Coagulant & AntiCoagulant Haemostasis (arrest of blood loss) and blood coagulation involve complex interaction between the injury vessel wall, platelets and coagulation factors
Diuretics | Definition | Mechanism of Action | Classes of DrugsChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Diuretics,Role of sodium, types of urine output, General mechanism of action, Normal Physiolofy of urine formation, GFR Formation, Classes of Diuretics, diuretics abuse and recent discovery. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Coagulant and Anticoagulant Agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
Hypolipidemic agents, also known as cholesterol-lowering drugs or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia). They are also called lipid-lowering drugs.
Diuretics | Definition | Mechanism of Action | Classes of DrugsChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Diuretics,Role of sodium, types of urine output, General mechanism of action, Normal Physiolofy of urine formation, GFR Formation, Classes of Diuretics, diuretics abuse and recent discovery. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Coagulant and Anticoagulant Agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
Hypolipidemic agents, also known as cholesterol-lowering drugs or antihyperlipidemic agents, are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of high levels of fats (lipids), such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia). They are also called lipid-lowering drugs.
Introduction-to-Blood-Coagulation2
Blood coagulation, also known as clotting, is a crucial process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Let me break it down for you:
Primary Hemostasis:
The initial stage involves blood vessel constriction (vasoconstriction) and platelet aggregation at the site of vessel injury. Platelets are small blood cells that play a key role in clot formation.
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere to the exposed collagen fibers in the vessel wall, forming a temporary plug.
Secondary Hemostasis (Coagulation):
This stage is where the actual clotting process occurs.
Coagulation factors, which are proteins in the blood, interact to form a stable clot. There are 13 principal coagulation factors (designated with Roman numerals I to XIII).
Coagulation can be initiated through two separate pathways:
Extrinsic Pathway:
Activated in response to a protein called tissue factor, which is expressed by cells external to blood vessels.
Tissue factor activates factor VII, leading to a cascade of reactions that ultimately produce factor X.
Intrinsic Pathway:
Activated by injury within a blood vessel.
Begins with the activation of factor XII (Hageman factor) when blood circulates over injured internal vessel surfaces.
Components of the intrinsic pathway can also be activated by the extrinsic pathway.
Both pathways converge to produce factor X, which marks the beginning of the common pathway of coagulation.
Factor X then leads to the formation of a fibrin clot, which stabilizes the platelet plug.
Fibrin is a protein that forms a mesh-like structure, trapping blood cells and reinforcing the clot12.
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdf
Coagulant
1. Presented By – Gyanendra Kumar Prajapati
1st year M.Pharm
Department of Pharmacology
KLE University’s College of Pharmacy,
Bengaluru
1
2. Haemostasis (arrest of blood loss) and blood coagulation involve
complex interaction between the injury vessel wall, platelets and
coagulation factors.
Blood clotting, or coagulation, is an important process that prevents
excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of
blood cell) and proteins in plasma (the liquid part of blood) work
together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury.
3. Typically, body will naturally dissolve the blood clot after
the injury has healed. Sometimes, however, clots form on
the inside of vessels without an obvious injury or do not
dissolve naturally. These situations can be dangerous and
require accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Clots can occur in veins or arteries, which are vessels that
are part of the body's circulatory system.
3Department of Pharmacology
4. Am I at Risk?
The risk factors for developing a venous clot
are different from those for an arterial clot, and
people at risk for getting one are not
necessarily at risk for getting the other.
Different risk factors or events can cause
unnatural clotting; however, each factor may
initiate clotting in a different way.
4Department of Pharmacology
5. The following factors increase your risk of developing a
venous blood clot:
Obesity
Pregnancy
Immobility (including prolonged inactivity, long trips by
plane or car)
Smoking
Oral contraceptives
Certain cancers
Trauma
Certain surgeries
Age (increased risk for people over age 60)
A family history of blood clots
Chronic inflammatory diseases 5Department of Pharmacology
6. What Are the Symptoms of a Blood Clot?
In addition to knowing risk factors, it is also important to
be aware of the symptoms of blood clots, which vary
depending upon where the clot is located:
Heart - chest heaviness or pain, discomfort in other
areas of the upper body, shortness of breath, sweating,
nausea, light-headedness.
Brain - weakness of the face, arms or legs, difficulty
speaking, vision problems, sudden and severe headache,
dizziness.
Arm or Leg - sudden or gradual pain, swelling,
tenderness and warmth.
6Department of Pharmacology
7. Lung - sharp chest pain, racing heart, shortness of breath,
sweating, fever, coughing up blood.
Abdomen - severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea.
How Are Blood Clots Treated?
Blood clots are treated differently depending on
the location of the clot and your health.
Anticoagulants - medicine that prevents clots
from forming
Thrombolytics - medicine that dissolves blood
clots
Catheter-directed thrombolysis - a procedure in
which a long tube, called a catheter, is surgically
inserted and directed toward the blood clot
where it delivers clot-dissolving medication
Thrombectomy - surgical removal of a clot
7Department of Pharmacology
9. Mechanism of Blood Clotting:
Blood Clotting is one of three mechanisms that reduce
the loss of blood from broken blood vessels.
The three Mechanisms are:
1.Vascular Spasm:
The smooth muscle in blood vessel walls contracts
immediately the blood vessel is broken. This response
reduces blood loss for some time, while the other
haemostatic mechanisms become active.
2.Platelet Plug Formation:
When blood platelets encounter a damaged blood vessel
they form a “platelet plug” to help to close the gap in
the broken blood vessel. (The key stages of this process
are called platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction,
and platelet aggregation) 9Department of Pharmacology
10. 3.Coagulation:
Following damage to a blood vessel, vascular spasm
occurs to reduce blood loss while other mechanisms
also take effect. Blood platelets congregate at the site of
damage and a mass to form a platelet plug. This is the
beginning of the process of the blood “breaking down”
from its usual liquid form in such a way that its
constituents play their own parts in processes to
minimize blood loss.
This blood clotting is a complex process involving
many clotting factors (incl. calcium ions, enzymes,
platelets, damaged tissues) activating each other.
10Department of Pharmacology
12. Stages of Blood Clotting:
1. Formation of Prothrombinase:
Prothrombinase can be formed in two ways, depending of
which of two “systems” or “pathways” apply.
I. Intrinsic System:
This is initiated by liquid blood making contact with a foreign
surface, i. e. something that is not part of the body; or
II.Extrinsic System:
This is initiated by liquid blood making contact with damage
tissue.
Both the intrinsic and the extrinsic systems involve interactions
between coagulation factors. These coagulation factors have
individual names but are often referred to by a standardized set
of Roman Numerals, e.g. Factor VIII (anti-haemophilic factor),
Factor IX (Christmas factor).
12Department of Pharmacology
13. 2. Prothrombin Converted Into the Enzyme
Thrombin:
Prothrombinase (formed in stage 1.) converts
prothrombin, which is a plasma protein that is formed in
the liver, into the enzyme thrombin.
3. Fibrinogen (Soluble) Converted to Fibrin
(Insoluble):
In turn, thrombin converts fibrinogen (which is also a
plasma protein synthesized in the liver) into fibrin.
Fibrin is insoluble and forms the threads that bind the
clot
13Department of Pharmacology
14. There are two pathways that lead to the conversion of
prothrombin to thrombin:
(1) The intrinsic pathway and
(2) The extrinsic pathway.
14Department of Pharmacology
15. (1) Intrinsic Pathway:
The intrinsic pathway, which is triggered by elements
that lie within the blood inself (intrinsic to the blood),
occurs in the flowing way. Damage to the vessel wall
stimulates the activation of a cascade of clotting factors
(for the sake of simplicity we will not consider the
individual factors).
This cascade results in the activation of factor X.
(2) Extrinsic Pathway:
The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue damage
outside of the blood vessel. This pathway acts to clot
blood that has escaped from the vessel into the tissues.
Damage to tissue stimulates the activation of tissue
thromboplastin, an enzyme that catalyzed the activation
of factor X. 15Department of Pharmacology
16. 3. Clotting of Blood:
The blood contains about a dozen clotting factors. These
factors are proteins that exist in the blood in an inactive
state, but can be called into action when tissues or blood
vessels are damaged.
Blood clotting is the transformation of liquid
blood into a semisolid gel. Clots are made from
fibers (polymers) of a protein called fibrin.
Fibrin monomers come from an inactive
precursor called fibrinogen.
16Department of Pharmacology
17. Drugs used clinically to remove clot include:
1. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) was recently
cloned and is now produced in mass quantities by the
biotech fig, Amgen. It is used clinically to dissolved
clots in coronary arteries following a heart attack. It is
also used to dissolved clots in the brain following
stroke.
2. Streptokinase is an enzyme that directly dissolved
blood clots. It is produced by streptococcus bacteria.
The bacteria use streptokinase to dissolve clots that
negatively affect their growth in the human host. This
clot dissolving enzyme is apparently as effective as
recombinant TPA.
17Department of Pharmacology
18. References
Beckman et al. Venous Thromboembolism: A Public
Health Concern. AJPM April 2010.
Raskob et al. Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis
and Pulmonary Embolism: Recommendations from a
National Workshop. AJPM April 2010.
David Lillicrap; Nigel Key; Michael Makris; Denise
O'Shaughnessy (2009). Practical Hemostasis and
Thrombosis. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–5. ISBN 1-
4051-8460-4.
18Department of Pharmacology