The document discusses coated fabrics and their various applications. It provides information on different coating materials like polyurethanes, polyvinylchloride, and rubber. It also describes coating methods like direct coating, spray coating, and calendar coating. Various fiber types and their advantages/disadvantages for coating are listed. End uses of coated fabrics in applications like protective clothing, tents, and rainwear are mentioned. Testing standards and properties evaluated for coated materials are also summarized.

1. Coated Fabrics
By
Vignesh Dhanabalan
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com

2. Why Coating..?
Tension membrane
structures
Water proof fabrics
* Decoration
* Functional
Attractive Designs
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
Fire Hose

3. Different coating resins and adhesives
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
 Polyurethanes
 Polyvinylchloride
 Rubber
 Starch
 Cellulose
 Fillers
 Pigments
PU coated head
caps
PVC for abrasion
resistance
Neoprene for water
proofing

4. Polymer Advantages Disadvantages Products
PVC
Versatile material
Good inherent FR
Good oil, solvent resistance
Heat and RF weld able for good
watertight seams
Cracks when cold
Moderate heat and age
resistance
Plasticizers migration
Tarpaulins covering,
large tents, and
architecture uses.
Seat upholstery
Lather cloths
Protective clothing
Leisure products,
banner, bunting,
PVDC
Polyvinylidene
chloride
Very good FR
Low gas permeability
Heat weld able,clear,high gloss
Hard and brittle Blends with acrylics to
improve FR in coating
PU
Polyurethane
Tough good extensibility
God weathering abrasion resistance
Moderate FR
Relatively expensive
Limited hydrolysis
resistance
Waterproof protective
clothing
Aircraft life jackets
Silicon
Odorless, inert, good resistance to
chemical and micro-organism
High tear resistance and puncture
resistance
Low toxicity, water repellant
Some breath ability
Temp service range from – 60 to 200
oC
Attracts oily soiling
Seaming is difficult due to
release properties
Expensive
Difficult to print or apply
artwork
Lightweight covering,
tarpaulins,
Sacks
FIBCs, bulk bags
Airbags
Food, medical
application
Gaskets, seats
Parachutes
Oven curtains

5. Natural rubber
Excellent stretch and flexibility
Working temp upto 70 oC
Many properties obtained by
blending
Moderate sunlight and
oxidative resistance
Moderate solvent and oil
resistances
Carpet backing
Tyres
Life crafts
Conveyer belts
Protective clothing
Escape churtes
Styrene butadiene
rubber
Similar to natural rubber but
somewhat better resistances to
abrasion flexing and microrg
Similar to natural rubber Carpet backing
Nitrile rubber
Good oil resistance, which increases
with acrylonitrile content. Better
resistance to sunlight and heat.
Limited fire resistances Oil resistance clothing,
belts and items
handling oily or greasy
product
Butyl rubber
Low permeability to gases, better
resistances to heat and chemical,
oxidation.
Solvent resistance limited,
FR resistances, seaming
difficult
Air cushion, pneumatic
spring, protective
clothing for chemical
and acid. Light weight
jacket, life rafts
PTFE
Excellent resistance to acid,
alkalies,chemicals,
Solvent, oil, oxidation and
weathering
Non sticks properties
Temp service upto 260 oC
Very expensive Architecture
application calendar
belts
Food and medical uses
Gaskets, seals

6. Pros and Cons of different coated fibers
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
Fabrics Pros Cons
Cotton  Excellent coating adhesion
 No bonding agent
 Low thermal shrinkage
 Low shrinkage/weight ratio
 Absorbs moisture
 Vulnerable to mildew rotting
,insects
Polyester  Strong with HT, low shrinkage
 Relative inexpensive
 Resistance to mildew, rotting and insects.
 Good overall properties as considered price
 Low moisture absorbency
 Limited resilience.
Nylon  Strong with HT variant available
 Good elasticity and thermal absorbancy
 Resistance to mildew rotting and insects
 Fabrics may sag due to moisture
absorption
 Relative inexpensive
Polyethylene /
Polypropylene
 Light weight
 Inexpensive
 Chemically inert resistance to mildew
rotting and insects.
 Adhesive difficult to some
substances
Aramid  High tensile strength
 High melting point
 Excellent strength per weight ratio
 Expensive degraded by UV or
sunlight
Glass  High temperature resistances
 Zero moisture absorbency
 Excellent UV stability
 Heavy
 Brittle, poor flexing properties.

7. Application (Methodology)
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
 Single layer method:
In this type of coating, usually the layer, which is applied on the
base fabric, is single coated. This is useful when we required a thin
coating to a substrate.
 Multiplayer coating:
In this type of coating, more than one layer is usually applied on
single coated fabric. By using multiplayer coating method we can
improve the serviceability, durability even other coated properties
for fabric.
Considerations on selection of coating material / method
 Number of layer
 Wet layer of thickness
 Viscosity
 Coating accuracy require
 Coating support or web
 Coating speed

8. Methodologies
Direct Coating
 Used for fabric produced from
smooth continuous filament yarns
 Cotton is still used in some of
these industrial coating applications
 Influenced by the blade profile
and blade angle, and by the fabric
tension
 Spray coating
 Spray foam coating is a more cost effective solution. It is
sprayed onto the surface to fill small cracks and crevices; it
then expands approximately 30 times its original liquid volume
.
 The main drawback of this method is the non-homogeneity
and expensive cost for manufacturing but this can be used for
specialized narrow web bonding for design complicated
structures. Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com

9. Back Liking Roller Techniques
 Used to apply finishes or coatings of very low viscosity.
 Two different finishes may be applied to the same
substrate at the same time.
Carpets, automotive fabrics etc. can be processed.
Hot Melt Extrusion
 Used for thermoplastic polymers
 Application of resin at faster rate
Used to produce light weight coverings or tarpaulins and
sack material
Transfer Coating
 Principle
 Mainly used for Knitted Fabric
Decorative or embossed designs can be obtained

10. Calendar Coating
 Used to produce unsupported films
 Adapted to apply the freshly produced film
 Is generally uneconomical
Rotary Screen
 Used for coating polymer on to fabric with add-ons
 Less Tension, Uniform application, Better penetration
 Well suited to lightweight nonwoven fabrics and
delicate films
NOVEL COATING TECHNIQUES
 Electrospun Coating
 Metal & Conductive Coating
 PVD/CVD
 Super Critical Fluid Coating

11. Testing standards
S.no Tests Standards
1 Abrasion resistance ASTM D-3389, BS 3424
2 Flexibility IS 7016, ISO5979
3 Stiffness IS 649
4 Air permeability BS 3424
5 Water vapor permeability x ASTM E 96-80
6 Water repellency Spray rating IS390, AATCC 22-1996
7 Cone test IS 7941
8 Coating adhesion BS 3424, ASTM D-751, IS 7016
9 Color fastness to dry and wet fastness BS 3424, IS 1259
11 Penetration to chemical hazard ASTM F 739-96
12 Electrical resistivity AATCC 76-1995
13 Penetration to blood borne pathogens ASTM F 1671-97b
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com

12. Evaluations of Coated material
• Either increase or decrease
• Corrosive nature of materials
Tensile strength
• Skin type formationShear behavior
• Necessary parameter for durability of
coated film as well as composite materialPeel strength
• Structural design
• X-ray, 3d scanning, SEM analysis
Dimensional stability and cell
structure
• DTA – Differential thermal Analyzer
• DTG – Differential thermogravimetry
• TG - Thermogravimetry
Thermal transmition
• Determines visco-elasticity of the
materialCreep behavior
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com

13. Application (End Use)
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
 Breath ability
 Soft to handle
 Wind proof
 Good insulation properties
 Resistance to UV radiations
 Resistance to influence of acids, alkalis, gases.
Criteria’s to meet from a coated fabric

14. FABRIC COATING END USE
Cotton sheeting Olearesinous compound Oilcloth, rainwear, and linoleum.
Nylon sheeting Vinyl resins Impermeable fabric for paulins & inflated
structure
Cotton sheeting Vinyl resins Rains wear, light duty, upholstery.
Cotton sheeting Phenolic resins Rigid plastic laminates for electrical
assemblies.
Cotton sheeting Melamine formaldehyde resins Rigid plastic laminates for electrical
assemblies.
Cotton sheeting Rubber compound Rain coats, friction tape, gasketting, and
diaphragms.
Cotton sheeting Vinyl resins Luggages, handbags, upholster.
Cotton mele skin Vinyl resins Luggages, handbags, upholster.
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
Fabrics with different coating material and their end
use

15. Cotton dill Vinyl resins Luggages, handbags, upholster.
Duck and canvas Rubber compound Pontoons, inflatable, lifeboats.
Duck and canvas Vinyl resins Tents and awnings
Burlap and jute Rubber compound Ventilating ducting for mines and tunnels.
Knit cotton Vinyl resins Upholstery, handbags, garments.
Knit cotton Rubber compound Rubber and boots, diaphragm.
Knit and woven rayon Vinyl resins Raincoats, shower curtains, baby pants.
Non woven cotton Vinyl resins Paulins use covering, upholstery.
Glass fabric Vinyl resins Paulins and tapes.
Glass fabric Epoxy resins and polyesters ---------------------------
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
Cont.…..

16. Commercial Products using Coated fabrics
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
Build Tech – Teflon Coated
material
Gelatin coated Vascular graft on (Dacron / PTFE)
Automotive Textiles – Silicon elastomer
Ethylene vinyl alcohol coated carry bags (Packte
PTFE coated polyester needle felt filter
fabric

17. Detection of Coating by Infrared spectroscopy
 Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
 Infrared radiation is absorbed by matter in the form of bands which have a discrete
frequency. (1-1000 µm)
 The nature of the absorption is related to the types of atoms present and their
arrangement in the molecule.
 The modern machines used can store, retrieve and compare spectra to enable
manufactures to check quality, identity and characteristics of the polymer they use
 Disadvantages: -
 Is invaluable in detecting characteristic peaks to identity the differences between
chemically similar hydrocarbon polymers
 Also sensitive enough to show the differences between polyester and polyether
urethanes.
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com

18. Summary
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
 Coating is not a new concept and it has ben in practice for many centuries.
Coating material has been more used for imparting functional value than its counter part
decoration. No material is available in nature that can satisfy the need of the hour. To
overcome these limitations we go in for coating (Multiple combination) to provide the best
possible results.
 The global demand for coated fabrics ranges around 13-14B USD in 2011 and
is expected to grow at a higher pace. Indian market which has a value of 600 million USD
growing at 10-15% per annum.
 There are lot many grey areas where coated fabrics are yet to fulfill. In
coming future composite material are to rule the customer world with the help of coated
fabrics

19. Vignesh Dhanabalan
M.Tech Technical Textiles
vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com

20. Bibliography
Vignesh Dhanabalan - vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
 Smith William.C, smart textile coating and laminates, wood head
publications, ISBN 978-1-84569-379-4, 2010.
 Chapman and Hall, surface coating and raw material vol 1, 1993.
 Wellington Sears handbook of industrial textiles, Sabit Adanur - 1995
 Bohin; Fabrice (Lyons, FR); Pouchelon; Alain (Meyzieu, FR), ‘silicon coated
fabric’, U.S.Patent.No-6369184, 9 Apr 2002..
 Bruchmann; Bernd (Ludwigshafen, DE); Renz; Hans (Meckenheim, DE);
Mohrhardt; Gunter (Speyer, DE), ‘one component and two component
polyurethane coated fabric’, U.S.Patent No-5744569, 28 apr, 1998.
 Galliot.C, Luchsinger.R.H, The shear ramp: a new test method for the
investigation of coated fabric shear behavior, empa - swiss federal
laboratories for materials science and technology, center for synergetic
structures, ueberlandstrasse 129, ch-8600 duebendorf, Switzerland.
 Donald H.Backley, Elsevier Publication, 1981.
 Heimann.B.Robert, Plasma spray coating, Wiley –VCH, ISBN – 3-527-29356-
6, Edition 1995.