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CNF.Chap.5.pptx
- 1. Sulaimani Polytechnic University ChamchamalTechnical Institute Department of Information Technology Class: 2nd Stage Mr.Halo Fariq Halo.sidiq@spu.edu.iq Date: February, 2021 Chapter 5 CNF(Computer Network Fundamentals) Network Terminologies Routing Protocols 1
- 2. Port Addressing (theapp ID) Source: is the application where the data originates Destination: is the application on the destination Server port numbers are usually static (usually well known e.g. port 80 for web traffic) Client port numbers can be dynamic Randomly generated Has to be unique Used as a return card (used by the other side) Port Number + IP address = socket Uniquely identifies a process e.g. 192.168.1.50:8080 2 A socket :is one endpoint of a two way communication link between two programs running on the network
- 3. TCP/IP Encapsulation &Decapsulation 3 Encapsulation De-capsulation Moving data from upper layer to lower layer and adding header in each layer. It is happening in the source computer. Moving data from lower layers to upper layers by removing headers in each layer. It happening in destination computer.
- 4. Important Header Fields IP Source IP Destination Time to Live( TTL): maximum hops of a packet before it’s ‘lost’ 4 Encoding: convert between forms e.g. to binary Signalling: the optical or electrical impulse Media: the physical entity over which signals are conveyed Bit time: the time required for a layer 2 device to generate 1 bit of data and place it on the media. Definitions
- 5. IP Fragmentation vsTCP Segmentation 5 IP Fragmentation TCP Segmentation 1. Occurs at layer 3 (network layer) 1. Occurs at layer 4 (transport layer) 2.Happening when packet > MTU 2. Happening when the application data is broken in to smaller pieces.
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- 9. Types of DynamicRouting Protocols Distance Vector: Routes advertised using distance and vector Distance Hop Count, cost, bandwidth, latency Vector Direction of the next hop router or destination Link State : Builds a complete topology view of the network Gathers information from all routers Send updates if the network changes (assuming convergence) 9
- 10. 10 Initialization of tablesin distance vector routing In distance vector routing, each node shares its table with its immediate neighbor periodically (eg every 30s) and when there is a change.
- 11. Routing Protocols RIPv1 (legacy):IGP, distance vector, classful protocol IGRP (legacy): IGP, distance vector, classful protocol developed by Cisco (deprecated from 12.2 IOS and later) RIPv2: IGP, distance vector, classless protocol EIGRP: IGP, distance vector, classless protocol developed by Cisco OSPF: IGP, link-state, classless protocol IS-IS: IGP, link-state, classless protocol BGP: EGP, path-vector, classless protocol 11
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- 13. Routing Protocols AutonomousSystems (AS) Set of routers under an a united administrative arrangement e.g. a company Interior Gateway Protocols: used inside the AS, e.g. Internal networking Exterior Gateway Protocols: used for routing between AS’s Classless / Classful Classful protocols do not send subnet mask Classless protocols send subnet mask Homework: What are disadvantages of classful protocols? 13
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- 15. Routing Information Protocol(RIP) Distance vector Hop Count Admin Distance Version 2 sends subnet mask RIPv2 sends tables every 30 seconds Uses 224.0.0.9 (see later) Authentication Trigerred Updates (network changes) 15
- 16. Enhanced Interior GatewayRouting Protocol Distance Vector Cisco proprietary 224.0.0.10 Routers maintain 3 tables Neighbours Topology - learned Routing – best routes 16
- 17. Open Shortest PathFirst (OSPF) Link state protocol Open Classless Uses multicast addresses 224.0.0.5 & 224.0.0.6 Exchange network topology information Uses three tables • Neighbour table - stores information about OSPF neighbours • Topology table - stores the topology structure of a network • Routing table - stores the best routes 17