ✘Surface E.g. the size of a book, the color of its cover. ✘Aboutness
- 40. Family Resemblance ✘Logical →Statistical
- 42. There are threerelated consequence: 1. An effect of typicality or centrality. 2. It isn’t all properties creates what we call family resemblance. E.g. What is a game? (Ludwig Wittgenstein) 3. The boundaries of the category are not fixed.
- 43. Similarity 1. Featured- orProperties-based 2. Geometry-based 3. Alignment-based 4. Transformational
- 44. Similarity 1. Featured- orProperties-based 2. Geometry-based 3. Alignment-based 4. Transformational
- 45. Similarity 1. Featured- orProperties-based 2. Geometry-based 3. Alignment-based 4. Transformational Things you need to feed
- 46. Similarity 1. Featured- orProperties-based 2. Geometry-based 3. Alignment-based 4. Transformational
- 47. Theory-based categories ✘Family resemblanceand Similarity → Visible properties ✘Theory-based E.g. mammals ✘Origin or Causation
- 48. Goal-derived categories ✘ Satisfya goal. ✘ A particular goal in some context.
- 49. Category design issue andimplications
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- 51. Abstraction and Granularity ✘The size of class ✘Context and Intent ✘Find-grained categories
- 52. Basic or Natural Subordinate Basic SuperordinateClothing Shirts White shirt Long- sleeve dress shirt Socks Black hiking socks
- 53. Recall and PrecisionTradeoff
- 54. Audience and Propose ✘Goals,Breadth, Uses. ✘Language E.g. Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese.
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- 56. Implementing categories ✘Sometimes invisible Communicate,Solve problems, Organize ✘Sometimes apparent Signs, labels, Folders, etc. ✘ Institutional Categories
- 57. Implementing classical categories ✘Classicalview of categories ✘Decision tree Vehicles Weight Off-road capability Maximum number of passengers
- 58. Implementing that donot Conform to the classical categories ✘Novel ✘Stream of Consciousness http://cwriter-creativewriter.blogspot.tw/2012/10/when-i-think-stream- of-consciousness-i.html
- 59. Stream of Consciousness (WilliamJames, 1842~1910) 反對結構主義以意識是靜止的元素的說法， 指出意識不是支離破碎的感覺原子，而是 連續不絕經驗瀑流，人的思考活動與意識 總在不斷流動之中。 意識流。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。取自 http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1312051/ http://www.stuffyoushouldknow.com/blog/tag/stream-of- consciousness/
- 60. Implementing that donot Conform to the classical categories ✘Machine learning ✗Supervised ✗Unsupervised (Statistical pattern recognition) https://www.lexalytics.com/technology/machine-learning
- 61. Implementing that donot Conform to the classical categories ✘Unsupervised →Clustering techniques 1. Some measures of inter-item similarity can be calculated. 2. Hierarchical Clustering, K-means clustering 3. Refining the system of categories.
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Editor's Notes
- #10 文化、個人、機構
- #11 這個圖要表達的意思是個人分類與機構分類都是以文化分類為基礎，但是沒有誰的範圍比較大。
- #13 不同的語言有不同的思想方式。
- #22 前面說到這三種分類是以文化分類為基礎，並且列出三者的不同與差異。雖然文化、個人、機構的分類雖前面我們仔細區別他們的差異，但是其實這三者也有重疊、融合的部分。所以作者稱作文化連續體。
- #26 接著是建立分類的原則。
- #27 列舉、單一特徵、多重特徵階層、家族相似性、相似度、理論基礎分類、目的基礎分類。
- #34 多樣化的特徵與階層。組織分類系統也經常使用多樣化的特徵來定義分類。這裡分為三個部分：分類的多層級、資源次集合的不同特徵、特徵的必要性與足夠性。
- #38 在必要性與足夠性方面。如果有一個大量的資源集合，並不一定需要很多特徵與分類來組織他，重點在於是否足夠與必要。必須定義一些最重要的特徵來分類。 以質數為例，質數的定義是了一與其本身之外無法被其他自然整數整除，這個就是必要且足夠的分類特徵。 所以進一步而言，所有在一個類別的成員，都是可以完整表現一個類別所有傳達的特徵。 而在古典的分類上，對於必要且足夠的分類的特徵，稱為Monothetic (單設定) 。 單設定（monothetic）跟多設定（polythetic）。單設定綜合像是單一、單方面的注意、理解或推論；而多設定綜合則像是多元的、多方面的注意跟理解。
- #39 柏拉圖古典觀點的分類思想
- #41 家族相似性 主要是以統計性來取代邏輯性分類，來計算要分類的項目的相似度。
- #45 向量模型，跟資訊檢索的方式一樣，計算兩個詞彙之間的向量距離，這裡是測量兩個事物的向量距離。
- #46 對齊為基礎。牽涉到兩個物件之間比較複雜的關係。這個取鏡中不需要去理解兩個物件間有沒有分享相似的特色。
- #47 變形取徑，計算兩個物件的距離，以及設定彼此之間相互指向。像是名稱的對應，
- #58 古典分類的應用有決策樹。
- #61 機器學習。 Supervised給有系統有分類標籤的物件，進行分類。 Unsupervised 給系統物件，但是系統必須以給定的分類架構自行分類。
- #62 叢集技術。 計算項目之間相似度。 Kmean一開始給定K個分類，項目就分類到這K個分類之中。 系統中每加一個項目入系統，系統就會計算分類之間的相似性，然後予以合併或去除。