Cloud final with_lab

IIIB.Sc. – Semester–6 – ComputerScience CloudComputing
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III B.Sc. – VI SEMESTER
Cloud Computing is an emerging computing technology that uses the Internet and Central remote
servers to maintain data and applications.
Cloud Computing provides us a means by which we can access the applications as utilities, over the
Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and customize applications online.
With Cloud Computing we can access database resources via the Internet from anywhere for as long
as they need without worrying about any maintenance and management of actual resources.

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SYLLABUS
UNIT - I
Cloud Computing Overview – Origins of Cloud computing – Cloud components - Essential
characteristics – On-demand self-service , Broad network access , Location independent resource
pooling , Rapid elasticity , Measured service.
UNIT - II
Cloud scenarios – Benefits: scalability , simplicity , vendors ,security. Limitations – Sensitive
information - Application development – Security concerns - privacy concern with a third party -
security level of third party - security benefits Regularity issues: Government policies.
UNIT - III
Cloud architecture: Cloud delivery model – SPI framework , SPI evolution , SPI vs. traditional
IT Model; Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS service providers – Google App Engine,
Salesforce.com and google platfrom – Benefits – Operational benefits - Economic benefits –
Evaluating SaaS; Platform as a Service ( PaaS ): PaaS service providers – Right Scale –
Salesforce.com – Rackspace – Force.com – Services and Benefits
UNIT - IV
Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS): IaaS service providers – Amazon EC2 , GoGrid – Microsoft
soft implementation and support – Amazon EC service level agreement – Recent developments –
Benefits; Cloud deployment model : Public clouds – Private clouds – Community clouds - Hybrid
clouds - Advantages of Cloud computing.
UNIT - V
Virtualization: Virtualization and cloud computing - Need of virtualization – cost , administration
, fast deployment , reduce infrastructure cost – limitations; Types of hardware virtualization:
Full virtualization - partial virtualization - para virtualization; Desktop virtualization: Software
virtualization – Memory virtualization - Storage virtualization – Data virtualization – Network
virtualization; Microsoft Implementation: Microsoft Hyper V – Vmware features and
infrastructure – Virtual Box - Thin client.
Reference Books
1. Cloud computing a practical approach - Anthony T.Velte , Toby J. Velte Robert
Elsenpeter TATA McGraw- Hill , New Delhi - 2010
2. Cloud Computing: Web-Based Applications That Change the Way You Work and
Collaborate Online - Michael Miller - Que 2008
3. Cloud Computing, Theory and Practice, Dan C Marinescu, MK Elsevier.
4. Cloud Computing, A Hands on approach, Arshadeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti, University
Press
5. Mastering Cloud Computing, Foundations and Application Programming, Raj Kumar
Buyya, Christenvecctiola, S Tammarai selvi, TMH

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INDEX
UNIT TOPIC PAGE
UNIT-1
CLOUD COMPUTING OVERVIEW
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UNIT-2
CLOUD SCENARIOS
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UNIT-3
CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
(SOFTWAREAS ASERVICE, PLATFORM ASASERVICE)
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UNIT-4
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE
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UNIT-5
VIRTUALIZATION
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UNIT-1
CHAPTER-1
1. Explain cloud computing over view?
Cloud Computing provides us means of accessing the applications as utilities over the
Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and customize the applications online.
What is Cloud?
The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is
something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over public and private
networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM)
execute on cloud.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and software
resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.
Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the software is not required to be
installed locally on the PC. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business
applications mobile and collaborative.
2. Explain the origin of Cloud computing.
There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the cloud computing
feasible and accessible to end users. Following are the working models for cloud computing:
● Deployment Models
● Service Models
Deployment Models
Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is located?
Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid, and Community.

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Public Cloud: The public cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the
general public. Public cloud may be less secure because of its openness.
Private Cloud: The private cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an
organization. It is more secured because of its private nature.
Community Cloud: The community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a
group of organizations.
Hybrid Cloud: The hybrid cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud, in which the critical
activities are performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using
public cloud.
Service Models
Cloud computing is based on service models. These are categorized into three basic service
models which are -
● Infrastructure-as–a-Service (IaaS)
● Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
● Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
3. Explain history of cloud computing?
Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which is
basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the data and all the
controls are resided on the server side.
If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need to connect to
the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can do his/her business.
Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the computers are networked
together and share their resources when needed.
On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing concepts that
later implemented.
At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing can be
sold like a utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but like all brilliant ideas,
it was ahead if its time, as for the next few decades, despite interest in the model, the technology
simply was not ready for it.

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But of course time has passed and the technology caught that idea and after few years we
mentioned that:
In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a simple website.
The applications were delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this way the dream of
computing sold as utility were true.
In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage,
computation and even human intelligence. However, only starting with the launch of the Elastic
Compute Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service open to everybody existed.
In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise applications.
Of course, all the big players are present in the cloud computing evolution, some were earlier,
some were later. In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP
have all joined the game. This proves that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.
4. Explain cloud components?
In a simple, topological sense, a cloud computing solution is made up of several elements:
clients, the datacenter, and distributed servers. These components make up the three parts of a
cloud computing solution.
Each element has a purpose and plays a specific role in delivering a functional cloud-
based application, so let’s take a closer look.
Clients
Clients are, in a cloud computing architecture, the exact same things that they are in a plain,
old, everyday local area network (LAN). They are, typically, the computers that just sit on your
desk. But they might also be laptops, tablet computers, mobile phones, or PDAs—all big drivers
for cloud computing because of their mobility.
Anyway, clients are the devices that the end users interact with to manage their information
on the cloud. Clients generally fall into three categories:
● Mobile Mobile devices include PDAs or smartphones, like a Blackberry,
WindowsMobile Smartphone, or an iPhone.

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● Thin Clients are computers that do not have internal hard drives, but rather let
theserver do all the work, but then display the information.
● Thick This type of client is a regular computer, using a web browser like Firefoxor
Internet Explorer to connect to the cloud.
Datacenter
The datacenter is the collection of servers where the application to which you subscribe is
housed. It could be a large room in the basement of your building or a room full of servers on the
other side of the world that you access via the Internet.
A growing trend in the IT world is virtualizing servers. That is, software can be installed
allowing multiple instances of virtual servers to be used. In this way, you can have half a dozen
virtual servers running on one physical server.
DistributedServers
But the servers don’t all have to be housed in the same location. Often, servers are in
geographically disparate locations. But to you, the cloud subscriber, these servers act as if they’re
humming away right next to each other.
This gives the service provider more flexibility in options and security. For instance, Amazon
has their cloud solution in servers all over the world. If something were to happen at one site,
causing a failure, the service would still be accessed through another site. Also, if the cloud needs
more hardware, they need not throw more servers in the safe room—they can add them at another
site and simply make it part of the cloud.
5. Explain Essentialcharacteristicsofcloud computing?
On-Demand Self-Service
Cloud computing provides resources on demand, i.e. when the consumer wants it. This is
made possible by self-service and automation. Self-service means that the consumer performs all
the actions needed to acquire the service herself, instead of going through an IT department, for
example. The consumer’s request is then automatically processed by the cloud infrastructure,
without human intervention on the provider’s side.
To make this possible, a cloud provider must obviously have the infrastructure in place to
automatically handle consumers’ requests. Most likely, this infrastructure will be virtualized, so
different consumers can use the same pooled hardware.
On-demand self-service computing implies a high level of planning. For instance, a cloud
consumer can request a new virtual machine at any time, and expects to have it working in a couple
of minutes. The underlying hardware, however, might take 90 days to get delivered to the provider.
It is therefore necessary to monitor trends in resource usage and plan for future situations well in
advance.

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Advantages:
Simple User Interfaces
The cloud provider can’t assume much specialized knowledge on the consumer’s part. In
a traditional enterprise IT setting, IT specialists process requests from business. They know, for
instance, how much RAM is going to be needed for a given use case.
Policies
The high level of automation required for operating a cloud means that there is no
opportunity for humans to thoroughly inspect the specifics of a given situation and make an
informed decision for a request based on context.
Broad NetworkAccess
Cloud computing separates computing capabilities from their consumers, so that they don’t
have to maintain the capabilities themselves. A consequence of this is that the computing
capabilities are located elsewhere, and must be accessed over a network.
Network
A computer network is a collection of two or more computers linked together for the
purposes of sharing information.
Resource Pooling
Resource pooling, the sharing of computing capabilities, leads to increased resource
utilization rates. This means you need fewer resources and thus save costs.
Multi-tenancy
Pooling resources on the software level means that a consumer is not the only one using
the software. The software must be designed to partition itself and provide scalable services to
multiple unrelated tenants. This is not a new concept: in the 1960s and 1970s, in mainframe
environments, this was called time sharing. In the 1990s, the term in vogue was Application
Service Provider (ASP). Nowadays people speak of cloud services.
Billing and Metering
When multiple consumers share the same resources, the question arises who pays for them.
Billing and metering infrastructure automatically collects per tenant usage of resources. For this
to work, each request must be assigned a unique transaction ID, that is related to the tenant. The
transaction ID must be passed along to all sub-components, so that each can add their usage cost
to the transaction.
Data Partitioning
It may make sense to store data from different tenants in different locations. For instance,
storing data close to where it’s used may decrease latency and thereby improve performance for
the cloud consumer. Data for different tenants may be combined into a shared.
Rapid Elasticity
Since consumers can ask for and get resources at any time and in any quantity, the cloud
must be able to scale up and down as load demands. Note that scaling down is just as important as
scaling up, to conserve resources and thereby reduce cost.

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Different applications running in the cloud will have different workload patterns, be they
seasonal, batch, transient, hockey stick, or more complex. Because of these differences, high
workloads in some applications will coincide with low workloads in others. This is why resource
pooling leads to higher resource utilization rates and economies of scale.
Scalability
To achieve these economies of scale, the cloud infrastructure must be able to scale
quickly. Scalability is the ability of a system to improve performance proportionally after adding
hardware. In a scalable cloud, one can just add hardware whenever the demand rises, and the
applications keep performing at the required level.
Since resources in a system typically have some overhead associated with them, it’s
important to understand what percentage of the resource you can actually use. The measurement
of the additional output by adding a unit of resource, as compared to the previously added unit of
resource is called the scalability factor. Based on this concept we can distinguish the following
types of scalability:
● Linear scalability: The scalability factor stays constant when capacity is added.
● Sub-linear scalability: The scalability factor decreases when capacity is added.
● Supra-linear scalability: The scalability factor increases when capacity is added. For
instance, I/O across multiple disk spindles in a RAID gets better with more spindles.
● Negative scalability: The performance of the system gets worse, instead of better, when
capacity is added.
Dynamic Provisioning
Cloud systems must not only be able to scale, but scale at will, since cloud consumers
should get the resources they want whenever they want it. It is, therefore, important to be able to
dynamically provision new computing resources. Dynamic provisioning relies heavily on
demand monitoring.
Measured Service
In order to know when to scale up or down, one needs information about the current
demand on the cloud. In other words, one needs to measure things like CPU, memory, and network
bandwidth usage to make sure cloud consumers never run out of those resources. The types of
resources to measure depend in part on the types of services that the cloud system offers.
6. Explain the characteristics of cloud computing.
Cloud computing has following major characteristics:
1. Swiftness of organizations gets improved, as cloud computing may increase users
flexibility of adding, expanding technological infrastructure resources.
2. Access applications as utilities over the Internet or intranet.
3. Configure the application online at any time. It does not require to install a specific piece
of software to access or manipulate cloud applications.
4. Cloud computing offers online development and deployment tools, programming runtime
environment through Platform As A Service model.

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5. Cloud resources are available over the network in a manner that provides platform
independent access to any type of clients.
6. Cloud computing offers on-demand self-service. The resources can be used without
interaction with cloud service provider.
7. Cloud computing is highly cost effective because it operates at higher efficiencies with
greater utilization. It just requires an Internet connection.
8. Cloud computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable. Costs savings depend
on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house.
7. Explain Service Level Agreements.
One of the advantages of cloud computing is that the consumer no longer has the burden
of making sure capacity is adequate for fulfilling demand. Consumers sign up for Service Level
Agreements (SLAs), that guarantee them enough capacity.
An SLA should contain:
● The list of services the provider will deliver and a complete definition of each service
● Metrics to determine whether the provider is delivering the service as promised and an
auditing mechanism to monitor the service.
● Responsibilities of the provider and the consumer and remedies available to both if the
terms of the SLA are not met
● A description of how the SLA will change over time
Auditing
To prove that certain QoS attributes are met, it may be necessary to keep an audit trail of
performed operations.
High Availability
One of the most important things to settle in an SLA is availability. This is usually
expressed in a number of nines, e.g. five nines stands for 99.999% uptime.
Replication
In replication, a logical variable x that can be read and written to, actually consists of a set
of physical variables x0, … xn and an associated protocol that makes sure that reads and writes to
the replicas are performed in a way that looks indistinguishable from reads and writes to the
original variable.
There are three major types of data replication protocols: Transactional replication maintains
replication within the boundaries of a single transaction.
Virtual synchrony is an inter-process message passing technology that guarantees that messages
are delivered to all nodes, in the order they were sent.
State machine consensus / Paxos is a way of achieving consensus among a group of distributed
servers that guarantees fault-tolerance.
● Read repair
The correction is done when a read finds an inconsistency. This slows down the read
operation.
● Write repair
The correction is done during a write operation, if an inconsistency has been found out,
slowing down the write operation.
● Asynchronous repair
The correction is not part of a read or write operation.

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UNIT-2
1. Explain cloud scenarios?
Scenarios There are three different major implementations of cloud computing. How
organizations are using cloud computing is quite different at a granular level, but the uses
generally fall into one of these three solutions.
Compute Clouds
Compute Clouds Compute clouds allow access to highly scalable, inexpensive, on-
demand computing resources that run the code that they’re given.
Three examples of compute clouds are
• Amazon’s EC2
• Google App Engine
• Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)
Compute clouds are the most flexible in their offerings and can be used for sundry purposes;
it simply depends on the application the user wants to access.
Sign up for a cloud computing account, and get started right away. These applications are good
for any size organization, but large organizations might be at a disadvantage because these
applications don’t offer the standard management, monitoring, and governance capabilities that
these organizations are used to. Enterprises aren’t shut out, however. Amazon offers enterprise-
class support and there are emerging sets of cloud offerings like Terremark’s Enterprise Cloud,
which are meant for enterprise use.
Cloud Storage
One of the first cloud offerings was cloud storage and it remains a popular solution. Cloud
storage is a big world. There are already in excess of 100 vendors offering cloud storage. This is
an ideal solution if you want to maintain files off-site.

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Security and cost are the top issues in this field and vary greatly, depending on the vendor
you choose. Currently, Amazon’s S3 is the top dog
Cloud Applications
Cloud applications differ from compute clouds in that they utilize software applications
that rely on cloud infrastructure. Cloud applications are versions of Software as a Service (SaaS)
and include such things as web applications that are delivered to users via a browser or application
like Microsoft Online Services. These applications offload hosting and IT management to the
cloud.
Cloud applications often eliminate the need to install and run the application on the
customer’s own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation,
and support. Some cloud applications include
• Peer-to-peer computing (like BitTorrent and Skype)
• Web applications (like MySpace or YouTube)
• SaaS (like Google Apps)
• Software plus services (like Microsoft Online Services)
2. Explain the Benefits of cloud scenarios?
Your organization is going to have different needs from the company next door. However,
cloud computing can help you with your IT needs. Let’s take a closer look at what cloud computing
has to offer your organization.
Scalability
If you are anticipating a huge upswing in computing need (or even if you are surprised by
a sudden demand), cloud computing can help you manage. Rather than having to buy, install, and
configure new equipment, you can buy additional CPU cycles or storage from a third party.

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Since your costs are based on consumption, you likely wouldn’t have to pay out as much as if
you had to buy the equipment.
Once you have fulfilled your need for additional equipment, you just stop using the cloud
provider’s services, and you don’t have to deal with unneeded equipment. You simply add or
subtract based on your organization’s need.
Simplicity
Again, not having to buy and configure new equipment allows you and your IT staff to get
right to your business. The cloud solution makes it possible to get your application started
immediately, and it costs a fraction of what it would cost to implement an on-site solution.
Knowledgeable Vendors
Typically, when new technology becomes popular, there are plenty of vendors who pop up
to offer their version of that technology. This isn’t always good, because a lot of those vendors
tend to offer less than useful technology. By contrast, the first comers to the cloud computing party
are actually very reputable companies. Companies like Amazon, Google, Microsoft, IBM, and
Yahoo! have been good vendors because they have offered reliable service, plenty of capacity, and
you get some brand familiarity with these well-known names.
Security
There are plenty of security risks when using a cloud vendor, but reputable companies
strive to keep you safe and secure.
Vendors have strict privacy policies and employ stringent security measures, like proven
cryptographic methods to authenticate users. Further, you can always encrypt your data before
storing it on a provider’s cloud. In some cases, between your encryption and the vendor’s security
measures, your data may be more secure than if it were stored in-house.
3. Explain the Limitations of cloud scenarios.
There are other cases when cloud computing is not the best solution for your computing
needs. This section looks at why certain applications are not the best to be deployed on the cloud.
We don’t mean to make these cases sound like deal-breakers, but you should be aware of some of
the limitations.

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1. Sensitive Information: Let us understand by an example: A marketing survey company is using
google Docs to store the data like your PAN Card, Aadhar Card etc. The company is not the only
one who should protect your data. Thought it will be expected from google also to protect your
data but google pardons itself of this when agreement with them is signed. This sensitive
information can be used by government for specific analysis.
2. Don’t go with Trend: Your development team has given you a product and that product is
completely handling your situation well, even then you are planning to move the applications to
cloud just to follow the market trend or fashion then probably time to re analyze the situation and
don’t take the decision just for the sake of taking it. There are certainly situations where moving
to cloud is advantageous but not all.
3. Integration Issues:There are two applications your business house/development team is using,
one of the application contains the sensitive data and other one contains non-sensitive data so you
decided to move the sensitive data on cloud but moved non-sensitive data on cloud. In this case
one application is installed locally and other one is on cloud. It would create issues with security
and speed. You might try to run a high-speed application on local machine and it is using the data
coming from one application located on cloud, the speed of the application will be controlled by
application on the cloud as it will move based on internet speed and other factors.
4. Delay in response: As the application size grow which means the data used by the application
changes and grows everyday for example sales/production/logs data. The response coming from
the application hosted on cloud might increase and delay specially when data is needed
spontaneously.
5. Security is largely juvenile, and requires focused expertise.
6. Your dependent on the cloud computing provider for your IT resources, thus you could be
exposed around outages and other service interruptions.
7. Using the Internet can cause network latency with some cloud applications.
8. Much of the technology is proprietary, and thus can cause lock-in.
9. Cost increases exponentially if subscription prices go up in the future.
10. Agreement issues could increase the risks of using cloud computing.
11. Data privacy issues could rise, if cloud provider hunt to monetize the data in their system.
12. Developing Your Own Applications: Often, the applications you want are already out there.
However, it may be the case that you need a very specific application. And in that case, you’ll
have to commission its development yourself.

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Developing your own applications can certainly be a problem if you don’t know how to
program, or if you don’t have programmers on staff. In such a case, you’ll have to hire a software
company (or developer) or be left to use whatever applications the provider offers.
4. Explain the Security Concerns in Cloud Computing.
As with so many other technical choices, security is a two-sided coin in the world of cloud
computing—there are pros and there are cons. In this section, let’s examine security in the cloud
and talk about what’s good, and where you need to take extra care.
IDC conducted a survey of 244 IT executives about cloud services, security led the pack
of cloud concerns with 74.5 percent.
In order to be successful, vendors will have to take data like this into consideration as
they offer up their clouds.
Privacy Concerns with a Third Party
The first and most obvious concern is for privacy considerations. That is, if another party
is housing all your data, how do you know that it’s safe and secure? You really don’t. As a starting
point, assume that anything you put on the cloud can be accessed by anyone. There are also
concerns because law enforcement has been better able to get at data maintained on a cloud, more
so than they are from an organization’s servers.
The best plan of attack is to not perform mission-critical work or work that is highly
sensitive on a cloud platform without extensive security controls managed by your organization.
If you cannot manage security at that rigorous level, stick to applications that are less critical and
therefore better suited for the cloud and more “out of the box” security mechanisms. Remember,
nobody can steal critical information that isn’t there.
The statistics on third party breaches very badly and it's clear that organisations have trust
issues when it comes to third parties reliable in notifying them when an incident or a breach occurs.
report from insurance company Beazley covering the first 6 months of 2017 indicates that
accidental breaches caused by employee error/data breach while controlled by third party suppliers
account for 40% of bridges over all.
That doesn't mean that there are not reputable companies who would never think of
compromising your data and who are not staying on the cutting edge of the network security to
keep your data safe. But, even if providers are doing their best to Secure data, it can still be hacked,
and your information is at the mercy of who broken in. So before signing in it's always advisable
to know are they doing enough to protect your data access the company with a five-star reputation.
Hackers
There’s a lot of lot hackers can do if they’ve compromised your data. It ranges from selling
your proprietary information to your competition to secretly encoding your storage until you pay
them. Or they may just delete everything to damage your business and justify the action based on
their ethical views. Your data become more prone to them as your data is saved on cloud which is
third party.
Denial of services:

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In a company is recognised worst-case scenario, attackers use multiple internet connected
devices each of which is running one or more than one bots to perform distributed denial of
service(DDOS) attacks. To get the hackers to stop attack in your network. A Tokyo firm had to
pay 2.5 million yen after the network was brought to a halt botnet attacks. Because the attack was
so discrete, police was unable to track down the attackers. In the world of cloud computing this is
a clearly a huge concern.
5. Explain Security Benefits of cloud scenarios
We are not trying to imply that your data is unsecure on the cloud. Service providers do
make an effort to ensure security of your data. Otherwise business will dry up. Some of the security
benefits of cloud services.
By maintaining data on the cloud and ensure strong access control, and putting a limit for
an employee to download/access only what they need to perform a task, cloud computing can limit
the amount of information that could potentially be lost. Reduced data loss is also ensured by the
fact the data is stored at a centralized place making your systems more inherently secure.
If your data is maintained on a cloud, it is easier to monitor security than must worry about
the security of numerous servers and clients. Of course, the chance that the cloud would be
breached puts all the data at risk, but if you are mindful of security and keep up on it, you only
must worry about one location, rather than several.
If your system breached, you can instantly move the data to another machine and parallel
conduct the investigation to find who was behind all breach. This is done at without disturbing
your users. Traditionally in such cases the time gets wasted in explaining the management about
the cause and taking the approval to shutdown the system so that data is moved to another system.
When you developed your own network, you had to buy third-party security software to
get the level of protection you want. With a cloud solution, those tools can be bundled in and
available to you and you can develop your system with whatever level of security you desire.
SaaS providers don’t bill you for all the security testing they do. It’s shared among the
cloud users. The result is that t because you are in a pool with others you get lower costs for
security testing. This is also the case with PaaS where your developers create their own code, but
the cloud code-scanning tools check the code for security weakness.
6. Expalin RegulatoryIssues
It’s rare when we actually want the government in our business. In the case of cloud
computing, however, regulation might be exactly what we need. Without some rules in place, it’s
too easy for service providers to be unsecure or even shifty enough to make off with your data.
Government to the Rescue?

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Is it the government’s place to regulate cloud computing? As we mentioned, thanks to the
Great Depression, we had regulation that protected WaMu’s customers’ money when the bank
failed.
There are two schools of thought on the issue. First, if government can figure out a way to
safeguard data—either from loss or theft—any company facing such a loss would applaud the
regulation. On the other hand, there are those who think the government should stay out of it and
let competition and market forces guide cloud computing.
There are important questions that government needs to work out. First, who owns the
data? Also, should law enforcement agencies have easier access to personal information on cloud
data than that stored on a personal computer?
A big problem is that people using cloud services don’t understand the privacy and security
implications of their online email accounts, their LinkedIn account, their MySpace page, and so
forth. While these are popular sites for individuals, they are still considered cloud services and
their regulation will affect other cloud services.
Government Procurement
There are also questions about whether government agencies will store their data on the
cloud. Procurement regulations will have to change for government agencies to be keen on
jumping on the cloud.
The General Services Administration is making a push toward cloud computing, in an
effort to reduce the amount of energy their computers consume. Hewlett-Packard and Intel
produced a study that shows the federal government spends $480 million per year on electricity to
run its computers.
UNIT-3

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CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
1. Explain Cloud Architecture?
Cloud Computing architecture comprises of many cloud components, which are loosely
coupled. We can broadly divide the cloud architecture into two parts:
• Front End
• Back End
Each of the ends is connected through a network, usually Internet. The following diagram
shows the graphical view of cloud computing architecture:
Front End
The front end refers to the client part of cloud computing system. It consists of interfaces
and applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms, Example - Web
Browser.
Back End
The back End refers to the cloud itself. It consists of all the resources required to provide
cloud computing services. It comprises of huge data storage, virtual machines, security
mechanism, services, deployment models, servers, etc.
2. Explain SPI Framework ForCloud Computing?
A commonly agreed upon framework for describing cloud computing services goes by the
acronym ―SPI. This acronym stands for the three major services provided through the cloud:
software-as-a-service (SaaS),platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and infrastructure-as-aservice(IaaS)

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Infrastructure as a Service
The IaaS model provides the required infrastructure to run the applications. A cloud
infrastructure enables on-demand provisioning of servers running several types of operating
systems and a customized software stack. The provider is in complete control of the infrastructure.
Infrastructure services are considered to be the bottom layer of cloud computing systems. Example
IBM, The definition of infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is pretty simple. You rent cloud
infrastructure—servers, storage and networking on demand, in
a pay-as-you-go model.
Advantages:-
1. Tremendous control to use whatever content makes sense.
2. Flexibility to secure data to whatever degree necessary
3. Physical Independence from infrastructure(you don’t have to ensure that proper cooling
is there etc.)
Disadvantages:-
1. Responsible for all configuration implemented on the server (and in application)
2. Responsible for keeping software up to date.
3. Multi-tenancy at hypervisor level. Integration of all aspects of application
Platform as a Service
In a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) model, the service provider offers a development
environment to application developers, who develop applications and offer those services through
the provider’s platform.
A cloud platform offers an environment on which developers create and deploy
applications and do not necessarily need to know how many processors or how much memory that
applications will be using. Example Google App Engine [9], an example of Platform as a

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Service,offers a scalable environment for developing and hostingWeb applications, which should
be written in specific programming languages such as Python or Java, and use the services’ own
proprietary structured object data store.
Advantages:-
a) Reduce complexity because CSP is maintaining the environment.
b) The cloud service provider often uses it’s API (a benefit to the developer)
Disadvantages:-
a) Still responsible to keep software updated.
b) Multi-tenancy at platform layer.
Software as a Service
In a SaaS model, the customer does not purchase software, but rather rents it for use on a
subscription or pay-per-use model. Services provided by this layer can be accessed by end users
through Web portals. Therefore, consumers are increasingly shifting from locally installed
computer programs to on-line software services that offer the same functionally.
This model removes the burden of software maintenance for customers and simplifies
development and testing for providers. Example Salesforce.com [10],which relies on the SaaS
model, offers business productivity applications (CRM) that reside completely on their servers,
allowing customers to customize and access applications on demand.

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Advantages:-
a) Scaling the environment is not the customer problem.
b) Updates/configuration/security are all managed by the CSP.
Disadvantages:-
a) Very little application customization.
b) No control of components.
c) No control over security.
d) Multi-tenancy issue at the application layer
3. Explain SPI Evaluation?
Software Process Improvement (SPI) encompasses the analysis and modification of the
processes within software development, aimed at improving key areas that contribute to the
organizations' goals. The task of evaluating whether the selected improvement path meets these
goals is challenging.
On the basis of the results of a systematic literature review on SPI measurement and
evaluation practices, we developed a framework (SPI Measurement and Evaluation Framework
(SPI-MEF)) that supports the planning and implementation of SPI evaluations.
CHALLENGES IN MEASURING AND EVALUATING SPI INITIATIVE
Challenge I - Heterogeneity of SPI initiatives
The spectrum of SPI initiatives ranges from the application of tools for improving specific
development processes, to the implementation of organization-wide programs to increase the
software development capability as a whole.
Challenge II - Partial evaluation
The outcome of SPI initiatives is predominately assessed by evaluating measures which
are collected at the project level . As a consequence, the improvement can be evaluated only
partially,neglecting effects which are visible only outside individual projects. Such evaluations can
thereforelead to sub-optimizations of the process. By focusing on the measurement of a single
attribute, e.g. effectiveness of the code review process, other attributes might inadvertently change
Challenge III - Limited visibility
This challenge is a consequence of the previous one since a partial evaluation implies that
the gathered information is targeted to a specific audience which may not cover all important
stakeholders of an SPI initiative. This means that information requirements may not be satisfied,
and that the actual achievements of the SPI initiative may not be visible to some stakeholder as
the measurement scope is not adequately determined.
Challenge IV - Evaluation effort and validity
Due to the vast diversity of SPI initiatives (see Challenge I), it is not surprising that the
evaluation strategies vary. The evaluation and analysis techniques are customized to the specific
settings were the initiatives are embedded.

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4. Explain SPIvs Traditional IT Model?
Cloud computing is far more abstract as a virtual hosting solution. Instead of being
accessible via physical hardware, all servers, software and networks are hosted in the cloud, off
premises. It’s a real-time virtual environment hosted between several different servers at the same
time. So rather than investing money into purchasing physical servers in-house, you can rent the
data storage space from cloud computing providers on a more cost effective pay-per-use basis.
Resilience and Elasticity
The information and applications hosted in the cloud are evenly distributed across all the
servers, which are connected to work as one. Therefore, if one server fails, no data is lost and
downtime is avoided. The cloud also offers more storage space and server resources, including
better computing power. This means your software and applications will perform faster.
Traditional IT systems are not so resilient and cannot guarantee a consistently high level
of server performance. They have limited capacity and are susceptible to downtime, which can
greatly hinder workplace productivity.
Flexibility and Scalability
Cloud hosting offers an enhanced level of flexibility and scalability in comparison to
traditional data centres. The on-demand virtual space of cloud computing has unlimited storage
space and more server resources. Cloud servers can scale up or down depending on the level of
traffic your website receives, and you will have full control to install any software as and when
you need to. This provides more flexibility for your business to grow.
With traditional IT infrastructure, you can only use the resources that are already available
to you. If you run out of storage space, the only solution is to purchase or rent another server.If
you hire more employees, you will need to pay for additional software licences and have these
manually uploaded on your office hardware. This can be a costly venture, especially if your
business is growing quite rapidly.
Automation
A key difference between cloud computing and traditional IT infrastructure is how they are
managed. Cloud hosting is managed by the storage provider who takes care of all the necessary
hardware, ensures security measures are in place, and keeps it running smoothly. Traditional data
centres require heavy administration in-house, which can be costly and time consuming for your
business. Fully trained IT personnel may be needed to ensure regular monitoring and maintenance
of your servers – such as upgrades, configuration problems, threat protection and installations.
Running Costs
Cloud computing is more cost effective than traditional IT infrastructure due to methods
of payment for the data storage services. With cloud based services, you only pay for what is used
– similarly to how you pay for utilities such as electricity. Furthermore, the decreased likelihood
of downtime means improved workplace performance and increased profits in the long run.

23
With traditional IT infrastructure, you will need to purchase equipment and additional
server space upfront to adapt to business growth. If this slows, you will end up paying for resources
you don’t use. Furthermore, the value of physical servers decreases year on year, so the return on
investment of investing money in traditional IT infrastructure is quite low.
Security
Cloud computing is an external form of data storage and software delivery, which can make
it seem less secure than local data hosting. Anyone with access to the server can view and use the
stored data and applications in the cloud, wherever internet connection is available. Choosing a
cloud service provider that is completely transparent in its hosting of cloud platforms and ensures
optimum security measures are in place is crucial when transitioning to the cloud..
With traditional IT infrastructure, you are responsible for the protection of your data, and
it is easier to ensure that only approved personnel can access stored applications and data. .
Software-As-A-Service
Software as a Service(SaaS) is a way of delivering applications over the Internet- as a
service. Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet, freeing

24
from complex software and hardware management. SaaS is simply the cloud vendor providing the
given piece of software you want to use, on their servers.
The area becomes even more marked by companies like Google and Salesforce that offer
both types of services. For instance, not only can you build an application with Salesforce, but you
can also allow others to use the application you developed.
1. Explain the Benefits of SaaS?
Operational Benefits
There are benefits to the way you operate. You can change business processes (for the
better) by moving some applications and storage to the cloud. The following are some of the
operational benefits:
• Reduced cost Since technology is paid incrementally, your organization saves money in
the long run.
• Increased storage You can store more data on the cloud than on a private network. Plus,
if you need more it’s easy enough to get that extra storage.
• Automation Your IT staff no longer needs to worry that an application is up to date—
that’s the provider’s job. They can focus on duties that matter, rather than being
maintenance.
• Flexibility You have more flexibility with a cloud solution. Applications can be tested and
deployed with ease, and if it turns out that a given application isn’t getting the job done,
you can switch to another.
• Better mobility Users can access the cloud from anywhere with an Internet connection.
This is ideal for road warriors or telecommuters—or someone who needs to access the
system after hours.
Economic Benefits
Where the rubber really meets the road is when you consider the economic benefits of
something. And with cloud computing, cost is a huge factor. But it isn’t just in equipment savings;
it is realized throughout the organization. These are some benefits to consider:
• People We hate to suggest that anyone lose their job, but the honest-to-goodness truth
(we’re sorry) is that by moving to the cloud, you’ll rely on fewer staffers. By having fewer
staff members, you can look at your team and decide if such-and-such a person is
necessary. Is he or she bringing something to the organization? Are their core competencies
something you still need? If not, this gives you an opportunity to find the best people to
remain on staff.
• Hardware With the exception of very large enterprises or governments, major cloud
suppliers can purchase hardware, networking equipment, bandwidth, and so forth, much
cheaper than a “regular” business. That means if you need more storage, it’s just a matter
of upping your subscription costs with your provider, instead of buying new equipment. If
you need more computational cycles, you needn’t buy more servers; rather you just buy
more from your cloud provider.
• Pay as you go Think of cloud computing like leasing a car. Instead of buying the car
outright, you pay a smaller amount each month. It’s the same with cloud computing—you
just pay for what you use. But, also like leasing a car, at the end of the lease you don’t own

25
the car. That might be a good thing—the car may be a piece of junk, and in the case of a
purchased server, it’s sure to be obsolete.
• Time to market One of the greatest benefits of the cloud is the ability to get apps up
and running in a fraction of the time you would need in a conventional scenario. Let’s take
a closer look at that and see how getting an application online faster saves you money.
2. Explain Evaluating SaaS?
Before employing a SaaS solution, there are factors to consider. You should evaluate not
only the SaaS provider and its service, but also what your organization wants from SaaS. Be sure
the following factors are present as you evaluate your SaaS provider:
• Time to value As we mentioned earlier, one of the great benefits of using cloud services
is the ability to shorten the time it takes to get a new system or application up and running.
Unlike traditional software that might require complex installation, configuration,
administration, and maintenance, SaaS only requires a browser. This allows you to get up
and running much more quickly than by using traditional software.
• Trial period Most SaaS providers offer a 30-day trial of their service. This usually doesn’t
happen with traditional software—and certainly you wouldn’t move everyone en masse to
the trial. However, you can try out the SaaS vendor’s offering and if it feels like a good fit,
you can start making the move.
• Low entry costs Another appeal of SaaS is the low cost to get started using it. Rather than
laying out an enormous amount of money, you can get started relatively inexpensively.
Using anSaaS solution is much less expensive than rolling out a complex software
deployment across your organization.
• Service In SaaS, the vendor serves the customer. That is, the vendor becomes your IT
department—at least for the applications they’re hosting. This means that your own, in-
house IT department doesn’t have to buy hardware, install and configure software, or
maintain it. That’s all on your SaaS vendor. And if the vendor isn’t responsive to your
needs, pack up your toys and move to a different service. It is in the vendor’s best interests
to keep you and other customers happy.
• Wiser investment SaaS offers a less risky option than traditional software installed locally.
Rather than spend a lot of money up front, your organization will pay for the software as it
is used. Also, there is no long-term financial commitment. The monetary risk is greatly
lessened in anSaaS environment.
• Security Earlier in this book we talked about the security concerns with going to the cloud.
We mentioned those issues for the sake of completeness, but in reality it is in your vendor’s
best interests to keep you as secure as possible.
3. Explain the SaaS Providers.
Salesforce.com

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Salesforce.com is a cloud computing and social software-as-a-service(SaaS) provider
based in San Francisco. It was founded in March 1999 in part of former Oracle executive Marc
benioff.
Software-as-a-service(SaaS) is a software distribution model in which a third-party
provider host applications and make them available to customers over the internet. SaaS is one of
the three main categories of cloud computing, alongside infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and
platform as a service (PaaS).
Salesforce.com Customer Relationship Management Service is broken down into several
broad categories
• commerce cloud
• sales cloud
• business logic mentor
• Programmable interface
• automatic mobile device deployment
• data cloud
• marketing cloud, community cloud
• analytics cloud enter
• appcloud
• reporting and Analytics
Sales cloud is a fully customizable product that brings all the customer information together
in an integrated platform that incorporates marketing lead generation, sales, customer service and
business analytics and provides access 2007 placation through the app exchange. The platform is
provided as software as a service for browser based access; mobile app is also available. A real
time social feed for collaboration allows users to share information are asked questions of the user
community.
salesforce.com offers 5 actions of sales cloud on a paper user
• Per month basis, from lowest to highest
• Group, Professional, Enterprise, Unlimited and Performance
• The company offers three levels of support contracts
o Standard success plan
o premier success plan
o premier + success plan
Force.com
Force.com is salesforce.com on-demand Cloud Computing platform will basis
salesforce.com as the world's first PaaS. Force.com features visualforce, a technology that makes
it much simpler for and customers, developers, and independent software vendors to design almost
any type of cloud application for a wide range of uses. The force.com platform offers Global
infrastructure and services for database, logic, workflow, integration, user interface, and
application exchange.
Desk.com

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Desk.com is a SaaS help desk and customer support of salesforce.com. Desk.com was
previously known as Assistly. After being acquired by Salesforce.com assistive was renamed as
desk.com in 2012 as a slick social customers of support software.
The product differentiate itself from Salesforce other service platform in that desk.com
specifically targets a small businesses with its features and functions. Desk.com fitted with a
variety of products and third party applications including Salesforce CRM, Salesforce and other
apps. Desk.com also supports up to 50 languages.
4. Software-as-a-service withGoogle App Engine
Software architects interested in building Software-as-a-Service(SaaS) have a wide variety
of deployment options at their disposal, with multiple vendors providing services that cater o their
individual needs and requirements. Google App Engine(GAE) is one of the more popular
platforms in this arena, providing robust and scalable services inherent with its namesake. With
GAE, developers can build a SaaS with the language of their choice while reaping the benefits of
cloud computing in hosting their application: infinite and automatic horizontal scalability, metered
usage and on-demand deployment of services.
A good example of SaaS is Google Docs. Google Docs is a productivity suite that is free
for anyone to use. All you need is to login and instantly access word processor, spreadsheet
application or power point presentation creator. Google’s online services are managed directly
from the web browser and require zero installation. You can access your Google Docs from any
computer or mobile deveice with a web browser.
Google App Engine provides more infrastructure than other scalable hosting services such
as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). Google App Engine is free up to a use of certain amount
of resources. Users exceeding the per-day or per-minute usage rates for CPU resources, storage,
number of API calles or requests should pay for more to use resources.
Features and Benefits of Google App Engine
GAE supports Java, Python, PhP and Go, as well as the associated development
frameworks for these languages – namely, Spring, Struts and DJango among others. Traditional
databases such as MySQL are supported, as well as next-generation NoSQL datastores and big
data distributions such as MongoDB and Hadoop respectively. Developers have at their disposal
a wide variety of IDEs compatible with GAE, including NetBeans, Eclipse and Komodo.
The developers access their application through the main web interface and manage and
control their applications through App Engines admin console. The admin console enables
developers to perform basic configuration or create/disable/delete applications or view their
performance statistics and other maintenance tasks. The main feature of the admin console is the
ability to set performance options which basically allows app optimization based on the
developers’ preference – for example, tuning down the servers to an optimal pricing range to
alleviate costs. Conversely, one may opt to configure their application for the highest availability
and best response time possible. GAE’s admin console allows these and many other configuration
options.
Google promises 99.95% uptime in its service level agreement (SAL) or an average of
approximately four minutes of downtime per month. The performance and sstatus of GAE services

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can be checked publicly on GAE’s system status page. If it is unable to meet the SAL, Google
offers customers a certain amount of free service days per billing cycle.
5. Explain Salesforce.com and Force.com?
Salesforce.com offers Force.com as its on-demand platform. Force.com features
breakthrough Visualforce technology, which allows customers, developers, and ISVs to design
any app, for any user, anywhere with the world’s first User Interface-as-a-Service. The Force.com
platform offers global infrastructure and services for database, logic, workflow, integration, user
interface, and application exchange.
“With Force.com, customers, developers and ISVs can choose innovation, not
infrastructure,” said Marc Benioff, chairman and CEO, Salesforce.com. “Google, Amazon, and
Apple have all shown that by revolutionizing a user interface you can revolutionize an industry.
With Visualforce we’re giving developers the power to revolutionize any interface,and any
industry, on demand.”
A capability of the Force.com platform, Visualforce provides a framework for creating
user experiences, and enables the creation of new interface designs and user interactions to be
built and delivered with no software or hardware infrastructure requirements.
With Visualforce, developers have control over the look and feel of their Force.com
applications enabling wide flexibility in terms of application creation. From a handheld device for
a sales rep in the field, to an order-entry kiosk on a manufacturing shop floor, Visualforce enables
the creation of new user experiences that can be customized and delivered in real time on any
screen.
Platform – As – A – Service
Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a way to build applications and have them hosted by the
cloud provider. It allows you to deploy applications without having to spend the money to buy the
servers on which to house them. In this section we’ll take a closer look at companies RightScale

29
and Google. We’ll talk about their services, what they offer, and what other companies are getting
out of those services.
6. Explain RightScale?
RightScale entered into a strategic product and partnership, broadening its cloud
management platform to support emerging clouds from new vendors, including FlexiScale and
GoGrid, while continuing its support for Amazon’s EC2. RightScale is also working with
Rackspace to ensure compatibility with their cloud offerings, including Mosso and CloudFS.
RightScale offers an integrated management dashboard, where applications can be deployed once
and managed across these and other clouds.
Businesses can take advantage of the nearly infinite scalability of cloud computing by using
RightScale to deploy their applications on a supported cloud provider. They gain the capabilities
of built-in redundancy, fault tolerance, and geographical distribution of resources—key enterprise
demands for cloud providers.
Customers can leverage the RightScale cloud management platform to automatically
deploy and manage their web applications—scaling up when traffic demands, and scaling back as
appropriate—allowing them to focus on their core business objectives.
RightScale’s automated system management, prepackaged and reusable components,
leading service expertise, and best practices have been proven as best-of-breed, with customers
deploying hundreds of thousands of instances on Amazon’s EC2.
“Cloud computing is a disruptive force in the business world because it provides payas-
you-go, on-demand, virtually infinite compute and storage resources that can expand or contract
as needed,” said Michael Crandell, CEO of RightScale, Inc.
“A number of public providers are already adopting cloud architectures—and we also see
private enterprise clouds coming on the horizon.
Today’s announcement of RightScale’s partnerships with FlexiScale and GoGrid is an
exciting indication of how mid-market and enterprise organizations can really take advantage of
multicloud architectures.
There will be huge opportunities for application design and deployment—we are at
th“Cloud computing for the enterprise has arrived with the GoGrid and RightScale partnership,”
said GoGrid CEO, John Keagy.
“Corporations now have few excuses not to, and multiple reasons to deploy and manage
complex and redundant cloud infrastructures in real-time using the GoGrid, RightScale, and
FlexiScale technologies.” Rackspace Hosting provides IT systems and computing-as-a-service e
beginning of a tidal shift in IT infrastructure.
7. Explain Rackspace?

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The Rackspace Cloud is a set of cloud computing products and services billed on a utility
computing basis from the US-based company. Rackspace Offerings include web
application hosting or platform as a service ("Cloud Sites"), Cloud Storage ("Cloud Files"), virtual
private server ("Cloud Servers"), load balancers, databases, backup, and monitoring.
It offers Cloud Block Storage and Cloud Backup. It is used to deliver higher performance
than object-based clouds by using a combination of hard drives and solid-state drives.
The services provided by RackSpace:
Dedicated Servers: From server, networking and storage configuration, monitoring and support,
to bursting to the cloud of your choice, rackspace got the options and expertise to create a best-fit
solution. And when time is of the essece, we’ve got on-demand configurations that are truly single
tenant and secure, and as always, backed by Fanatical support. The benefits are: Security and
control, High peroformance compute, Cloud-ready and scalable.
Cloud files is a cloud hosting service that provides "unlimited online storage and CDN" for
media (examples given include backups, video files, user content) on a utility computing basis. It
was originally launched as MossoCloudFS as a private beta release on May 5, 2008 and is similar
to Amazon Simple Storage Service. Unlimited files of up to 5 GB can be uploaded, managed via
the online control panel or RESTful API.
API
In addition to the online control panel, the service can be accessed over a RESTful API
with open source client code available in C#/.NET, Python, PHP, Java, and Ruby. Rackspace-
owned Jungle Disk allows Cloud Files to be mounted as a local drive within supported operating
systems (Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows).
Security
Redundancy is achieved by replicating three full copies of data across multiple computers
in multiple "zones" within the same data center, where "zones" are physically (though not
geographically) separate and supplied separate power and Internet services. Uploaded files can be
distributed via Akamai Technologies to "hundreds of endpoints across the world" which provides
an additional layer of data redundancy.
The control panel and API are protected by SSL and the requests themselves are signed
and can be safely delivered to untrusted clients. Deleted data is zeroed out immediately.
Use cases
Use cases considered as "well suited" include backing up or archiving data, serving images
and videos (which are streamed directly to the users' browsers), serving content over content
delivery networks, storing secondary static web-accessible data, developing data storage
applications, storing fluctuating and/or unpredictable amounts of data and reducing costs.
Rackspace Hosting provides IT systems and computing-as-a-service to more than 33,000
customers worldwide. Combining RightScale’s technologies with Rackspace’s focus on Fanatical

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Support will allow companies to focus more on their business and not spend a disproportionate
amount of resources on IT demands.
8. Explain Services and Benefits of PaaS?
Force.com PaaS provides the building blocks necessary to build business apps, whether
they are simple or sophisticated, and automatically deploy them as a service to small teams or
entire enterprises. The Force.com platform gives customers the power to runmultiple applications
within the same Salesforce instance, allowing all of a company’s Salesforce applications to share
a common security model, data model, and user interface.
The multitenant Force.com platform encompasses a feature set for the creation of business
applications such as an on-demand operating system, the ability to create any database on demand,
a workflow engine for managing collaboration between users, the Apex Code programming
language for building complex logic, the Force.com Web Services API for programmatic access,
mashups, and integration with other applications and data, and now Visualforce for a framework
to build any user interface.
As part of the Force.com platform, Visualforce gives customers the means to design
application user interfaces for any experience on any screen. Using the logic and workflow
intelligence provided by Apex Code, Visualforce offers the ability to meet the requirements of
applications that feature different types of users on a variety of devices.
Visualforce uses Internet technology, including HTML, AJAX and Flex, for business
applications. Visualforce enables the creation and delivery of any user experience, offering control
over an application’s design and behavior that is only limited by the imagination.
There are various benefits of Force.com as they provide everything you could need as a
part of their service. The ease of use of Salesforce as a technology and majority of Fortune 500
brands are harnessing the power of Salesforce, it’s no coincidence by any means.
Force.com by Salesforce.com is a platform that offers advanced cloud computing as a service.
It supports multitenant applications and caters to various clients with only one instance of the
application running.
9. What are the uses of Force.com?
Making an application on Force.com platform is easy and fast. Various tools provided by
the platform make things really easy for the developers. Force.com provides many features like
multi-layered security and social and mobile optimization.
Form builder: There are several tools featured on the platform, such as drag and drop tools, auto-
generated UIs, and pre-designed components and templates. With all these tools development and
deployment has become easy. An object that is created can be dragged to the pages and it starts to

32
interact with the data. Forms can also very easy to make without using any complex codes or
technical knowledge.
Optimized for mobile & social media: The platform provides a mobile optimized platform for
your application. The application runs on iPad, iPhones and all other Smartphones automatically.
Report creation: Personal reports can be analyzed through integrating with the existing ERPs of
your business. These reports can be retrieved any time by dragging and dropping personalised
reports.
Automation: Force.com platform has the power to automate almost every business process. The
business logic needs to be added to the applications and some database triggers need to be written
for automating every process of the business. There is a visual process workflow that allows for
adding complex business logic to the applications.
Development: The platform gives the liberty of creating the user interface of choice and adds
business logic to it as and when needed. The native languages of the force.com platform like Apex
and Visualforce can be used in combination with flash and HTML to develop rich interfaces.
Security: The platform has a built-in robust security and privacy program which has been tested
by some of the most trusted organisations.
UNIT-4
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE
Infrastructure as a Service is Everything as a Service. That is, you are using a virtualized
server and running software on it. One of the most prevalent is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud

33
(EC2). Another player in the field is GoGrid. In this section we’ll take a closer look at both Amazon
and GoGrid.
1. List IAAS service providers?
Amazon EC2
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (http://aws.amazon.com/ec2) is a web service that
provides resizable computing capacity in the cloud. Amazon EC2’s simple web service interface
allows businesses to obtain and configure capacity with minimal friction. It provides control of
computing resources and lets organizations run on Amazon’s computing environment.
Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and boot new server instances to minutes,
allowing quick scaling capacity, both up and down, as computing requirements change. Amazon
EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for capacity that you
actually use.
GoGrid
GoGrid is a service provider of Windows and Linux cloud-based server hosting, and offers
32-bit and 64-bit editions of Windows Server 2008 within its cloud computing infrastructure.
Parent company ServePath is a Microsoft Gold Certified Partner, and launched Windows Server
2008 dedicated hosting in February of this year.
GoGrid becomes one of the first Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers to offer
Windows Server 2008 “in the cloud.” The Windows Server 2008 operating system from
Microsoft offers increased server stability, manageability, and security over previous versions of
Windows Server. As such, interest from Windows Server customers wanting to try it out has
been high. GoGrid customers can deploy Windows Server 2008 servers in just a few minutes for
as little as 19 cents an hour, with no commitment.
GoGrid enables system administrators to quickly and easily create, deploy, load-balance,
and manage Windows and Linux cloud servers within minutes. GoGrid offers what it calls
Control in the CloudTM with its web-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows for
“point and click” deployment of complex and flexible network infrastructures, which include
load balancing and multiple web and database servers, all set up with icons through the GUI.
Initial Windows Server 2008 offerings on GoGrid include both 32-bit and 64-bit
preconfigured templates. GoGrid users select the desired operating system and then choose
preconfigured templates in order to minimize time to deploy. Pre configurations include
• Windows Server 2008 Standard with Internet Information Services 7.0 (IIS 7)
• Windows Server 2008 Standard with IIS 7 and SQL Server 2005 Express Edition
• Windows Server 2008 Standard with IIS 7, SQL Server 2005 Express Edition, and
ASP.NET
2. Explain about Amazon EC2 Benefits

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1. Elastic Web-Scale Computing: Amazon EC2 enables you to increase or decrease capacity
within minutes, not hours or days. You can commission one, hundreds, or even thousands
of server instances simultaneously. You can also use Auto Scaling to maintain availability
of your EC2 fleet and automatically scale your application up and down depending on its
needs in order to maximize performance and minimize cost.
2. Completely Controlled: You have complete control of your instances including root
access and the ability to interact with them as you would any machine. You can stop any
instance while retaining the data on the boot partition, and then subsequently restart the
same instance using web service APIs. Instances can be rebooted remotely using web
service APIs, and you also have access to their console output.
3. Flexible Cloud Hosting Services: You have the choice of multiple instance types,
operating systems, and software packages. Amazon EC2 allows you to select a
configuration of memory, CPU, instance storage and the boot partition size that is optimal
for your choice of operating system and application. For example, choice of operating
systems includes numerous Linux distributions and Microsoft Windows Server.
4. Integrated: Amazon EC2 is integrated with most AWS services such as Amazon Simple
Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS), and
Amazon Virtual Private Could (Amazon VPC) to provide a complete, secure solution for
computing, query processing, and cloud storage across a wide range of applications.
5. Reliable: Amazon EC2 offers a highly reliable environment where replacement instances
can be rapidly and predictably commissioned. The service runs within Amazon’s proven
network infrastructure and data centers. The Amazon EC2 Service Level Agreement
commitment is 99.95% availability for each Amazon EC2 Region.
6. Secure: Cloud security at AWS is the highest priority. As an AWS customer, you will
benefit from a data center and network architecture built to meet the requirements of the
most security-sensitive organizations. Amazon EC2 works in conjunction with Amazon
VPC to provide security and robust networking functionality for your compute resources.
7. Inexpensive: Amazon EC2 passes on to you the financial benefits of Amazon’s scale. You
pay a very low rate for the compute capacity you actually consume.
8. Easy to Start: There are several ways to get started with Amazon EC2. You can use the
AWS Management Console, the AWS Command Line Tools (CLT), or AWS SDKs.
Recent Developments
In 2009, AWS announced plans for several new features that make managing cloud-based
applications easier. Thousands of customers employ the compute power of Amazon EC2 to build
scalable and reliable solutions.

35
AWS will deliver additional features that automate customer usage of Amazon EC2 for
more cost-efficient consumption of computing power and provide greater visibility into the
operational health of an application running in the AWS cloud.
3. Write about Amazon EC2 Service Level Agreement.
With over two years of operation Amazon EC2 exited its beta into general availability and
offers customers a Service Level Agreement (SLA). The Amazon EC2 SLA guarantees 99.95
percent availability of the service within a region over a trailing 365-day period, or customers are
eligible to receive service credits back.
The Amazon EC2 SLA is designed to give customers additional confidence that even the
most demanding applications will run dependably in the AWS cloud.
Service Commitment
AWS will use commercially reasonable efforts to make Amazon EC2 and Amazon EBS
each available with a Monthly Uptime Percentage (defined below) of at least 99.95%, in each case
during any monthly billing cycle (the “Service Commitment”). In the event Amazon EC2 or
Amazon EBS does not meet the Service Commitment, you will be eligible to receive a Service
Credit as described below.
• “Monthly Uptime Percentage” is calculated by subtracting from 100% the percentage of
minutes during the month in which Amazon EC2 or Amazon EBS, as applicable, was in
the state of “Region Unavailable.” Monthly Uptime Percentage measurements exclude
downtime resulting directly or indirectly from any Amazon EC2 SLA Exclusion (defined
below).
• “Region Unavailable” and “Region Unavailability” mean that more than one Availability
Zone in which you are running an instance, within the same Region, is “Unavailable” to
you.
• “Unavailable” and “Unavailability” mean:
o For Amazon EC2, when all of your running instances have no external
connectivity.
o For Amazon EBS, when all of your attached volumes perform zero read write IO,
with pending IO in the queue.
• A “Service Credit” is a dollar credit, calculated as set forth below, that we may credit
back to an eligible account.
Service Commitments and Service Credits
Service Credits are calculated as a percentage of the total charges paid by you (excluding
one-time payments such as upfront payments made for Reserved Instances) for either Amazon
EC2 or Amazon EBS (whichever was Unavailable, or both if both were Unavailable) in the Region
affected for the monthly billing cycle in which the Region Unavailability occurred in accordance
with the schedule below.
Monthly Uptime Percentage Service Credit Percentage
Less than 99.95% but equal to or greater than 99.0% 10%

36
Less than 99.0% 30%
We will apply any Service Credits only against future Amazon EC2 or Amazon EBS
payments otherwise due from you. At our discretion, we may issue the Service Credit to the credit
card you used to pay for the billing cycle in which the Unavailability occurred. Service Credits
will not entitle you to any refund or other payment from AWS.
4. Write the Advantages and Disadvantages ofIAAS.
Advantages:
1. Cost Savings: An obvious benefit of moving to the IaaS model is lower infrastructure
costs. No longer do organizations have the responsibility of ensuring uptime, maintaining
hardware and networking equipment, or replacing old equipment. IaaS also saves
enterprises from having to buy more capacity to deal with sudden business spikes.
Organizations with a smaller IT infrastructure generally require a smaller IT staff as well.
2. Scalability and flexibility: One of the greatest benefits of IaaS is the ability to scale up
and down quickly in response to an enterprise’s requirements. IaaS providers generally
have the latest, most powerful storage servers and networking technology to accommodate
the needs of their customers. This on-demand scalability provides added flexibility and
greater agility to respond to changing opportunities and requirements.
3. Support for DR, BC and high availability: While every enterprise has some type of
disaster recovery plan, the technology behind those plans is often expensive and unwidely.
Organizations with several disparate locations often have different disaster recovery and
business continuity plans and technologies, making management virtually impossible.
4. Focus on business growth: Time, money and energy spent making technology decisions
and hiring staff to manage and maintain the technology infrastructure is time not spent on
growing the business. By moving infrastructure to a service-based model, organizations
can focus their time and resources where they belong, on developing innovations in
applications and solutions.
5. Innovate rapidly: As soon as you have decided to launch a new product or initiative, the
necessary computing infrastructure can be ready in minutes or hours, rather than the days
or weeks – and sometimes months – it could take to set up internally.
6. Respond quicker to shifting business conditions: IaaS enables you to quickly scale up
resources to accommodate spikes in demand for your application (elasticity of the cloud)
– during the holidays, for example, then scale resources back down again when activity
decreases to save money.

37
7. Better Security: With the appropriate service agreement, a cloud service provider can
provide security for your applications and data that may be better than what you can attain
in-house. Better security may come in part because it is critical for the IaaS Cloud Provider
and is part of their main business.
8. Backups: There is no need to manage backups. This is handled by the IaaS Cloud provider.
9. Multiplatform: Some IaaS Providers provide development options for multiple platforms:
mobile, browser, and so on. If you or your organization want to develop software that can
be accessed from multiple platforms, this might be an easy way to make that happen.
Disadvantages:
1. The organization is responsible for the versioning/upgrades of software developed.
2. The maintenance and upgrades of tools, database systems, etc. and the underlying
infrastructure is your responsibility or the responsibility of your organization.
3. There may be legal reasons that prevent the use of off-premise or out-of-country data
storage.
4. If you need for high-speed interaction between internal software and software on Cloud
and the IaaS Cloud Provider may not provide the speed that you need.
5. Most expensive, since the customer is now leasing a tangible resource, the provider can
charge for every cycle, bit of RAM or disk space used.
6. Unlike with SaaS or PaaS, customer is responsible for all aspects of VM Management.
CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS
A cloud deployment model represents a specific type of cloud environment, primarily
distinguished by ownership, size, and access.

38
There are four common cloud deployment models:
1. Public Clouds
2. Community Clouds
3. Private Clouds
4. Hybrid cloud
5. Explain public cloud ? with neat diagram?
A public cloud is one based on the standard cloud computing model, in which a service
provider makes resources, such as virtual machines (VMs), applications or storage, available to
the general public over the internet. Public cloud services may be free or offered on a pay-per-
usage model.
The main benefits of using a public cloud service are:
• it reduces the need for organizations to invest in and maintain their own on-premises IT
resources;
• it enables scalability to meet workload and user demands; and
• there are fewer wasted resources because customers only pay for the resources they use.
Public cloudarchitecture
Public cloud is a fully virtualized environment. In addition, providers have a multi-tenant
architecture that enables users -- or tenants -- to share computing resources. Each tenant's data in
the public cloud, however, remains isolated from other tenants. Public cloud also relies on high-
bandwidth network connectivity to rapidly transmit data.
Public cloud storage is typically redundant, using multiple data centers and careful
replication of file versions. This characteristic has given it a reputation for resiliency.
Public cloud architecture can be further categorized by service model. Common service
models include:
• software as a service (SaaS), in which a third-party provider hosts applications and makes
them available to customers over the internet;

39
• platform as a service (PaaS), in which a third-party provider delivers hardware and
software tools -- usually those needed for application development -- to its users as a
service; and
• infrastructure as a service (IaaS), in which a third-party provider offers virtualized
computing resources, such as VMs and storage, over the internet.
6. Explain Private Cloud architecture?
Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. The
Private Cloud is operated only within a single organization. However, it may be managed
internally by the organization itself or by third-party. The private cloud model is shown in the
diagram below.
Benefits
There are many benefits of deploying cloud as private cloud model. The following diagram
shows some of those benefits:

40
High Security and Privacy
Private cloud operations are not available to general public and resources are shared from
distinct pool of resources. Therefore, it ensures high security and privacy.
More Control
The private cloud has more control on its resources and hardware than public cloud
because it is accessed only within an organization.
Cost and Energy Efficiency
The private cloud resources are not as cost effective as resources in public clouds but they
offer more efficiency than public cloud resources.
Disadvantages
Here are the disadvantages of using private cloud model:
• Restricted Area of Operation: The private cloud is only accessible locally and is very
difficult to deploy globally.
• High Priced: Purchasing new hardware in order to fulfill the demand is a costly
transaction.
• Limited Scalability: The private cloud can be scaled only within capacity of internal
hosted resources.
7. Explain Community cloud?
Community Cloud is an online social platform that enables companies to connect
customers, partners, and employees with each other and the data and records they need to get work
done. This next-generation portal combines the real-time collaboration of Chatter with the ability
to share any file, data, or record anywhere and on any mobile device.
Community Cloud allows you to streamline key business processes and extend them across
offices and departments, and outward to customers and partners. So everyone in your business
ecosystem can service customers more effectively, close deals faster, and get work done in real
time.

41
You can build communities to gain deeper relationships with customers or provide better
service by enabling customers to find information and assist each other online. Or you can connect
your external channel partners, agents, or brokers to reduce friction and accelerate deals. And you
can empower employees to connect and collaborate wherever business takes them.
Because Community Cloud is built on the Salesforce platform, you can connect any third
party system or data directly into the community. Your organization gains the flexibility to easily
create multiple communities for whatever use case your business demands.
HR and IT Help Desk can engage employees and deliver critical knowledge and
instructions. And from onboarding to payroll to IT troubleshooting, employees can help
themselves to the information they need, 24/7.
Employees find, share, and collaborate on content in real time, and connect with others in
the social intranet — beyond the boundaries of their department, office, or even country.
SECURITY
Community Cloud is built on the trusted Salesforce1 platform. The robust and flexible
security architecture of the platform is relied on by companies around the world, including those
in the most heavily regulated industries — from financial services to healthcare to government.
It provides the highest level of security and control over everything from user and client
authentication through administrative permissions to the data access and sharing model
ADVANTAGES
Companies of any size can create seamless, branded community experiences quickly and
easily with Community Cloud. For example, Lightning Community Builder and Templates
provide a great out-of-the-box solution to get you started, with simple customization options as
your business grows.
Lightning Community Builder makes it easy to customize your mobile-optimized
community to perfectly match your brand. This includes incorporating third-party and custom
components for ultimate customization.
Community Templates are secure, reliable, scalable, and optimized for mobile. These state-
of-the-art templates are designed to be used right out of the box — no coding or IT required.
8. Explain Hybrid Cloud?
Hybrid Cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud. Non-critical activities are
performed using public cloud while the critical activities are performed using private cloud. The
Hybrid Cloud Model is shown in the diagram below.

42
Benefits
There are many benefits of deploying cloud as hybrid cloud model. The following diagram
shows some of those benefits:
Scalability: It offers features of both, the public cloud scalability and the private cloud scalability.
Flexibility: It offers secure resources and scalable public resources.
Cost Efficiency: Public clouds are more cost effective than private ones. Therefore, hybrid clouds
can be cost saving.
Security: The private cloud in hybrid cloud ensures higher degree of security.
Disadvantages
Networking Issues: Networking becomes complex due to presence of private and public cloud.
Security Compliance: It is necessary to ensure that cloud services are compliant with security
policies of the organization.
Infrastructure Dependency: The hybrid cloud model is dependent on internal IT infrastructure,
therefore it is necessary to ensure redundancy across data centers.
9. what are the Advantages of Cloud Computing?
Cost Savings
Perhaps, the most significant cloud computing benefit is in terms of IT cost savings.
Businesses, no matter what their type or size, exist to earn money while keeping capital and
operational expenses to a minimum. With cloud computing, you can save substantial capital costs
with zero in-house server storage and application requirements. The lack of on-premises
infrastructure also removes their associated operational costs in the form of power, air conditioning
and administration costs. You pay for what is used and disengage whenever you like - there is no
invested IT capital to worry about. It’s a common misconception that only large businesses can
afford to use the cloud, when in fact, cloud services are extremely affordable for smaller
businesses.
Reliability
With a managed service platform, cloud computing is much more reliable and consistent
than in-house IT infrastructure. Most providers offer a Service Level Agreement which guarantees
24/7/365 and 99.99% availability. Your organization can benefit from a massive pool of redundant

43
IT resources, as well as quick failover mechanism - if a server fails, hosted applications and
services can easily be transited to any of the available servers.
Manageability
Cloud computing provides enhanced and simplified IT management and maintenance
capabilities through central administration of resources, vendor managed infrastructure and SLA
backed agreements. IT infrastructure updates and maintenance are eliminated, as all resources are
maintained by the service provider. You enjoy a simple web-based user interface for accessing
software, applications and services – without the need for installation - and an SLA ensures the
timely and guaranteed delivery, management and maintenance of your IT services.
Strategic Edge
Ever-increasing computing resources give you a competitive edge over competitors, as the
time you require for IT procurement is virtually nil. Your company can deploy mission critical
applications that deliver significant business benefits, without any upfront costs and minimal
provisioning time. Cloud computing allows you to forget about technology and focus on your key
business activities and objectives. It can also help you to reduce the time needed to market newer
applications and services.
UNIT - 5
VIRTUALIZATION
1. What is virtualization and cloud computing?
"Virtualization software makes it possible to run multiple operating systems and multiple
applications on the same server at the same time," said Mike Adams, director of product marketing
at VMware, a pioneer in virtualization and cloud software and services. "It enables businesses to
reduce IT costs while increasing the efficiency, utilization and flexibility of their existing computer
hardware."
The technology behind virtualization is known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) or
virtual manager, which separates compute environments from the actual physical infrastructure.

44
Virtualization makes servers, workstations, storage and other systems independent of the
physical hardware layer, said John Livesay, vice president of InfraNet, a network infrastructure
services provider. "This is done by installing a Hypervisor on top of the hardware layer, where the
systems are then installed."
2. How is virtualization different from cloud computing?
Essentially, virtualization differs from cloud computing because virtualization is software
that manipulates hardware, while cloud computing refers to a service that results from that
manipulation.
"Virtualization is a foundational element of cloud computing and helps deliver on the value
of cloud computing," Adams said. "Cloud computing is the delivery of shared computing
resources, software or data — as a service and on-demand through the Internet."
Most of the confusion occurs because virtualization and cloud computing work together to
provide different types of services, as is the case with private clouds.
The cloud can, and most often does, include virtualization products to deliver the compute
service, said Rick Philips, vice president of compute solutions at IT firm Weidenhammer. "The
difference is that a true cloud provides self-service capability, elasticity, automated management,
scalability and pay-as you go service that is not inherent in virtualization."
To best understand the advantages of virtualization, consider the difference between
private and public clouds.
"Private cloud computing means the client owns or leases the hardware and software that
provides the consumption model," Livesay said. With public cloud computing, users pay for
resources based on usage. "You pay for resources as you go, as you consume them, from a [vendor]
that is providing such resources to multiple clients, often in a co-tenant scenario."
A private cloud, in its own virtualized environment, gives users the best of both worlds. It
can give users more control and the flexibility of managing their own systems, while providing the
consumption benefits of cloud computing, Livesay said.
On the other hand, a public cloud is an environment open to many users, built to serve
multi-tenanted requirements, Philips said. "There are some risks associated here," he said, such as
having bad neighbors and potential latency in performance.
In contrast, with virtualization, companies can maintain and secure their own "castle,"
Philips said. This "castle" provides the following benefits:
• Maximize resources — Virtualization can reduce the number of physical systems you
need to acquire, and you can get more value out of the servers. Most traditionally built
systems are underutilized. Virtualization allows maximum use of the hardware
investment.
• Multiple systems — With virtualization, you can also run multiple types of applications
and even run different operating systems for those applications on the same physical
hardware.

45
• IT budget integration — When you use virtualization, management, administration and
all the attendant requirements of managing your own infrastructure remain a direct cost
of your IT operation.
3. What is need of virtualization?
Can anyone explain me why is virtualization needed for cloud computing? A single
instance of IIS and Windows Server can host multiple web applications. Then why do we need to
run multiple instances of OS on a single machine? How can this lead to more efficient utilization
of resources?
Virtualization is convenient for cloud computing for a variety of reasons:
1. Cloud computing is much more than a web app running in IIS. ActiveDirectory isn't a web
app. SQL Server isn't a web app. To get full benefit of running code in the cloud, you need
the option to install a wide variety of services in the cloud nodes just as you would in your
own IT data center. Many of those services are not web apps governed by IIS. If you only
look at the cloud as a web app, then you'll have difficulty building anything that isn't a web
app.
2. The folks running and administering the cloud hardware underneath the covers need
ultimate authority and control to shut down, suspend, and occasionally relocate your cloud
code to a different physical machine. If some bit of code in your cloud app goes nuts and
runs out of control, it's much more difficult to shut down that service or that machine when
the code is running directly on the physical hardware than it is when the rogue code is
running in a VM managed by a hypervisor.
3. Resource utilization - multiple tenants (VMs) executing on the same physical hardware,
but with much stronger isloation from each other than IIS's process walls. Lower cost per
tenant, higher income per unit of hardware.
COST
Depending on your solution, you can have a cost-free datacenter. You do have to shell out
the money for the physical server itself, but there are options for free virtualization software
and free operating systems.
Microsoft’s Virtual Server and VMware Server are free to download and install. If you use
a licensed operating system, of course that will cost money. For instance, if you wanted five
instances of Windows Server on that physical server, then you’re going to have to pay for the
licenses. That said, if you were to use a free version of Linux for the host and operating system,
then all you’ve had to pay for is the physical server.
Naturally, there is an element of “you get what you pay for.” There’s a reason most
organizations have paid to install an OSon their systems. When you install a free OS, there is often
a higher total cost of operation, because it can be more labor intensive to manage the OS and apply
patches.

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