This document discusses the formation of coal and petroleum from organic matter. Coal forms from accumulated organic matter such as plant debris in swamps that is cooked and compressed over time. Lower grade coals experienced less cooking than higher grade coals. Coal is used as fuel and in producing coke and byproducts. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried deep over time, where heat and pressure break down organic molecules into hydrocarbon compounds. Oil and gas accumulate in permeable rock reservoirs capped by impermeable rock. Crude oil is refined into fuels and other products like solvents, wax, asphalt, and plastics through fractional distillation. Plastics are synthetic polymers made of linked hydrocarbon units that have versatile