1) The study examined the effects of long-term conservation agricultural practices like tillage, residue application, and nitrogen levels on soil CO2 emissions in rainfed Alfisols in India.
2) Conventional tillage led to higher soil CO2 emissions compared to minimum tillage. Application of sorghum stover residues and higher nitrogen levels (90 kg/ha) also significantly increased soil CO2 emissions.
3) Soil CO2 emissions were highest in the growing season from August to October but declined at crop maturity in October. Conventional tillage, sorghum stover application, and high nitrogen levels enhanced carbon loss from soil in the form of increased CO2 emissions.
This document discusses the impact of carbon sequestration on soil and crop productivity. It provides background on global carbon emissions and pools. Soil acts as both a source and sink of atmospheric carbon through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. Improving soil organic carbon through practices like conservation tillage, cover crops, nutrient management, and agroforestry can increase crop yields by improving soil quality properties. Maintaining or increasing soil organic carbon levels through appropriate land management practices helps mitigate climate change while enhancing soil health and agricultural productivity.
Opportunities & challenges of scs in indian conditionsSunil Jhorar
This document discusses opportunities and challenges of soil carbon sequestration in Indian conditions. It begins with an introduction to climate change and carbon sequestration. It then discusses ways carbon can be sequestered, including geologically, in oceans, and terrestrially in plants and soil. The document focuses on opportunities for soil carbon sequestration through crop management strategies like rotations and residue management, nutrient management using organic and inorganic fertilizers, and agroforestry. Challenges of soil carbon sequestration are also mentioned. The document provides many examples and data on soil organic carbon levels under different management practices.
Climate Smart Agriculture and Soil-Carbon SequestrationSIANI
Part of the Swedish seminar "Från kolkälla till kolfälla: Om framtidens klimatsmarta jordbruk"
8th May 2012, 13.00 - 16.30
Kulturhuset, Stockholm
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO, gives a global overview of carbon in soil.
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves at Katunggan it IbajayASU-CHARRM
The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) Eco Park is home to one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the Philippines. It is a 44.22 hectares protected park in the town of Ibajay in Aklan which boasts a total of 28 true species of mangroves or 80 percent out of the total 35 Philippine mangrove species. The forest is also a home to some species of birds and other wildlife like mud lobsters, fiddler crabs, mudskippers and other fauna. Recent studies have been conducted in the area which includes the identification of mollusk species, behaviours and activities of fiddler crabs. However, there is a lack of information on studies regarding Carbon storage and sequestration potential of mangrove species in KII.
Therefore, considering the vital role of mangrove species there is a need to conduct this study to provide a wide array of information about the total C-stock and sequestration potential of selected mangrove species in KII. Likewise, it will help local folks, LGU-officials and future researchers to increase their awareness to protect and preserve KII Eco-Park; to help reduce increasing negative impact of global warming in the environment.
Dr Brian Murphy, of the NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change, explores how we can make best use of existing science and knowledge. Brian is Australia's "Lal" and the soil carbon movement owes its rapid progress to his discipline, direction and encouragement.
Credit seSoil Health Management Through Carbon Sequestration Under Changing C...munishsharma0255
This document discusses strategies for increasing carbon sequestration in soils to help mitigate climate change. It first provides background on climate change and increasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Agriculture is impacted by climate change through changes in temperature, rainfall, and increased drought. The document then discusses using soils as a carbon sink through agricultural management practices like nutrient management, mulching, conservation tillage, and crop rotations. These practices can increase soil organic carbon levels and the amount of carbon stored in soils.
Soil carbon sequestration involves transferring carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the soil through crop residues and other organic materials. This helps offset carbon emissions while improving soil quality and productivity. Management practices that increase biomass additions to soils, minimize disturbance, conserve soil and water, and enhance soil structure and biology can sequester carbon through continuous no-till crop production. The document then discusses carbon sequestration in the context of Indian agriculture and the impacts of climate change on food production in India.
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
1) The document presented on the impact of soil properties on carbon sequestration. It discussed topics like carbon pools in soil, ways carbon can be sequestered, role of soil properties like texture and biological activity, and management practices to enhance sequestration.
2) Case studies were presented showing higher carbon levels under no-till and residue retention practices compared to conventional tillage. Planting of shrub species also led to higher soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration rates.
3) Proper soil management through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and organic matter addition can help boost carbon sequestration and mitigate climate change by storing atmospheric carbon in soil.
This document discusses the impact of carbon sequestration on soil and crop productivity. It provides background on global carbon emissions and pools. Soil acts as both a source and sink of atmospheric carbon through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. Improving soil organic carbon through practices like conservation tillage, cover crops, nutrient management, and agroforestry can increase crop yields by improving soil quality properties. Maintaining or increasing soil organic carbon levels through appropriate land management practices helps mitigate climate change while enhancing soil health and agricultural productivity.
Opportunities & challenges of scs in indian conditionsSunil Jhorar
This document discusses opportunities and challenges of soil carbon sequestration in Indian conditions. It begins with an introduction to climate change and carbon sequestration. It then discusses ways carbon can be sequestered, including geologically, in oceans, and terrestrially in plants and soil. The document focuses on opportunities for soil carbon sequestration through crop management strategies like rotations and residue management, nutrient management using organic and inorganic fertilizers, and agroforestry. Challenges of soil carbon sequestration are also mentioned. The document provides many examples and data on soil organic carbon levels under different management practices.
Climate Smart Agriculture and Soil-Carbon SequestrationSIANI
Part of the Swedish seminar "Från kolkälla till kolfälla: Om framtidens klimatsmarta jordbruk"
8th May 2012, 13.00 - 16.30
Kulturhuset, Stockholm
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO, gives a global overview of carbon in soil.
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves at Katunggan it IbajayASU-CHARRM
The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) Eco Park is home to one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the Philippines. It is a 44.22 hectares protected park in the town of Ibajay in Aklan which boasts a total of 28 true species of mangroves or 80 percent out of the total 35 Philippine mangrove species. The forest is also a home to some species of birds and other wildlife like mud lobsters, fiddler crabs, mudskippers and other fauna. Recent studies have been conducted in the area which includes the identification of mollusk species, behaviours and activities of fiddler crabs. However, there is a lack of information on studies regarding Carbon storage and sequestration potential of mangrove species in KII.
Therefore, considering the vital role of mangrove species there is a need to conduct this study to provide a wide array of information about the total C-stock and sequestration potential of selected mangrove species in KII. Likewise, it will help local folks, LGU-officials and future researchers to increase their awareness to protect and preserve KII Eco-Park; to help reduce increasing negative impact of global warming in the environment.
Dr Brian Murphy, of the NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change, explores how we can make best use of existing science and knowledge. Brian is Australia's "Lal" and the soil carbon movement owes its rapid progress to his discipline, direction and encouragement.
Credit seSoil Health Management Through Carbon Sequestration Under Changing C...munishsharma0255
This document discusses strategies for increasing carbon sequestration in soils to help mitigate climate change. It first provides background on climate change and increasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Agriculture is impacted by climate change through changes in temperature, rainfall, and increased drought. The document then discusses using soils as a carbon sink through agricultural management practices like nutrient management, mulching, conservation tillage, and crop rotations. These practices can increase soil organic carbon levels and the amount of carbon stored in soils.
Soil carbon sequestration involves transferring carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the soil through crop residues and other organic materials. This helps offset carbon emissions while improving soil quality and productivity. Management practices that increase biomass additions to soils, minimize disturbance, conserve soil and water, and enhance soil structure and biology can sequester carbon through continuous no-till crop production. The document then discusses carbon sequestration in the context of Indian agriculture and the impacts of climate change on food production in India.
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
1) The document presented on the impact of soil properties on carbon sequestration. It discussed topics like carbon pools in soil, ways carbon can be sequestered, role of soil properties like texture and biological activity, and management practices to enhance sequestration.
2) Case studies were presented showing higher carbon levels under no-till and residue retention practices compared to conventional tillage. Planting of shrub species also led to higher soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration rates.
3) Proper soil management through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and organic matter addition can help boost carbon sequestration and mitigate climate change by storing atmospheric carbon in soil.
Carbon sequestration in sustainable land use has the potential to mitigate climate change through several means:
1) Improved soil management practices like reduced tillage and increased organic matter can increase the amount of carbon stored in soil.
2) Agroforestry projects that incorporate trees into cropland and grazing areas can enhance carbon storage in both soils and vegetation.
3) Income-generating projects for poor rural households like smokeless cookstoves and water harvesting can simultaneously alleviate poverty and reduce greenhouse gas emissions at a relatively low cost per ton of carbon dioxide mitigated.
This document discusses the competing uses of crop residues including for biofuel production, animal feed, and soil amendment to enhance soil quality. It notes that returning crop residues to soil as an amendment through soil application is necessary to maintain soil quality and agronomic productivity in a sustainable manner. It also addresses questions around whether crop residues should be used for carbon sequestration and soil improvement versus energy production, and whether economic or long-term sustainability factors should determine this.
The document discusses the challenges and potential benefits of rehabilitating degraded tropical peat swamp forests. It notes that tropical peatlands provide important hydrological, biodiversity, livelihood and carbon storage functions. However, extensive areas in Southeast Asia have become degraded through logging, drainage, fire and agricultural/plantation use. This degradation has led to problems like increased flooding and fire risk. Rehabilitation faces significant ecological constraints like loss of seed sources and impaired hydrology. Social constraints include lack of support and conflicting land uses. Successful restoration may require addressing both short-term social and long-term ecological needs. Key questions for restoration include defining goals, understanding constraints, and identifying barriers and opportunities.
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Status of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Small Island Developing States (S...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Siosiua Halavatu, from Secretariat of Pacific States - Fiji, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document discusses how compost use can mitigate climate change in several ways:
1) Preventing organic waste from entering landfills avoids methane emissions
2) Compost application increases soil carbon levels through sequestration and enhances plant growth, indirectly contributing to more soil carbon
3) Compost use reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, cutting related greenhouse gas emissions
Applying compost at a rate of 10 tonnes per hectare can sequester the equivalent of 5,000 kg of CO2 over 20 years through increased soil carbon. Replacing fertilizers with compost nutrients also reduces fertilizer production emissions. Overall, compost is an effective climate mitigation strategy that improves soils while
Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks for future GHG mitigation, su...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Michelle Garneau from Université du Québec á Montréal - Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...koushalya T.N
Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon (C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,964 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in India 146.8 Mha of land is degraded ( Bai et al., 2008). The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in agricultural soils and degraded lands is important because of its impacts on improving soil quality and agronomic production, and also for adaptation to mitigation of climate change. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It can be concluded that land degradation is a serious problem in India which need to be tackled because shrinking of land resource base will lead to a substantial decline in food grain production which in turn would hamper the economic growth rate and there would also be unprecedented increase in mortality rate owing to hunger and malnutrition.
Building Soil Carbon: Benefits, Possibilities, and ModelingCarbon Coalition
Dr Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO Land & Water, is a central figure in soil carbon science in Australia. His views count because they indicate the centre of gravity in official thinking, such is his influence. Jeff is a mentor and a friend of the soil carbon movement.
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” programExternalEvents
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program presented by Hervé Saint Macary, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
This document discusses carbon sequestration in soils through various agricultural management practices. It outlines concepts of carbon sequestration and greenhouse gases. It then discusses specific practices like conservation tillage, cover cropping, animal manure application, improved grassland management, and agroforestry that can sequester carbon in soils at rates of 0.1 to 1+ Mg C/ha/yr. The document emphasizes that a diversity of practices which increase carbon inputs and minimize losses can help mitigate rising greenhouse gases and restore degraded lands.
The document describes a soil remediation program at a contaminated site in southeastern Australia. Approximately 4,300 cubic meters of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons above 1,000 mg/kg was treated via co-composting. The contaminated soil was stockpiled into four windrows with green waste, manure, gypsum and nutrients added. After 6 months, the average hydrocarbon level had been reduced to 730 mg/kg, meeting cleanup criteria. Co-composting successfully remediated the petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the soil.
Effects of land use/cover on soil aggregate-associated organic carbon in a mo...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Tshering Dorji, from Ministry of Agriculture and Forest - Bhutan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration - IP338ElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of the relationship between agriculture, climate change, and carbon sequestration. It discusses how climate change can both positively and negatively influence agriculture through impacts like lengthening the growing season in some regions but also increasing heat and drought risks. The document also examines how agricultural practices can help mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration in soils and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Options for farmers to engage with carbon markets are presented.
Organic farming has the potential to increase soil carbon levels compared to conventional farming through practices like incorporating fertility-building grass-clover leys and using livestock manures. However, the exact amount of carbon sequestration from organic management remains uncertain due to disparities in assessment methods and farming systems. While organic management often results in higher or slower declining soil carbon levels, the differences compared to conventional are only statistically significant in a few studies. More research is still needed to better define organic and conventional systems and determine their contributions to soil carbon stocks and flows.
Land Use Changes on Soil Carbon Dynamics, Stocks in Eastern Himalayas, IndiaExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Parmar Brajendra, from Indian Institute of Rice Research - India, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
El documento presenta un guión técnico para un video de 1 minuto y 34 segundos sobre las cualidades de un maestro de preescolar. El guión detalla la introducción, diálogos, música e imágenes que se usarán en el video para explicar que un buen maestro ofrece un ambiente seguro y divertido para que los niños se expresen, les enseña sobre colores y la importancia de la limpieza, y moldea sus sueños con alegría. El objetivo final es que los espectadores se sientan orgullosos de la profes
This document is a 2014 media guide for the University of Central Missouri Jennies soccer team. It provides information about the team such as roster, coaching staff, opponents, records, and more. The guide includes sections on the 2013 season recap, player profiles, coaching biographies, opponent information, and history of the Jennies soccer program.
Carbon sequestration in sustainable land use has the potential to mitigate climate change through several means:
1) Improved soil management practices like reduced tillage and increased organic matter can increase the amount of carbon stored in soil.
2) Agroforestry projects that incorporate trees into cropland and grazing areas can enhance carbon storage in both soils and vegetation.
3) Income-generating projects for poor rural households like smokeless cookstoves and water harvesting can simultaneously alleviate poverty and reduce greenhouse gas emissions at a relatively low cost per ton of carbon dioxide mitigated.
This document discusses the competing uses of crop residues including for biofuel production, animal feed, and soil amendment to enhance soil quality. It notes that returning crop residues to soil as an amendment through soil application is necessary to maintain soil quality and agronomic productivity in a sustainable manner. It also addresses questions around whether crop residues should be used for carbon sequestration and soil improvement versus energy production, and whether economic or long-term sustainability factors should determine this.
The document discusses the challenges and potential benefits of rehabilitating degraded tropical peat swamp forests. It notes that tropical peatlands provide important hydrological, biodiversity, livelihood and carbon storage functions. However, extensive areas in Southeast Asia have become degraded through logging, drainage, fire and agricultural/plantation use. This degradation has led to problems like increased flooding and fire risk. Rehabilitation faces significant ecological constraints like loss of seed sources and impaired hydrology. Social constraints include lack of support and conflicting land uses. Successful restoration may require addressing both short-term social and long-term ecological needs. Key questions for restoration include defining goals, understanding constraints, and identifying barriers and opportunities.
Challenges of soil organic carbon sequestration in drylandsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Status of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Small Island Developing States (S...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Siosiua Halavatu, from Secretariat of Pacific States - Fiji, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document discusses how compost use can mitigate climate change in several ways:
1) Preventing organic waste from entering landfills avoids methane emissions
2) Compost application increases soil carbon levels through sequestration and enhances plant growth, indirectly contributing to more soil carbon
3) Compost use reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, cutting related greenhouse gas emissions
Applying compost at a rate of 10 tonnes per hectare can sequester the equivalent of 5,000 kg of CO2 over 20 years through increased soil carbon. Replacing fertilizers with compost nutrients also reduces fertilizer production emissions. Overall, compost is an effective climate mitigation strategy that improves soils while
Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks for future GHG mitigation, su...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Michelle Garneau from Université du Québec á Montréal - Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...koushalya T.N
Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon (C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,964 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in India 146.8 Mha of land is degraded ( Bai et al., 2008). The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in agricultural soils and degraded lands is important because of its impacts on improving soil quality and agronomic production, and also for adaptation to mitigation of climate change. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It can be concluded that land degradation is a serious problem in India which need to be tackled because shrinking of land resource base will lead to a substantial decline in food grain production which in turn would hamper the economic growth rate and there would also be unprecedented increase in mortality rate owing to hunger and malnutrition.
Building Soil Carbon: Benefits, Possibilities, and ModelingCarbon Coalition
Dr Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO Land & Water, is a central figure in soil carbon science in Australia. His views count because they indicate the centre of gravity in official thinking, such is his influence. Jeff is a mentor and a friend of the soil carbon movement.
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” programExternalEvents
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program presented by Hervé Saint Macary, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
This document discusses carbon sequestration in soils through various agricultural management practices. It outlines concepts of carbon sequestration and greenhouse gases. It then discusses specific practices like conservation tillage, cover cropping, animal manure application, improved grassland management, and agroforestry that can sequester carbon in soils at rates of 0.1 to 1+ Mg C/ha/yr. The document emphasizes that a diversity of practices which increase carbon inputs and minimize losses can help mitigate rising greenhouse gases and restore degraded lands.
The document describes a soil remediation program at a contaminated site in southeastern Australia. Approximately 4,300 cubic meters of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons above 1,000 mg/kg was treated via co-composting. The contaminated soil was stockpiled into four windrows with green waste, manure, gypsum and nutrients added. After 6 months, the average hydrocarbon level had been reduced to 730 mg/kg, meeting cleanup criteria. Co-composting successfully remediated the petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the soil.
Effects of land use/cover on soil aggregate-associated organic carbon in a mo...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Tshering Dorji, from Ministry of Agriculture and Forest - Bhutan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration - IP338ElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of the relationship between agriculture, climate change, and carbon sequestration. It discusses how climate change can both positively and negatively influence agriculture through impacts like lengthening the growing season in some regions but also increasing heat and drought risks. The document also examines how agricultural practices can help mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration in soils and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Options for farmers to engage with carbon markets are presented.
Organic farming has the potential to increase soil carbon levels compared to conventional farming through practices like incorporating fertility-building grass-clover leys and using livestock manures. However, the exact amount of carbon sequestration from organic management remains uncertain due to disparities in assessment methods and farming systems. While organic management often results in higher or slower declining soil carbon levels, the differences compared to conventional are only statistically significant in a few studies. More research is still needed to better define organic and conventional systems and determine their contributions to soil carbon stocks and flows.
Land Use Changes on Soil Carbon Dynamics, Stocks in Eastern Himalayas, IndiaExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Parmar Brajendra, from Indian Institute of Rice Research - India, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
El documento presenta un guión técnico para un video de 1 minuto y 34 segundos sobre las cualidades de un maestro de preescolar. El guión detalla la introducción, diálogos, música e imágenes que se usarán en el video para explicar que un buen maestro ofrece un ambiente seguro y divertido para que los niños se expresen, les enseña sobre colores y la importancia de la limpieza, y moldea sus sueños con alegría. El objetivo final es que los espectadores se sientan orgullosos de la profes
This document is a 2014 media guide for the University of Central Missouri Jennies soccer team. It provides information about the team such as roster, coaching staff, opponents, records, and more. The guide includes sections on the 2013 season recap, player profiles, coaching biographies, opponent information, and history of the Jennies soccer program.
Zach hoeken smith at Hardware Innovation Summit 2013makezine
The 1-1/2 day event kicks off with a VC panel, "Pitch Your Prototype," and "Getting Started, case studies of maker pros with early stage products. The Innovation Showcase follows, a unique opportunity to casually engage with over two dozen makers who have their cutting-edge products and devices on display. Creating an almost magical atmosphere where hardware innovation and creative genius generates spirited ideation, the Innovation Showcase is not to be missed.
Wednesday was an all-star lineup with over 30 speakers representing leading entrepreneurs and thought leaders at the forefront of the maker movement. Investors, industrial designers, product development teams - anyone looking for insight into the early stage companies with the potential to change the global business landscape - should attend.
This document is a syllabus for a graduate course titled "The Religious Self According to Jung" taught by Professor Volney Gay at Vanderbilt University. The course will use works by Carl Jung to understand religious psychology and examine how Jung's theories can be applied to analyze cultural artifacts and religious phenomena. Students will complete reading assignments, presentations, tests, and papers applying Jungian concepts. The syllabus outlines course goals, assignments, required texts, guest lectures, and sample dream journal entries for analysis according to Jungian dream interpretation.
Las modificaciones presupuestarias que puedan realizarse conforme las pautas puntualizadas en el Art. 19 de la Ley 4.814 de Presupuesto General de la Administración Pública 2013, en concordancia con el Decreto Nº 01/13 que determina su distribución administrativa, serán aprobadas mediante resolución fundada del Sr. Subsecretario de Presupuesto.
Websites to gain more followers on pinterestshaun569
This document discusses how to get more Pinterest followers through the website www.pinfollowerz.com. It explains that Pinterest has grown tremendously in recent years and become a major social media platform for businesses. It states that having more Pinterest followers can help promote brands and drive traffic to websites. The website offers a service to generate more followers for users by taking their Pinterest username.
Md. Khalikur Rehman is seeking a position that allows him to continuously grow and utilize his skills. He has over 10 years of experience in quality inspection and mechanical technician roles. His career history includes working as a weld shop quality inspector from 2008-2010 and as a mechanical technician from 2010 to present in Saudi Arabia, where his duties include repairing mechanical breakdowns, pumps, cranes, and other equipment. He has technical skills in areas like troubleshooting, decision making, and computer programs like Excel. He holds qualifications in fitting from ITI and a diploma in mechanical engineering.
The rock band King The Kid, consisting of Ricky Ficarelli, David Michael Frank, and Jose Mostajo, is releasing their debut album "Start Something" on December 20, 2012. The band members bring diverse musical talents and styles to the collaborative effort. They spent several months in Oregon developing their chemistry and creative works to produce their first album, with the goal of extensively touring and sharing their music worldwide.
This document describes Liliana Cervantes Canto's family tree, including her grandparents, aunts and uncles on both sides, parents, sister, and herself. On her father's side, her grandfather Ceferino Cervantes was a taxi driver and grandmother Guadalupe Romero was a housewife. On her mother's side, her grandfather Enrique Canto owned a restaurant and grandmother Elvira Cherrez helped in the restaurant. The document provides names, ages, and occupations for all relatives.
Zoo Miami is located in Miami-Dade County, Florida and is home to over 3,000 animals across nearly 750 acres. It houses over 500 species and sees over 800,000 visitors annually. Zoo Miami uses various social media platforms to engage with visitors and promote the zoo. Its Facebook page has over 51,000 followers while its Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, and YouTube accounts have several thousand followers and provide photos, videos, and information on zoo events and animals. The zoo aims to target different demographics with its social media presence such as families on Facebook and locals on Instagram.
Interested in franchising opportunities with Erroca Eye Wear? Watch this presentation to learn about Erroca or follow this link: http://israelexporter.com/erroca
Este documento describe un proyecto para implementar un salón de belleza llamado Alekarval en Yumbo, Colombia. El salón ofrecerá servicios de belleza como tratamientos para el cabello y la piel utilizando equipos y productos de alta calidad. El salón será dirigido por Valentina Peñuela y Karen Jhuliana Mendez y busca brindar un espacio profesional y de calidad a precios accesibles para satisfacer las necesidades de belleza de la comunidad.
Este documento proporciona información sobre las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). Explica que las TIC permiten procesar información rápidamente e incluyen redes, terminales, servicios, inmaterialidad, interactividad y automatización de tareas. También describe los componentes hardware de una computadora como el monitor, placa base, CPU y memoria RAM. Además, cubre temas de software como sistemas operativos, programación y aplicaciones, así como licencias de software.
- The document evaluates the benefits of biochar on soil quality and its effects on soil carbon sequestration as a pathway to sustainability. It discusses how tillage reduces soil carbon and biochar can increase carbon storage. Experiments were conducted on volcanic soils in Guam comparing no-tillage, reduced tillage, conventional tillage, and conventional tillage with biochar application. Results showed biochar can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and increase crop yields compared to other tillage methods. Further research on using biochar and other conservation practices can help sequester carbon and mitigate climate change.
Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Gu...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
Opportunities & challenges of soil carbon sequestration in indian conditionsSunil Kumar
This document outlines opportunities and challenges for soil carbon sequestration in Indian conditions. It discusses how carbon can be sequestered through geological, ocean, and terrestrial methods. Soil carbon sequestration involves storing carbon in soil and has benefits like improved soil fertility and structure. The document identifies opportunities for soil carbon sequestration through various crop management strategies, tillage/residue management, nutrient management, and agroforestry. Challenges to soil carbon sequestration are also noted. Studies reporting soil organic carbon levels under different cropping systems and management practices are presented.
This document summarizes research on managing grasslands to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration. It finds that:
1) Grasslands store large amounts of carbon in soils, and practices like applying livestock manure or compost can significantly increase soil carbon storage for decades or more, offsetting greenhouse gas emissions.
2) Managing half of California's grasslands to increase soil carbon by 0.5 metric tons per hectare per year could offset 21 million metric tons of CO2 equivalents annually.
3) Projects demonstrating increased soil carbon through compost and manure in California grasslands show the potential for agriculture and soil management to meaningfully contribute to climate change mitigation.
An Ecological–Economic Analysis of Climate Mitigation through Rewetting Previ...SIANI
By Åsa Kasimir, Jessica Coria, Hongxing He, Xiangping Liu, Anna Nordén and Magnus Svensson, at the young researchers meeting on multifunctional landscapes, Gothenburg June 7-8, 2016.
Comparatives Study of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) under Forest, Cultivated and ...Surendra Bam
The journal article is based upon the need of sustainable land use management of different land use types for improving their carbon sequestration and hence supporting to mitigate climate change impacts.
On soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: potentials and drawb...SIANI
Carbon sequestration in soils has potential to mitigate climate change but also drawbacks. While increasing soil organic carbon could be considered sequestration, it must result in a net transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to land. Options to sequester carbon include converting arable land to grassland or forest, but this may displace agriculture elsewhere. Maintaining or increasing soil carbon through reduced tillage, cover crops or organic amendments provides other benefits but may not genuinely sequester new carbon. Overall, too much focus on soil carbon risks neglecting larger climate threats, and priorities should be good land stewardship and integrated solutions.
1) The study analyzed greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields in Bengaluru Urban District, India from 1990-2013.
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3) Carbon dioxide emissions from urea fertilizer use fluctuated over the study period, increasing in years with higher rainfall and fertilizer subsidies provided to farmers.
The Climate Food and Farming (CLIFF) Research Network is an international research network that helps to expand young researchers' knowledge and experience working on climate change mitigation in smallholder farming. CLIFF provides grants for selected doctoral students to work with CGIAR researchers affiliated with the Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) project.
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Mitigation of climate change through soil organic carbon sequestration in smallholder farming systems of Zimbabwe
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Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Soil Carbon & its Sequestration for Better Soil HealthBiswajitPramanick4
Carbon sequestration is the long- term storage of carbon in oceans, soils, vegetation (especially forests), and geologic formations. Although oceans store most of the Earth's carbon, soils contain approximately 75% of the carbon pool on land — three times more than the amount stored in living plants and animals.
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Global temperatures are projected to increase 1.5-5.8°C by 2100 due to greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Soil contains over twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and warming could cause soils to release large amounts of carbon, creating a positive feedback loop. The response of soil carbon to warming depends on factors like changes in inputs from plant growth and increases in decomposition rates from higher temperatures. High latitude regions with carbon-rich permafrost soils may be particularly vulnerable to carbon release under warming. Strategies to sequester carbon in soils through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and biochar addition could help mitigate climate change.
1) Legumes used as cover crops before planting sugar beets can impact nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Data from experimental fields in France from 2009-2015 was analyzed.
2) Results showed that all cover crops reduced nitrate leaching compared to bare soil, and also reduced N2O emissions. Mixed cover crops of crucifers and legumes were the most effective at reducing nitrate leaching and nitrogen fertilizer usage, leading to the largest N2O emission reductions.
3) When the nitrogen from cover crop residues was accounted for in the calculations, the overall emission reduction was less positive, with legume-only and mixed cover crops being penalized the most. Further modeling work
Range Science and Range Management: Finding Common Ground ~ John Wick, Jeff C...Andrew Fynn
The document discusses the Marin Carbon Project, which aims to enhance carbon sequestration in soils through research and implementation. The project conducted studies that showed applying compost can significantly increase soil carbon and forage production. This demonstrates that land management practices like organic amendments can effectively sequester carbon. The project aims to further explore using grazing management to initiate positive feedback loops that promote soil carbon increases on rangelands globally, with the goal of reversing the rise in atmospheric CO2 levels.
This document discusses carbon sequestration in soil. It aims to reduce greenhouse gases in the air by capturing carbon in stable forms in soil. This improves soil structure and fertility, leading to increased crop yields. Methods of soil carbon sequestration include ocean storage, geological injection, and terrestrial sequestration. Case studies examine using models to predict global sequestration rates and the impact of tillage practices and cover crops on soil organic carbon levels. Implementing recommended land management practices can help sequester carbon in Indian agricultural and grassland soils.
La Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación acaba de publicar un informe en el que se señala la importancia de carbono orgánico de los suelos orientado a los decisores políticos y que se presentará en la próxima reunión de la UNFCCC sobre cambio climático que se celebrará en París (COP21).
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
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The document summarizes the key findings from the IPCC's Special Report on Climate Change and Land regarding the synergies and trade-offs of large-scale expansion of land-based carbon dioxide removal strategies. It finds that all pathways limiting warming to 1.5°C or below 2°C require significant land use change through reforestation, afforestation, reduced deforestation, and bioenergy. Pathways with early mitigation and less land conversion have lower impacts, while those relying more on large-scale land conversion for carbon dioxide removal entail greater risks to ecosystems and land use sustainability. The land area required for bioenergy in 2050 ranges from 0.4-7 million km2 depending on the socioeconomic
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Co2 emissions in organic farming
1. Effect of long term conservation agricultural practices on soil CO2 emissions in rainfed Alfisols of Hyderabad
D. Suma Chandrika, K.L.Sharma, Munnalal, T. Satish Kumar , K.Usha Rani
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, P.O. Saidabad, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad- 500059
INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Soil carbon is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, containing more than two-thirds of total Main Treatments: Tillage (T)
carbon. Soil respiration (belowground respiration) is the major pathway of carbon transfer from soil to 1. Conventional Tillage (CT): Two ploughings before planting + one plough planting + harrowing + operation
atmosphere, and a tiny amount of change in soil respiration rate may have profound impact on the for top dressing.
atmospheric CO2 budget, thus understanding soil respiration is crucial for the carbon balance of terrestrial 2. Minimum Tillage (MT): Weeding occasionally with blade harrow or chemical spray and only seeding with
ecosystems and for the global carbon balance. The CO2 fixed in plant biomass through photosynthesis can be tractor drawn planter / farm plough depending upon the situation.
stored in soil as organic C by converting plant residue into soil organic matter after the residue is returned to Sub treatments: Residues
the soil. 1. Sorghum Stover (SS) @ 2 t ha-1 (surface application)
2. Gliricidia Loppings (fresh loppings of N fixing shrub) (GL) @ 2 t ha-1 (surface application)
Management practices, such as tillage, can increase carbon mineralization and thus CO2 emission from soil by 3. No Residue (NR)
disrupting soil aggregates, incorporating plant residue, and oxidizing soil organic whereas no-tillage practices Sub-sub treatments:
and increased root biomass contribution through cropping intensity can increase soil C storage. Reduced Nitrogen levels: 0 (N0), 30 (N30), 60 (N60), 90 (N90) kg Nha-1 through urea
tillage is regarded as one of the most effective agricultural practices to reduce CO2 emission and sequester P application uniformly @ 30 kg P2O5 through single super phosphate (SSP)
atmospheric C in the soil.
Measurement of CO2 flux :
Increased tillage intensity increases CO2 emission by increasing aeration due to greater soil disturbance and The soil CO2 flux was measured with dynamic closed chamber connected to LICOR-8100.
by physical degassing of dissolved CO2 from the soil solution. The magnitude of soil CO2 flux, depends on the
degree and time of soil disturbance as well as on the soil conditions, basically soil moisture and temperature. About LICOR-8100:
On the other hand, nitrogen fertilization and crop rotation may play a significant role in impacting soil C. The This is an automated system (Li-Cor Lincoln, NE) made of a hydraulic 10 cm survey soil chamber
effects of N deposition on soil CO2 emissions have also been studied in forest and grassland ecosystems. (15,2×15,2×25,4 cm) controlled by an electronic system, and an IRGA measuring H2O and CO2 densities. An
Increased above and belowground biomass production of crops can increase the amount of residue returned auxiliary sensor interface allows the additional temperature or moisture sensors. The operator selects the
to the soil, thereby increasing CO2 flux. Studies on the combined effect of tillage, residues and N levels on soil desired number and time of measurements with a field computer. This system is programmable to enable
CO2 emissions are meagre. Hence, the present study was conducted. measurements at determined intervals over long periods.
Fig 1: Soil CO2 flux (mg CO2 m- Fig 2: Soil CO2 flux (mg CO2 m-2 Fig: 3 Soil CO2 flux (mg
2 hr-1) as influenced by tillage from hr-1) as influenced by tillage X N CO2 m-2 hr-1) as influenced by
232-292 Julian Days in Sorghum levels from 232-292 Julian Days in tillage X residues from 232-292
General View of Sorghum crop Julian Days in Sorghum crop
crop Sorghum crop
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The soil CO2 flux measurements were taken at weekly intervals and at maturity (at the time of harvest during
the crop growing season).
Tillage, residues and N levels significantly influenced the CO2 emissions at all stages of measurement.
The CO2 flux rate increased from 232nd Julian day (August) to 259th Julian day while a decline was observed
at the time of maturity (at harvest) of the crop (292nd day of the year) (October) (Fig.1).
Conventional tillage recorded significantly higher soil CO2 flux (531 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1) followed by minimum
tillage (284 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1) when averaged over residues and N levels on 232nd Julian date.
The CO2 flux rates also increased with the application of residues in all the Julian dates (232nd -292nd Julian
days).
Significantly higher soil CO2 flux was observed with application of sorghum stover (525 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1)
followed by Gliricidia loppings (368 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1) which was 58% and 11.2% higher over no residue
application on 232nd Julian day.
The increased higher CO2 flux with application of sorghum stover is attributed to higher C:N ratio as well as
higher microbial respiration owing to more biomass (substrate) availability.
Al-Kaisi and Yin (2005) found CO2 emissions after 20 days to be 41% lower with NT and 26% lower with strip
tillage (ZT at 10-cm depth) than CT in a Typic Haludoll in Iowa. Root respiration is a contributor to soil CO2
fluxes and this contribution can be from 10 to 90%, depending on vegetation type and time during the growing
season; in annual crops it is suggested that the root contribution to soil respiration is higher during the
growing season but low in dormant periods (Hanson et al., 2000).
Application of N @ 90 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher (454 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1) soil CO2 flux compared to no
nitrogen application (362 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1).
Addition of N strongly stimulated the soil CO2 losses in the fertilization plots (N @ 90 kg ha-1) which was to
the extent of 30% over control under conventional tillage on 232nd Julian day.
Higher CO2 fluxes due to nitrogen application could be attributed to more rapid decomposition by the
microbial community, greater root respiration, or both (Fig.2). Russell et al. (2005) found that 90 kg N ha-1
increased SOC in continuous corn-corn rotation but had no effect on SOC in a corn–soybean rotation. Other
researchers have found that increased N fertilizer rates can increase SOC content in long-term corn and wheat Measurement of soil CO2 flux with LICOR-8100
cropping systems (Liang and Mackenzie, 1992; Halvorson et al., 2002).
CONCLUSION
At maturity:
On the 292nd Julian day, the soil CO2 flux declined across all the treatments and it varied from 332 mg CO2 m-2 The loss of C in the form of CO2 evolved from the soil surface was significantly higher with conventional tillage
hr-1 to 150 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1 . Conventional tillage (299.90 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1) recorded significantly higher CO2 flux compared to minimum tillage. Management practices like application of residues and N fertilizer also significantly
than minimum tillage (259.5 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1). influenced soil CO2 emissions. Application of sorghum stover recorded higher CO2 fluxes compared to Gliricidia
Loss of carbon through CO2 emissions from the soil was significantly higher with application of sorghum application. N fertilizer @ 90 kg ha-1 significantly increased the CO2 flux rates from soil. From the present study, it
stover (327.88 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1) followed by application of Gliricidia loppings (300.9 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1) (Fig.3). was observed that conservation agricultural practices like minimum tillage, residue application can minimise
Similarly, fertilizer N application also had a significant effect on soil CO2 flux (306 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1) over no carbon losses from semi arid Alfisol soils. Hence, there is a need to minimise soil CO2 losses by adopting suitable
nitrogen application (315 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1). conservation agricultural practices for sustainable crop production.
However, long term studies are needed to determine the effects of management practices on CO2 flux and soil C
levels under various soil, climatic, and environmental conditions in semi arid tropics.
References:
Al-Kaisi, M.M., and X. Yin. (2005). Tillage and crop residue effects on soil carbon and carbon dioxide emission in corn-soybean rotation. J. Environ. Qual. 34:437–445.
Halvorson, A.D., Wienhold, B.J., Black, A.L.(2002). Tillage, nitrogen, and cropping system effects on soil carbon sequestration. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 66:906–912.
Liang, B.C., Mackenzie, (1992). Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen after six years of corn production. Soil Sci. 153, 307–313.
Russell, A.E., Laird, D.A., Parkin, T.B., Mallarino, A.P.(2005). Impact of nitrogen fertilization and cropping system on carbon sequestration in Midwestern mollisols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69, 413–422.
Sainju U.M., Jabro J.D., Stevens, W.B. (2008). Soil carbon dioxide emission and carbon sequestration as influenced by irrigation, tillage, cropping system, and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Environmental Quality 37, 98-106.