The Cold War was a decades-long conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that began in 1947 after World War II. It represented the ideological battle between capitalism and communism. Key events included the nuclear arms race, proxy wars like Korea and Vietnam, and the policy of mutually assured destruction. The Cold War ended in the late 1980s-early 1990s as communist governments fell in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union dissolved. Its legacy includes high military spending, unresolved conflicts, and establishing the U.S. as a global superpower.
In this lesson, we will go through the origins of the Cold War, going right back to the Russian Revolution all the way to the events that followed the end of WWII.
In this lesson, we will go through the origins of the Cold War, going right back to the Russian Revolution all the way to the events that followed the end of WWII.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. What was the
ColdWar?
A conflict:
between two nations: the U.S. and
the Soviet Union (USSR)
between two philosophies:
Capitalism and Communism
that dominated international
politics from 1947-1991
that had major impacts still felt in
the world today
* It is called the ColdWar because it never heated up into all out war.
The U.S. and the Soviet Union never attacked one another.
3. Origins of the
ColdWar
The United States
Practices
Capitalism:
individuals own
property,
competition is
encouraged, income
is not divided evenly
Goal: to stop the
spread of
Communism
(containment)
The Soviet Union
Practices
Communism:
Government controls
farms and businesses,
govt. distributes
resources to those in
need, everyone makes
the same
Goal: to spread
Communism to
other areas
After WorldWar II, there were two countries that were
clearly stronger than the rest of the world. They came to
be known as Superpowers.
5. What is
Communism?
Communism is a system in which the
government plans and controls the
economy. The goal is to evolve into a
society in which goods are shared by
the people.
The concept of Communism was
developed in the 19th Century by Karl
Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Communism (Command economy) is
the opposite of Capitalism (Market
economy).
The United States (and most of the
rest of the world) is Capitalist.
Marx
Engels
6. Marx and
Engels’
Theories on
Economics and
Society (1/3)
At the time of Marx and Engels work, most nations
practiced Capitalism.
In Capitalism, individuals use their resources to
make as much money as possible. There is
constant competition between businesses and
individuals.
Marx and Engels saw this system as completely unfair
to the common worker.
The workers did all the actual physical labor but did
not receive a fair share of the profits.
Business owners got rich off the hard work of their
employees.
The system was set up to keep workers poor so
that they would have to continue working for the
owners.
7. Marx and
Engels’
Theories on
Economics and
Society (2/3)
Marx and Engels argued that workers would eventually
become so fed up with the way they were treated, they
would revolt.
All the leaders in society (Kings, churches and business
owners) will be eliminated.
These are the people oppressing the working class
Workers will then take over and create a society in which
everything is done to benefit one another, rather than to
make a profit.
Every citizen will have what he or she needs. There will no
longer be rich and poor. Everyone is equal. This is
Socialism.
8. Marx and
Engels’
Theories on
Economics and
Society (3/3)
Eventually, this system will spread throughout the world.
Everyone will now cooperate, war will be a thing of the past.
There won’t be a need for police, armies or currency.
This is Communism – one large community of Socialist
nations working together.
This was the United States’ biggest fear during the Cold
War
That the Soviet Union would spread Communism
throughout the rest of the world, leaving us with no allies.
Then they would eventually come for us.
9. Communism
in theSoviet
Union
The Soviet Union, the first nation to
convert to Socialism, took a much different
approach than what Marx and Engels
envisioned.
Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet government took
control of all farms and businesses from citizens.
People were assigned jobs and forced to work on
farms or in factories
To maintain control, the government took away
nearly all freedoms from citizens, using a secret
police force to spy on people.
Those suspected of criticizing the government
could be executed or sent to harsh labor camps.
As many as 8 million civilians were executed
during Stalin’s rule
The treatment of Soviet citizens also greatly
added to Americans’ fear of Communism and
our desire to defeat it.
Stalin
10. TheSpread of
Communism
In Europe
• The Soviet Union first branched out to
Eastern Europe, implementing
Communism in nations devastated by
WorldWar II.
In Asia
• Communist leaders took over in
Mongolia, China, North Korea,
Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.
In the Caribbean
• Communist revolutionaries, led
by Fidel Castro, took over Cuba in
1959.
11.
12. ProxyWars
While the U.S. and Soviet Union never directly attacked one another, they
did get involved in “proxy wars.”
Proxy wars occurred when the superpowers backed one side versus the
other in a conflict that did not directly involve them.
The Korean War (1950-1953) -The U.S. supports South Korea to prevent all
of Korea from becoming Communist. The Soviet Union supports North
Korea to try to spread Communism.
TheVietnam War (1956-1975) –The U.S. supports the South, the Soviet
Union supports the North.
Afghanistan (1979-1989) –The U.S. supports Islamic rebels trying to
overthrow their Communist government. The Soviet Union wants to keep
Communists in power.
Proxy wars involved the superpowers sending aid in the form of money,
troops, weapons, intelligence, and training.
These wars were extremely costly in both money and lives. They also
frequently resulted in stalemates (nothing was achieved).
*These wars demonstrate that the ColdWar was a battle over ideas and power.
13. TheArms Race
Another major aspect of the ColdWar was the development of nuclear
weapons.
The U.S. was the first to successfully develop nuclear weapons, two of
which were used to defeat Japan inWWII.
The massive destruction seen at Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated the
immense power and danger of nuclear weapons.
To this day, that is the only time nuclear weapons have been used in
warfare.
The Soviet Union, using information gathered by spies in the U.S., began
work on their own atomic bomb. They successfully detonated a test
bomb in 1949.
The period that followed became known as an arms race, as each country
tried to produce as many nuclear weapons as possible to prepare for all-
out war and to keep pace with one another.
As the ColdWar began to die down, both nations agreed to peacefully
destroy much of their nuclear arsenal for the safety and security of the
world.
14. These images portray the
destruction caused by the
nuclear bomb dropped on
the city of Hiroshima, Japan
in 1945. The bottom image
shows a before and after
view of the city. At least
70,000 Japanese citizens
were killed instantly.
Thousands more died in the
aftermath. Some even
years later, due to radiation
poisoning.
16. Mutually
Assured
Destruction
(MAD)
As the arms race progressed, the U.S. settled into a policy of Mutually
Assured Destruction.
This policy was based on the knowledge that both the U.S. and Soviet
Union possessed weapons capable of inflicting massive amounts of
damage.
The theory behind this policy was that neither country would attack the
other because it would mean both would be destroyed.
In other words, the fact that each side could destroy the other meant
that neither side did.
Thankfully, this never occurred. However, citizens in both countries had
to live with the constant threat that a nuclear attack could occur at any
moment.
17. Nuclear attack preparation in
the U.S.Example of a
bomb shelter
to be used to
survive nuclear
fallout.
School
children were
taught to
“duck and
cover” in the
event of an
attack.
18. The End of the
ColdWar (1/2)
By the 1980s the Soviet economy had fallen far behind
Capitalist nations
The Soviet government was slow to adjust to changes
in industry and technology.
As Capitalist countries increased cooperation with one
another, Communist nations were left out.
Massive spending on the military took away from
citizens’ well-being.
Communism limits personal creativity and initiative
(people were not rewarded for working harder; you can
get paid for doing the bare minimum).
1985- MikhailGorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union,
tried to fix the Soviet economy by implementing
democratic changes
Citizens were given more personal freedom and input in
the government as well as the ability to make some
economic decisions for themselves
Gorbachev
19. The End of the
ColdWar (2/2)
With these newfound freedoms granted under Gorbachev, members of the
Soviet Union and their allies issued a clear rejection of Communism
1989- Poland elects a non-Communist government. The Soviet Union did not
respond.
1989-The BerlinWall separating the Communist and democratic sides of the
city is torn down, reuniting the city for the first time in 28 years.
1989- Communist governments in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania and
Yugoslavia were overthrown.
Within the Soviet Union, member states began pushing independence.
Amid a leadership crisis in 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved itself, ending the
ColdWar
20. Above: citizens of
Berlin dismantling the
Berlin Wall
Left: President
George Bush and
Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev declare an
end to the ColdWar.
21. The 15 republics
that formerly
made up the
Soviet Union
and the date on
which they
gained their
independence.
22. Legacy of the
ColdWar
War Casualties: Despite it being a “cold” war, millions of people lost their
lives in fighting related to the ColdWar (Korea,Vietnam,Afghanistan,
etc.) This includes an estimated 100,000American soldiers.
Military Expenditures: In the 45 year time period of the ColdWar, it is
estimated that the U.S. spent over $8 trillion to build up defenses against
the Soviet Union and investments in foreign conflicts.
U.S. Role in theWorld:The U.S. emerged as the lone superpower
remaining. The U.S. demonstrated that it was willing to involve itself in
foreign affairs, especially to defend democracy. The rest of the world,
particularly third-world nations, could depend on the U.S. for assistance.
Unresolved Conflicts: Tensions created or worsened during the ColdWar
have yet to be resolved as seen in Korea. Many Eastern European nations
have experienced decades of religious and ethnic tension once the Soviet
Union was no longer in charge.
