A 4-year-old girl was brought in by her parents with sudden onset coughing and choking. She was given back thrusts and some blood came out. A provisional diagnosis of foreign body aspiration was made. Foreign body aspiration is a common cause of these symptoms, especially in young children who may inhale food. Imaging was ordered to investigate further.
A 50-year-old woman fell in a restroom and landed on her right shoulder. She was brought in with her arm in a sling. X-rays at the urgent care clinic showed a fracture dislocation of the shoulder, which commonly involves fractures of the greater tuberosity with anterior dislocation. Reduction is typically done under sedation
Dr.MD.Monsur Rahman,PT
MPT-Musculoskeletal Disorders
Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute Of Physiotherapy And Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana - Ambala,133-207 (Haryana)
Dr.MD.Monsur Rahman,PT
MPT-Musculoskeletal Disorders
Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute Of Physiotherapy And Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana - Ambala,133-207 (Haryana)
Supracondylar humerus fracture & complication for MBBS studentsYash Oza
Fracture classification, xray, complication, reduction method, surgery, cast, vascular injury, nerve injury, all the Undergraduate students should know is included
Supracondylar humerus fracture & complication for MBBS studentsYash Oza
Fracture classification, xray, complication, reduction method, surgery, cast, vascular injury, nerve injury, all the Undergraduate students should know is included
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. • 4 year old girl brought by parents with C/O coughing- sudden onset
Given back thrusts for; Choking – few drops of blood came with saliva
• Provisional diagnosis?
• Investigation?
3.
4. Foreign Body Aspiration
• Food is the most common foreign body aspirated – most common 1-
2y incidence
• Usual history – sudden onset of coughing/retching/choking
• Partial obstruction above or at the vocal cords – inspiratory stridor
causing a change in voice/cough/dyspnea
• Partial obstruction of lower airway – In addition – cause
pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, surgical emphysema
5. High risk foreign body ingestion
• Button batteries lodged in the oesophagus need immediate removal, however once they
enter the stomach, they are less concerning
• Large objects (>6 cm long and/or >2 cm wide) may become entrapped at the pylorus
• Superabsorbent polymers may also cause impaction
• magnet + a metal object or >1 magnet ingestion can cause serious and potentially life-
threatening complications
• lead based objects that fail to transit through the stomach may cause acute systemic lead
absorption
• multi-component objects may break apart and progress separately in the gastrointestinal
tract (eg toys with lights, motors and batteries) and may require removal
6.
7.
8. • 50/F slip and fall in restroom at office, landed on right shoulder .
• Gone to OSH, took an xray, brought in with arm sling .
9.
10. • Name of Classification?
• Reduction technique?
• Analgesia of choice before reduction and dose?
11. Fracture dislocation of shoulder
• Most involve fractures of the greater tuberosity associated with
anterior dislocation of the shoulder.
• Reduce under sedation
• External rotation – With patient reclined at 45 deg, externally rotate
the shoulder gently to 90 deg. If dislocation still not reduced –
forward flex the shoulder
• Modified Kochers method FL-ER-AD-IR
• Modified Milch
18. • 41/M no comorbities
• c/o palpitations since 6 hours
• No chest pain, SOB , giddiness
19. • HR- 140 -150/min
• Bp- 110/70
• Sp02- 97% RA
• GCS- 15/15
• No ongoing pain, chest is clear
20.
21. • Inj. Adenosine 6 mg – 12mg
• Didn’t revert
• Inj . Amiodarone 150 mg bolus given - started on infusion
22.
23.
24.
25. Atrial flutter with variable block
• Atrial flutter is typically a regular, narrow complex tachycardia with
2:1 or even higher levels of AV block. In some patients the AV block is
variable; this may be either idiopathic or in the context of complete
heart block
• Irregular rhythm
• Saw-toothed baseline 'flutter' waves at ~300bpm
• Variable atrioventricular block (inconsistent number of flutter waves
between QRS complexes)
26.
27. • Recommended shock in joules for Atrial flutter?
• Why do we do synchronised cardioversion?
28.
29. AHA Journal - -
• The recommended initial energy for cardioversion of atrial
fibrillation is 100 to 200 J MDS.
• Atrial flutter and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
(PSVT) generally require less energy. An initial energy of 50 to
100 J MDS is often sufficient, with stepwise increases in energy
if initial shocks fail.
• Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with a low-
energy (120-J), rectilinear, first-pulse biphasic waveform was
superior to 200 J MDS in a recent controlled trial.
30. • Delivered energy should be synchronized with the QRS complex to
reduce the possibility of inducing VF, which can occur when a shock
“hits” the relative refractory portion of the cardiac cycle.
• Synchronization to prevent this complication is recommended for
hemodynamically stable wide-complex tachycardia requiring
cardioversion, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and
atrial flutter.
31. ALS guidelines, UK
• For atrial flutter and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia:
Give an initial shock of 70 - 120 J.
Give subsequent shocks using stepwise increases in energy.
• For ventricular tachycardia with a pulse:
Use energy levels of 120-150 J for the initial shock.
Consider stepwise increases if the first shock fails to achieve sinus
rhythm.
32. • 13 year old fell while playing football
• Landed on his left knee, unable to weight bear
37. Tibial tubercle avulsion fractures
• Tibial tubercle avulsion fractures are an uncommon cause of knee
pain in jumping adolescent athletes.
• Tibial tubercle fractures are a fairly uncommon pediatric fracture and
account for under 1% of epiphyseal injuries. Of all proximal tibial
fractures, approximately 3% are tibial tubercle avulsion fractures.
38. • Injury may be caused by quadriceps contraction during knee
extension such as initiating a jump.
• Damage can also take place during landing when the quadriceps
contracts and the knee flexes to absorb the impact of landing.
• The patellar ligament inserts on the secondary ossification center,
which places the tibial tubercle at risk for an avulsion injury.
• Most dreaded complication – compartment syndrome due to injury
to anterior tibial artery.
39. Watson & Ogden classification
•Type I - fracture through the secondary
ossification center
•Type II - fracture extends to an area
between secondary and primary ossification
centers
•Type III - fracture crosses through the
secondary and primary ossification centers
•Type IV - fracture through the proximal
tibial physis
•Type V - extensor mechanism avulsion
42. CT findings
• Fracture of upper end of left tibia with involvement of both epiphysis
and metaphysis
• Superior displacement of patella
• Hemarthrosis of knee joint
43. 66/M had a skid and fall from 2 wheeler in his farm on 3 months prior
No H/o LOC, vomiting , ENT bleed, seizures.
Now presented with H/o altered speech for 1 week and headache .
K/C/O HTN, CAD on dual antiplatelets
48. CT FINDINGS
• Isodense subacute subdural hemorrhage along left cerebral convexity
with max thickness of 2.3 cm.
• Small hyperdense areas within subdural h’ge – hyperacute
component.
• Mass effect with effacement of underlying cortical sulci
• Midline shift of 7.7 mm
49. ACUTE SDH
• Acute SDH is a rapidly clotting blood collection below the inner layer
of the dura but external to the brain and arachnoid membrane.
• Two further stages—subacute and chronic—may develop with
untreated acute SDH. Generally, the subacute phase begins 3-7 days
after acute injury (surgical literature favors 3 days; radiologic
literature favors 7days.) The chronic phase begins about 2-3 weeks
after acute injury.
50. • Traumatic acute SDH is associated with high mortality despite
intensive treatment.
• In a study of patients with traumatic acute SDH, a midline shift
exceeding the thickness of the hematoma by 3 mm or more at initial
computed tomography (CT) predicted mortality in all cases.
51. ED management in Acute SDH
• Intubation and imaging
• Optimizing venous outflow and reducing ICP
• Hyperventilation to a target partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)
of 30 mm Hg can reduce intracranial pressure (ICP) in the short term,
although a pCO2 level less than 25 mm Hg is strongly discouraged.
Intravenous mannitol (0.25 g/kg) may be used to decrease ICP.
52. Trephination
• Burr holes are a temporizing option when rapid demise is associated
with severe head trauma, especially if a herniation syndrome is
clinically evident.
• Generally, because the lesion represents clotted blood, the burr hole
is not curative, and emergent craniotomy is necessary.
• However, burr holes can guide surgical therapy when head CT imaging
is unavailable.
53.
54. MI complicating an ICH
• Seen mostly in SAH – Mechanism unclear ? Secondary to massive
catecholamine release
• The acute myocardial infarction would prompt the cardiologist to
perform emergency percutaneous coronary intervention and
administer antithrombotic drugs.
• The unprotected aneurysm would make the neurologist reluctant to
administrate these antithrombotic agents, given the risk of
rebleeding.
• Routine treatment of a subarachnoid haemorrhage consists of coiling
or clipping of the aneurysm within 72 hours.
55. • Ideally, treatment of an unprotected aneurysm with concomitant
myocardial infarction would consist of immediate coiling or clipping of
the aneurysm followed by percutaneous coronary intervention.
• Antithrombotic drugs can only be safely installed after coiling or
clipping.
• When the aneurysm cannot be coiled immediately, coronary
intervention can be considered as initial treatment despite the use of
antithrombotic drugs.
56. • 45/M accidental skid and fall from two wheeler
• No signs of head injury
• Local examination – Right ankle swelling and ROM painful
57.
58.
59. Bimalleolar fracture
• Involve medial and lateral malleoli and the posterior malleolus
(posterior part of distal tibia); The ankle mortice joint allows very little
rotation or angulation – Twisting or angulation causes fracture.
• In severe cases – disruption of distal talofibular syndesmosis
• Displaced bimalleolar fracture – unstable; needs ORIF; Adequate
sedation to allow talar shift;
• Immobilize in BKPOP cast.
60. 37/M fall from broken ladder at home
Landed on R elbow and R hip
No H/s/o of head injury
Came to walking to ER
61.
62.
63. • Comminuted fracture of right ulna and fracture of right radius with
gross displacement of head of radius.
• Name of eponymous fracture with fracture of radial head in
combination with a wrist fracture?