2. TO: SIR ASGHAR MALIK
BY:AALIA FERDOUS
ROLL NO#444
M.PHIL(LING)
2ND SEMESTER

4.  Introduction code switiching and code mixing
 To Find out code mixing and code switiching
devices in THINGS FALL APART
 How in Pakistani context such research can be
conducted.(Suggestions/Applications)

5. The use of English, a second language in
Nigeria, as a lingua franca is the result of
British rule. In a complex speech community,
Nigerians communicate in English or in the
indigenous Nigerian languages, depending on
the situation in which they operate at a
particular time. English is employed for formal
occasions while the indigenous languages are
used for informal occasions.

6. Nigeria has a very complex linguistic system, with
many indigenous languages, various dialects, and the
English language. In a multilingual and bicultural
society, literary artists are constrained in their literary
works by many problems. One of such problems is
the expression of African/Nigerian culture,
experiences and worldview in English the language of
another culture. Nigerian novelists, like the poets and
the dramatists, create literature deriving from
Nigerian background, with varying local situations.
To proffer solutions to language problems, the
novelists modify English language and adopt various
stylistic-creative strategies. Among these are code-
switching and code-mixing.
,

7. The culture of a people is best expressed and preserved in their
literature through language. Every culture has its peculiar way
of looking at the general world. Language, culture and
literature are
intimately related. To effectively and adequately articulate the
Nigerian culture in English, the language undergoes
structural adjustments and changes. In the attempts by Nigerian
prose writers to adequately cater for the varying local
situations in their works, they employ various stylistic-creative
devices and strategies, among which are
code-switching and code-mixing.
The novels under study is THINGS FALL APART by Chinua
Achebe

8. Code-switching and code-mixing are
sociolinguistic phenomena. They are features of
language in contact, and the effects of
bilingualism and multilingualism. They are
stylistic devices employed by Nigerian novelists
in their attempts to tackle the nagging problems
of language in Nigerian literature. Code
switching and code mixing are, therefore,
aspects of language use in Nigerian prose
fiction, and by implication, the Nigerian society.

9.  No similar words in English
 Did not know the English word
 To fill the gap in speaking
 Easier to speak in own language
 To avoid misunderstanding
 To convey intimacy
 So others would not understand (Privacy)
 To add emphasis

10. Chi: personal god. efukfu: worthless man.
egwugwu: a masquerader who impersonates
one of the
ancestral spirits of the village. ekwe: a
musical instrument; a type of drum made from
wood. eneke-nti-oba: a
kind of bird. eze-agadi-nwayi: the teeth of an
old woman. iba: fever. ilo: the village green,
where assemblies
for sports, discussions, etc., take place.
inyanga: showing off, bragging. isa-ifi: a
ceremony

11. When they finished, each brought her bowl of
foo-foo and bowl of soup to her husband
He still remembered the song: Eze elina,
elina!(P.17)
Sala
Eze ilikwa ya
Ikwaba akwa ogholi
Ebe Danda nechi eze Ebe
Uzuzu nete egwu Sala(P.18)

12. He is Okonkwo kpom-kwem, exact, perfect
(Things Fall Apart, p.49).
The proper name for a corn-cob with only a few
scattered grains was eze-agadi-nwayi, or the
teeth of
an old woman (Things Fall Apart, p. 25).
Where did you bury your iyi-uwa?... You buried
it in
the ground somewhere so that you can die and
return
again to torment your mother (Things Fall
Apart)1

13. Dhum!qalander,God will give,
Dhum!qalander,God alone
Zindagi hai ya koi tufan hai
Hum tou is jenay kay hathon mer chalay
Hay,hai,what was it?
Just then the moazzin began to call the evening
azaan……………….. (Twilight in Dehli)

18. Tere liye hi to signal tod-taad ke
Aaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad ke
Ho tere liye hi to signal tod-taad ke
Aaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad ke
Ho teri aankh da ishaara mujhe fraud lage
Tu to majnu aawara by God lage..
Kasmein waade kha ke
Apni pocket money bachaa ke
Aaya tere liye paise-vaise jod-jaad ke..
Ghar waalon ko bhi bye-shaaye bol-baal ke
Aaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad ke
Tere liye hi to signal tod-taad ke
Aaya Dilli wali girlfriend chhod-chhaad ke

19.  Shining in the shade in sun like A pearl upon
the ocean Come on feel me Come on heal
me..
 Hua jo tubhi mera mera Tera jo ikraar hua To
kyun na main bhi keh doon keh doon Hua
mujhe bhi pyaar hua Tera hone laga hoon,
khone laga hoon Jab se mila hoon Tera hone
laga hoon, khone laga hoon Jab se mila hoon
 Shining in the shade in sun like A pearl upon
the ocean Come and feel me.. How feel me

20.  In Pakistani context where different
languages are used,code mixing and code
switiching are frequently practiced
phenomenon in our news papers, short
stories, media print / electronic. Suggested
research can be conducted in all these areas
 Code switiching and code mixing in Media
 code switiching and code mixing in classroom
instructions