Climate experts have identified 9 tipping points in the climate system that could trigger sudden catastrophic changes if crossed, including melting of Arctic sea ice and collapse of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets. These tipping points would have severe consequences like significant sea level rise. Some tipping points like Arctic sea ice melting may already have been passed. Public perception that climate change threats are distant or only impact nature reduces chances of preventing tipping points from being crossed, though Americans produce a large portion of emissions. Shifting human perception from denial to responsibility is critical to triggering an ultimate tipping point of climate action.
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
Global warming is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system.[2] Since 1971, 90% of the increased energy has been stored in the oceans, mostly in the 0 to 700m region.[3] Despite the oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the term "global warming" is also used to refer to increases in average temperature of the air and sea at Earth's surface.[4] Since the early 20th century, the global air and sea surface temperature has increased about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.[5] Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850.
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
Global warming is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system.[2] Since 1971, 90% of the increased energy has been stored in the oceans, mostly in the 0 to 700m region.[3] Despite the oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the term "global warming" is also used to refer to increases in average temperature of the air and sea at Earth's surface.[4] Since the early 20th century, the global air and sea surface temperature has increased about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.[5] Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850.
A workshop was held in the IFSC on December 8th 2016, looking at financial incentives to promote citizen investment in renewable energy. The workshop was organised by Dr. Celine McInerney, Cork University Business School, and Joseph Curtin, UCC. It was funded by the EPA Research programme.
A workshop was held in the IFSC on December 8th 2016, looking at financial incentives to promote citizen investment in renewable energy. The workshop was organised by Dr. Celine McInerney, Cork University Business School, and Joseph Curtin, UCC. It was funded by the EPA Research programme.
A workshop was held in the IFSC on December 8th 2016, looking at financial incentives to promote citizen investment in renewable energy. The workshop was organised by Dr. Celine McInerney, Cork University Business School, and Joseph Curtin, UCC. It was funded by the EPA Research programme.
This presentation was given by Nova Sharkey and Linh Trieu Nolan, Central Statsics Office, at the 2016 IRLOGI Conference. It includes statistics on Ireland's land cover and land use, geocoded microdata, and 2011 census data for Ireland's 46 water catchments
Presentation on Biodiversity & Nature Based Solutions - Liam McCarton, Dr. Sean O’Hogain, DTC Research Group, Dublin Institute of Technology given at Session 3d at EPA H2020 SC5 Info Day 7.10.16
Presentation on Horizon 2020 – Societal Challenge 5 Can we improve our performance? Have Your Say - Dr. Brian Donlon, EPA Research Manager, given at Session 4 at EPA H2020 SC5 Info Day 7.10.16
A workshop was held in the IFSC on December 8th 2016, looking at financial incentives to promote citizen investment in renewable energy. The workshop was organised by Dr. Celine McInerney, Cork University Business School, and Joseph Curtin, UCC. It was funded by the EPA Research programme.
A workshop was held in the IFSC on December 8th 2016, looking at financial incentives to promote citizen investment in renewable energy. The workshop was organised by Dr. Celine McInerney, Cork University Business School, and Joseph Curtin, UCC. It was funded by the EPA Research programme.
A workshop was held in the IFSC on December 8th 2016, looking at financial incentives to promote citizen investment in renewable energy. The workshop was organised by Dr. Celine McInerney, Cork University Business School, and Joseph Curtin, UCC. It was funded by the EPA Research programme.
This presentation was given by Nova Sharkey and Linh Trieu Nolan, Central Statsics Office, at the 2016 IRLOGI Conference. It includes statistics on Ireland's land cover and land use, geocoded microdata, and 2011 census data for Ireland's 46 water catchments
Presentation on Biodiversity & Nature Based Solutions - Liam McCarton, Dr. Sean O’Hogain, DTC Research Group, Dublin Institute of Technology given at Session 3d at EPA H2020 SC5 Info Day 7.10.16
Presentation on Horizon 2020 – Societal Challenge 5 Can we improve our performance? Have Your Say - Dr. Brian Donlon, EPA Research Manager, given at Session 4 at EPA H2020 SC5 Info Day 7.10.16
A workshop was held in the IFSC on December 8th 2016, looking at financial incentives to promote citizen investment in renewable energy. The workshop was organised by Dr. Celine McInerney, Cork University Business School, and Joseph Curtin, UCC. It was funded by the EPA Research programme.
Climate is the average weather over a long period and we expect it to remain relatively constant. CC is the single biggest long-term problem we face - the evidence is overwhelming. CC is a far greater threat to the world than international terrorism.
CC is not science fiction……and will soon prove to be a dead-end road for everyone. The key is actually discarding the idea that in order for a country to get rich, stay rich and get richer, you have to put more GHG in the atmosphere. That isn't true and it hasn't been true for years….. If we don't deal with this immediately, we will have island nations flooded; agricultural balance of most countries completely changed; a dramatic increase in the number of severe, unmanageable weather events and epidemic of unknown diseases. Our natural environment is very important in the aspects of peace because when we destroy our resources and our resources become scarce, we fight over that hastening CC.
Are ‘little ice ages’ and ‘megadroughts’ possible?
Scientists are investigating whether changes in ocean circu- lation may have played a role in causing or amplifying the “Little Ice Age” between 1300 and 1850. This period of abruptly shift- ing climate regimes and more severe winters had profound agri- cultural, economic, and political impacts in Europe and North America and changed the course of history.
Are we overlooking potential abrupt climate shifts?
Most of the studies and debates on potential climate change, along with its ecological and economic impacts, have focused on the ongoing buildup of industrial greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and a gradual increase in global tempera- tures. This line of thinking, however, fails to consider another potentially disruptive climate scenario. It ignores recent and rapidly advancing evidence that Earth’s climate repeatedly has shifted abruptly and dramatically in the past, and is capable of doing so in the future.
Fossil evidence clearly demonstrates that Earth’s climate can shift gears within a decade, establishing new and different patterns that can persist for decades to centuries. In addition, these climate shifts do not necessarily have universal, global effects. They can generate a counterintuitive scenario: Even as the earth as a whole continues to warm gradually, large regions may experience a precipitous and disruptive shift into colder climates.
This new paradigm of abrupt climate change has been well established over the last decade by research of ocean, earth
The global ocean circulation system, often called the Ocean Conveyor, transports heat worldwide. White sections represent warm surface cur- rents. Purple sections represent cold deep currents.
and atmosphere scientists at many institutions worldwide. But the concept remains little known and scarcely appreciated in the wider community of scientists, economists, policy mak- ers, and world political and business leaders. Thus, world lead- ers may be planning for climate scenarios of global warming that are opposite to what might actually occur.1
It is important to clarify that we are not contemplating a situation of either abrupt cooling or global warming. Rather, abrupt regional cooling and gradual global warming can un- fold simultaneously. Indeed, greenhouse warming is a desta- bilizing factor that makes abrupt climate change more prob- able. A 2002 report by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) said, “available evidence suggests that abrupt climate changes are not only possible but likely in the future, poten- tially with large impacts on ecosystems and societies.”2
The timing of any abrupt regional cooling in the future also has critical policy implications. An abrupt cooling that hap- pens within the next two decades would produce different climate effects than one that occurs after another century of continuing greenhouse warming.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
CLIMATE TIPPING POINTS In the Anthrocene Period
1. Facts About Climate Change
Brought to you by
The Heritage Institute
Educating for Humanity & the World we Want
www.hol.edu
2. CLIMATE TIPPING POINTS
In the Anthrocene Period
A group of macro climatic
conditions that hold the
fate of life on the planet as
we know it.
3. Climate experts from around the world have identified a series of
global-warming tipping points, any one of which, if triggered,
will likely initiate sudden, catastrophic changes across the planet.
Odds are you've never heard of most of these tipping points, even though
your entire genetic legacy—your children, your grandchildren, and
beyond—may or may not survive depending on their status.
4. THE
TIPPING
POINTS
& How Long They
Will Take To Tip
at Current Rates
1 Melting of Arctic Sea-Ice (approx 10 yrs)
2 Decay of the Greenland Ice Sheet (more than 300 yrs)
3 Collapse of the West Antarctica Ice Sheet
(more than 300 yrs)
4 Collapse of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
(approx 100 yrs)
5 Increase in the El Nino Southern Oscillation
(approx 100 yrs)
6 Collapse of the Indian Summer Monsoon (approx 1 yr)
7 Greening of the Sahara/Sahel and disruption of the
West African Monsoon (approx 10 yrs)
8 Dieback of the Amazon rainforest (approx 50 yrs)
9 Dieback of the Boreal forest (approx 50 yrs)
5. VERY SENSITIVE
TO ALREADY-HAPPENING
CLIMATE CHANGE
Greenland Ice Sheet.
In a worst-case scenario, even slightly warmer temperatures will
melt the ice, possibly causing the ice sheet to disappear during the
next 300 years. Global sea levels would rise by over 20 feet.
6. VERY SENSITIVE
TO ALREADY-HAPPENING
CLIMATE CHANGE
ice. We may have hit this point already.
Arctic Sea Ice.
As sea ice melts, the dark ocean surfaced will be exposed,
absorbing solar energy and accelerating the melt. Good-bye, sea
7.
8. SOMEWHAT
SENSITIVE
West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
If global temperatures rise, the ice sheet will
melt, finally collapsing and raising sea levels
by 15 feet in the next 300 years.
11. SOMEWHAT
SENSITIVE
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Different temperatures in different Pacific water layers interact with varying equatorial
temperatures to produce the global weather patterns known as El Niño and La Niña. If
ENSO is disrupted, the El Niño aspect will become more pronounced, leading to
harsher droughts in some places and flooding in others.
12. SOMEWHAT
SENSITIVE
Sahara/Sahel- and West African Monsoon.
A warming Atlantic could make the monsoons dry
up or become even more severe. Or both,
depending on the year.
14. NOT SO
SENSITIVE
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation.
Atlantic ocean circulation is driven by seawater cooling and sinking in the
North Atlantic. If fresh water is added from warming glaciers, or seawater
warms, then the cooling-and-sinking cycle could stop, causing North
Atlantic sea levels to rise and a shift in tropical rainfalls.
16. WE ARE
OUR OWN
WORST
ENEMY
While most Americans are moderately concerned about global
warming, the majority—68%—believe the greatest threats are
to people far away or to nonhuman nature. Only 13% perceive
any real risk to themselves, their families, or their communities.
As long as this dangerous misconception prevails, the chances
of preventing these points from tipping are virtually nil.
This perception is critical, since Americans constitute
only 5% of the global population yet produce nearly
25% of the global carbon dioxide emissions.
17. WHAT WILL
IT TAKE
TO TRIGGER
THE ULTIMATE
TIPPING POINT?
How can we create a shift in
human perception from personal
denial to personal responsibility?
18. THE TRUTH IS
WE CAN CHANGE WITH
BREATH TAKING SPEED!
The 18th-century taxonomist
Carolus Linnaeus named us
Homo sapiens, from the Latin words
meaning "prudent & wise.”
HISTORY SHOWS
WE ARE NOT BORN
WITH WISDOM.
WE EVOLVE INTO IT.
40 years ago many people believed
human nature required blacks and
whites to live in segregation.
30 years ago human nature divided
men and women into separate
economies.
20 years ago human nature prevented
us from defusing a global nuclear
standoff.
Nowadays we blame human nature for
the insolvable hazards of global
warming.
