Climate: The third component of human carrying capacity
29 January 2018
ECS 111
Dr. Olson
Pre-Springtime in Paris
The warmest year (again)
Here we are in 2017
2017 Temperatures
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/global-maps/201713#global-maps-select
2017 Precipitation
In Denial or Lack of Political Will?
What is the danger?
A brief history of our atmosphere
Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago.
4 billion yrs ago, atmosphere likely N2, H2O, CO2, CH4
~ 3.5 billion yrs ago: first life appears in the ocean
Subsequent photosynthesis produces O2
Early O2 used to oxidize rock & react with volcanic gases
By 1 billion years ago, O2 accumulating in atmosphere
Garrison (2002)
The simple model does well, but things aren’t quite that simple. The albedo varies from near 0.05 (oceans) to near 1 (fresh snow). The real picture is quite complicated (especially by clouds).
Greenhouse Effect
With no atmosphere Earth’s surface temperature = -18°C
= σTe4
Ts = Te = 255 K (-18°C)
Ts = 288 K (15°C, 59° F)
= σTa4 = σTe4
atmosphere Ta =Te
σTS4
σTa4
With atmosphere (GHGs), Earth’s temperature = 15° C
terrestrial
solar
240 W/m2
14
Not all areas of a sphere receive the same energy / unit area
15
Distribution of global heating and cooling. Incoming solar radiation versus infrared (heat) outgoing radiation. Both the atmosphere and ocean serve to redistribute heat around the planet.
16
Global wind systems: Again.
Garrison (2002)
Source: http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/slides/
climate/analema.gif
Not all the earth receives the same amount of solar radiation.
The most is received at the equator; the least at the poles.
This unequal distribution of energy drives the climate.
Both the atmosphere and ocean serve to redistribute heat around the planet.
Weather averaged over months, seasons or longer is climate.
Given the large seasonal and spatial fluctuations, it is easier to compare different years by looking at anomalies, that is differences compared to average temperatures for some long period, say 1971-2000.
ITCZ
Global Ocean Temperatures
Temperate westerlies
Trade wind systems
Monsoons
Low pressure,
ascending air
High pressure,
descending air
High pressure,
descending air
The ITCZ is a dynamic feature that moves annually with the changing seasons.
Nat. Geographic
Can the Green Revolution hold?
Economist 1 August 2015
Peter Webster’s Monsoons
How Does Climate Set Life’s Patterns
Where are the major biomes that are found currently on Earth?
How do the ecosystems in these biomes function?
What are the typical fauna (animals) and flora (plants) that define these biomes.
All the Earth’s Terrestrial Biomes
How are these biomes defined?
Endemic species (organisms that live there).
Physical attributes of the environment: climate, nutrient fluxes, soils….
30
How to define a biome?
Making a spe ...
Climate change is one of the primary factors contributing to the loss of biodiversity worldwide. The purpose of this review paper was to give serious thought about the present and future impacts of climate change on biodiversity, even though we are not aware of its synergistic effects on biological populations. In order to fully understand the biota's reactions to these climatic
changes, we also concentrated on how these changes impact their phenology and physiology. This review article's subjects are
covered in a non-random order to make it easier for readers to understand the connections between biodiversity and climate
change. We also discussed about how 1.1°C of global warming brought about by human activity has altered the Earth's climate
in ways never seen before and negatively impacted human health. We covered how to safeguard our biota by implementing practical conservation strategies at the end of this review article in order to reduce the effects of climate change on it. We hope that one day, because research on climate change and biodiversity protection is interdisciplinary and spans many different scientific areas, we will be able to address all these concerns and preserve our biota from their terrible consequences.
The document discusses climate change and its causes and effects. It explains that increasing levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are trapping more heat and causing the planet to warm. This is leading to rising sea levels, more extreme weather, melting glaciers and loss of arctic ice, and threats to biodiversity and human societies. The document advocates addressing climate change by transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, adopting sustainable practices in infrastructure, transportation, consumption, and recycling to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The document discusses the environment and factors threatening it. It defines the environment as all external factors affecting organisms, including biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. It then discusses several major threats: 1) population growth is a root cause of environmental problems as more people use more resources; 2) global warming is increasing due to greenhouse gases trapping more heat; and 3) habitat destruction is causing species extinction, particularly of rainforests, at an unprecedented rate.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on health. It introduces the topic and outlines the presentation format which includes discussing indicators of climate change, causes such as greenhouse gas emissions, and impacts on health. Climate change is projected to negatively impact health determinants like food, water and shelter by increasing risks from issues like malnutrition, extreme weather events, and spread of diseases. Adaptation and mitigation efforts are needed to address the health challenges posed by climate change.
A presentation on impact of human activities on weather and climateVasu Malhotra
This document is a report by students in New Delhi analyzing changes to weather and climatic conditions in nearby areas and the human factors responsible. It discusses how human activities like changed lifestyles, deforestation, agriculture, energy production and waste generation are contributing to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases and modifying the environment. The impacts of climate change include rising sea levels, worsening health issues, more severe droughts and melting ice sheets. The report urges actions like preserving forests, transitioning to renewable energy and obtaining a global climate deal to address this urgent problem.
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which refers to the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere totals about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, with about 20 × 1012 tonnes located in the atmosphere. Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which have an average salinity of 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water. The hydrological cycle involves evaporation from surfaces like oceans and transpiration from plants, which adds water vapor to the atmosphere. Water pollution is a major global problem and can be caused by industrial discharges, agricultural and construction runoff, improper waste disposal, and other
Climate change is one of the primary factors contributing to the loss of biodiversity worldwide. The purpose of this review paper was to give serious thought about the present and future impacts of climate change on biodiversity, even though we are not aware of its synergistic effects on biological populations. In order to fully understand the biota's reactions to these climatic
changes, we also concentrated on how these changes impact their phenology and physiology. This review article's subjects are
covered in a non-random order to make it easier for readers to understand the connections between biodiversity and climate
change. We also discussed about how 1.1°C of global warming brought about by human activity has altered the Earth's climate
in ways never seen before and negatively impacted human health. We covered how to safeguard our biota by implementing practical conservation strategies at the end of this review article in order to reduce the effects of climate change on it. We hope that one day, because research on climate change and biodiversity protection is interdisciplinary and spans many different scientific areas, we will be able to address all these concerns and preserve our biota from their terrible consequences.
The document discusses climate change and its causes and effects. It explains that increasing levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are trapping more heat and causing the planet to warm. This is leading to rising sea levels, more extreme weather, melting glaciers and loss of arctic ice, and threats to biodiversity and human societies. The document advocates addressing climate change by transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, adopting sustainable practices in infrastructure, transportation, consumption, and recycling to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The document discusses the environment and factors threatening it. It defines the environment as all external factors affecting organisms, including biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. It then discusses several major threats: 1) population growth is a root cause of environmental problems as more people use more resources; 2) global warming is increasing due to greenhouse gases trapping more heat; and 3) habitat destruction is causing species extinction, particularly of rainforests, at an unprecedented rate.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on health. It introduces the topic and outlines the presentation format which includes discussing indicators of climate change, causes such as greenhouse gas emissions, and impacts on health. Climate change is projected to negatively impact health determinants like food, water and shelter by increasing risks from issues like malnutrition, extreme weather events, and spread of diseases. Adaptation and mitigation efforts are needed to address the health challenges posed by climate change.
A presentation on impact of human activities on weather and climateVasu Malhotra
This document is a report by students in New Delhi analyzing changes to weather and climatic conditions in nearby areas and the human factors responsible. It discusses how human activities like changed lifestyles, deforestation, agriculture, energy production and waste generation are contributing to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases and modifying the environment. The impacts of climate change include rising sea levels, worsening health issues, more severe droughts and melting ice sheets. The report urges actions like preserving forests, transitioning to renewable energy and obtaining a global climate deal to address this urgent problem.
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which refers to the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere totals about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, with about 20 × 1012 tonnes located in the atmosphere. Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which have an average salinity of 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water. The hydrological cycle involves evaporation from surfaces like oceans and transpiration from plants, which adds water vapor to the atmosphere. Water pollution is a major global problem and can be caused by industrial discharges, agricultural and construction runoff, improper waste disposal, and other
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which refers to the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere totals about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, with about 20 × 1012 tonnes located in the atmosphere. Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which have an average salinity of 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water. The hydrological cycle involves evaporation from surfaces like oceans and transpiration from plants, which adds water vapor to the atmosphere. Water pollution is a major global problem and can be caused by industrial discharges, agricultural and construction runoff, improper waste disposal, and other
Recent Advanced on Climate change and Human Health RAVIKANTAMISHRA
This document provides an overview of climate change and its impacts on human health in Nepal. It discusses observed climate changes including increasing global temperatures and precipitation. Climate change is negatively impacting water resources, agriculture, livestock, forests and biodiversity in Nepal. Water resources are particularly vulnerable, with glacial retreat threatening water supply. Agriculture is at risk from unreliable rainfall and flooding. Livestock are sensitive to rising temperatures and altered grazing lands. The document outlines several health impacts of climate change that Nepal may experience.
impactos del cambio climatico en ecosistemas costerosXin San
Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine
ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The
relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well
understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in
distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has
revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be
substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more
important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many
organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with
important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one
or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally,
synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing
pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve
living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the
existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key
demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the
community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations
ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and
living systems will respond.
Climate Change & Anthropogenic Impact On Water ResourcesVempi Satriya
Human activities are clearly influencing the climate system and causing changes that are affecting water resources in several ways. According to the IPCC, over half of the increase in surface temperatures since the 1950s is due to human greenhouse gas emissions. As the climate continues to warm, precipitation patterns are projected to change in ways that will impact water availability and quality. Infrastructure like dams and reservoirs has altered water flows, and building more could help address issues like declining storage capacity but also risks impacts on environmental flows. Managing these tradeoffs between human and environmental water needs is an ongoing challenge.
This document summarizes the results of modeling exercises that simulate the impact of climate change on two types of surface aquifers: lakes and rivers. For lakes, it focuses on the impact of global warming on the thermal structure of two Italian lakes, Lake Como and Lake Pusiano, using a hydrodynamic model. The model projects an increase in average yearly lake temperature of 0.04°C per year from 1970-2000 and 0.03°C per year from 2001-2050 according to IPCC climate change scenarios. These increases are expected to reduce mixing between lake layers and impact phytoplankton growth and cyanobacteria blooms. For rivers, it describes a methodology using models to estimate changes in nutrient loads in
The document summarizes the effects of climate change on different aspects of the biosphere, including land cover, marine life, forests, biodiversity, and humans. It discusses how land cover change affects surface albedo and evaporation. It also describes how ocean acidification impacts marine life by reducing the ability of some species to form shells and skeletons. Forests are threatened by diseases and wildfires fueled by climate change. Climate change endangers Arctic mammals that rely on sea ice. Humans face health risks from heat waves, storms, and changing disease patterns.
The document discusses various topics related to human-environment interactions including the environment, ecosystems, human impact on the environment, the Paul Ehrlich equation, and future predictions. It defines key terms, describes how humans both adapt to and change the environment, examines major causes of environmental degradation like population growth and industrialization, and predicts several environmental challenges in the future such as water scarcity, loss of cropland and fisheries, and climate change impacts. Suggestions are made for improving the human-environment relationship.
Global climate change refers to the increase in average global temperatures due to both natural events and human activities like burning fossil fuels. The document summarizes evidence of climate change like rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events. Effects include issues with food, health, and migration. The summary concludes that over the past 25 years, almost everywhere has warmed, sea levels have risen 20cm, and greenhouse gas levels are higher than in the past millions of years, showing that climate change is occurring.
The document discusses climate change science and the role of youth. It provides an overview of the causes and impacts of climate change, including increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. It also summarizes observed and projected climate trends in Nepal, such as increasing temperatures, more heavy rainfall events, and glacial retreat in the Himalayas. The role of youth in understanding and responding to climate change through adaptation efforts is emphasized.
This document discusses environmental issues in Bangladesh. It begins by defining key terms like environment, ecosystem, and environmental degradation. It then examines various factors that contribute to environmental degradation in Bangladesh, including population growth, poverty, urbanization, agriculture, transportation, and economic development. It also discusses political, administrative, and environmental factors. Major environmental problems in Bangladesh include water and air pollution, habitat fragmentation, acid rain, ozone layer destruction, and the impacts of climate change such as flooding, droughts, cyclones and sea level rise. International initiatives and the roles of organizations like the IPCC, IUCN and Greenpeace in addressing climate change are also mentioned.
Climate change threatens biodiversity in several ways. Rising global temperatures cause shifts in species' habitats and ranges, disrupting ecosystems. Polar regions are especially at risk, as melting ice threatens animals like polar bears. In the oceans, warming and acidification endanger coral reefs and plankton. Loss of biodiversity then undermines ecosystem services like pollination and water purification. International data shows an increasing number of threatened species as climate change accelerates extinction rates. Maintaining biodiversity can help buffer against climate impacts and support ecosystem adaptation.
1) Soil releases 10 times more carbon dioxide than human activities through the process of soil respiration. Grassland soil stores large amounts of carbon and releases less carbon than other land uses in warmer conditions.
2) Factors like soil temperature, moisture, and vegetation influence soil respiration rates. As temperatures increase from climate change, soil respiration may also increase up to a threshold.
3) Restoring grasslands can lower the global carbon footprint by storing carbon in soil for long periods, decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC BIOTAAlbert Wandera
the Presentation discuss the relevant mitigation and adaptation measures which should be employed to address the impacts of Global climatic changes on marine and fresh water habitats and Biota
Climate is the average weather over a long period and we expect it to remain relatively constant. CC is the single biggest long-term problem we face - the evidence is overwhelming. CC is a far greater threat to the world than international terrorism.
CC is not science fiction……and will soon prove to be a dead-end road for everyone. The key is actually discarding the idea that in order for a country to get rich, stay rich and get richer, you have to put more GHG in the atmosphere. That isn't true and it hasn't been true for years….. If we don't deal with this immediately, we will have island nations flooded; agricultural balance of most countries completely changed; a dramatic increase in the number of severe, unmanageable weather events and epidemic of unknown diseases. Our natural environment is very important in the aspects of peace because when we destroy our resources and our resources become scarce, we fight over that hastening CC.
1. Climate change refers to substantial changes in weather patterns due to human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
2. The earth has warmed over 0.5°C in the last century and models predict further warming of 1.8-4.0°C by 2100, with rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
3. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are the main causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
This document provides definitions and information about sustainability from various sources. It discusses the three pillars of sustainability - environmental, social, and economic. It explains how early childhood educators need to understand and promote sustainability to children. It also discusses some key global issues related to sustainability like climate change, greenhouse gases, ecological footprints, and earth resources. It includes several activities for educators to engage children in sustainability practices.
AP Environmental Science: Unit 1 Test ReviewJordan Randles
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, environmental science, and earth systems. It defines ecological footprint and its implications for resource use. It also summarizes the effects of deforestation on water cycles and soil resources. Additional summaries cover sustainability, pollution, causes of environmental problems, climate and weather, plate tectonics, erosion, the rock and soil cycles.
Global Warming and Sustainable Development - IEESDorcas Omowole
This document discusses the link between global warming and sustainable development. It notes that carbon emissions are a major greenhouse gas causing global warming, which threatens sustainable development goals by potentially raising sea levels, increasing extreme weather events, and disrupting global ecosystems. The document advocates curbing carbon emissions and shifting to more environmentally friendly economic and consumption practices in order to mitigate global warming and work towards sustainable development.
Warming is believed to be caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical deserts.
The document provides information about climate change and global warming. It defines key terms like weather, climate and greenhouse gases. It discusses the evidence that climate change is caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases. It also notes some of the observed impacts of climate change, such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. Finally, it discusses some actions that can be taken to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
Consider the vision for a successful Southwest Transit marketing tea.docxclarebernice
Consider the vision for a successful Southwest Transit marketing team composed in Topic 4. Narrow down the team selection to four individuals for presentation to the director. Decide which strategies will be most effective for leading the agreed-upon team. Compose a PowerPoint presentation (10-12 slides), then record your 5-7-minute presentation using YouTube Video, Loom, or Zoom. On the title slide of your PowerPoint presentation, provide the link to your YouTube, Loom, or Zoom video recording that you created. Your presentation should address the following:
Who are the four team members, and what was the primary reason each person was selected? How difficult was it to come to a decision regarding team selection? Which potential team member was most difficult to come to a consensus about? Why?
What are the primary strengths of the team? What are its potential weaknesses? How positive is the management team about the team's potential? Justify your answers with evidence from " Southwest Transit Team Member Profiles."
What strategies will be most effective for motivating the team, managing conflict, and ensuring success and fostering collaboration? Cite specific motivational theories, conflict-resolution strategies, and leadership strategies in your answer.
Justify how the selected team embodies the values of Conscious Capitalism how the tenet of stakeholder orientation played a role in the team selection process. Provide citations to strengthen your claims.
Describe how value is created for each stakeholder, and in what ways will the team positively impact the business as a whole?
You are required to use at least three academic references to strengthen and support your claims and recommendations. Ensure each content slide has supporting citations and specific examples.
.
Consider the various ways to create effective communication in teams.docxclarebernice
Consider the various ways to create effective communication in teams and guidelines from the text to determine how s a student group could constructively manage the situations described below. In your response for each scenario, identify which principles of effective teamwork are being disregarded, and develop responses (i.e. ways) that maintain a supportive communication climate.
A. LATENESS: At the second meeting, Peg came in a few minutes late. That was bad enough, but now she’s coming 10–15 minutes late to every meeting. What’s worse, Angelica and Robert have started arriving late, too. It makes the rest of us feel like giving up.
B. SKEPTICISM: Dan constantly makes negative comments. Our brainstorming activities fail because he makes fun of our efforts. Some people in the group are losing their enthusiasm and have stopped saying anything.
C. MONOPOLIZING: Rajiv is very opinionated. He keeps talking, and he rambles on and on. It feels like we can’t get a word in edgewise.
D. SILENT DISAGREEMENT: Adelle sits around rolling her eyes about almost everything we say. We can tell from the look on her face that she doesn’t like our ideas. It makes us feel like she doesn’t like us, either. She’s very pretty, and I think maybe she feels superior.
.
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The document discusses the hydrosphere, which refers to the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere totals about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, with about 20 × 1012 tonnes located in the atmosphere. Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which have an average salinity of 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water. The hydrological cycle involves evaporation from surfaces like oceans and transpiration from plants, which adds water vapor to the atmosphere. Water pollution is a major global problem and can be caused by industrial discharges, agricultural and construction runoff, improper waste disposal, and other
Recent Advanced on Climate change and Human Health RAVIKANTAMISHRA
This document provides an overview of climate change and its impacts on human health in Nepal. It discusses observed climate changes including increasing global temperatures and precipitation. Climate change is negatively impacting water resources, agriculture, livestock, forests and biodiversity in Nepal. Water resources are particularly vulnerable, with glacial retreat threatening water supply. Agriculture is at risk from unreliable rainfall and flooding. Livestock are sensitive to rising temperatures and altered grazing lands. The document outlines several health impacts of climate change that Nepal may experience.
impactos del cambio climatico en ecosistemas costerosXin San
Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine
ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The
relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well
understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in
distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has
revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be
substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more
important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many
organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with
important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one
or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally,
synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing
pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve
living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the
existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key
demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the
community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations
ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and
living systems will respond.
Climate Change & Anthropogenic Impact On Water ResourcesVempi Satriya
Human activities are clearly influencing the climate system and causing changes that are affecting water resources in several ways. According to the IPCC, over half of the increase in surface temperatures since the 1950s is due to human greenhouse gas emissions. As the climate continues to warm, precipitation patterns are projected to change in ways that will impact water availability and quality. Infrastructure like dams and reservoirs has altered water flows, and building more could help address issues like declining storage capacity but also risks impacts on environmental flows. Managing these tradeoffs between human and environmental water needs is an ongoing challenge.
This document summarizes the results of modeling exercises that simulate the impact of climate change on two types of surface aquifers: lakes and rivers. For lakes, it focuses on the impact of global warming on the thermal structure of two Italian lakes, Lake Como and Lake Pusiano, using a hydrodynamic model. The model projects an increase in average yearly lake temperature of 0.04°C per year from 1970-2000 and 0.03°C per year from 2001-2050 according to IPCC climate change scenarios. These increases are expected to reduce mixing between lake layers and impact phytoplankton growth and cyanobacteria blooms. For rivers, it describes a methodology using models to estimate changes in nutrient loads in
The document summarizes the effects of climate change on different aspects of the biosphere, including land cover, marine life, forests, biodiversity, and humans. It discusses how land cover change affects surface albedo and evaporation. It also describes how ocean acidification impacts marine life by reducing the ability of some species to form shells and skeletons. Forests are threatened by diseases and wildfires fueled by climate change. Climate change endangers Arctic mammals that rely on sea ice. Humans face health risks from heat waves, storms, and changing disease patterns.
The document discusses various topics related to human-environment interactions including the environment, ecosystems, human impact on the environment, the Paul Ehrlich equation, and future predictions. It defines key terms, describes how humans both adapt to and change the environment, examines major causes of environmental degradation like population growth and industrialization, and predicts several environmental challenges in the future such as water scarcity, loss of cropland and fisheries, and climate change impacts. Suggestions are made for improving the human-environment relationship.
Global climate change refers to the increase in average global temperatures due to both natural events and human activities like burning fossil fuels. The document summarizes evidence of climate change like rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events. Effects include issues with food, health, and migration. The summary concludes that over the past 25 years, almost everywhere has warmed, sea levels have risen 20cm, and greenhouse gas levels are higher than in the past millions of years, showing that climate change is occurring.
The document discusses climate change science and the role of youth. It provides an overview of the causes and impacts of climate change, including increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. It also summarizes observed and projected climate trends in Nepal, such as increasing temperatures, more heavy rainfall events, and glacial retreat in the Himalayas. The role of youth in understanding and responding to climate change through adaptation efforts is emphasized.
This document discusses environmental issues in Bangladesh. It begins by defining key terms like environment, ecosystem, and environmental degradation. It then examines various factors that contribute to environmental degradation in Bangladesh, including population growth, poverty, urbanization, agriculture, transportation, and economic development. It also discusses political, administrative, and environmental factors. Major environmental problems in Bangladesh include water and air pollution, habitat fragmentation, acid rain, ozone layer destruction, and the impacts of climate change such as flooding, droughts, cyclones and sea level rise. International initiatives and the roles of organizations like the IPCC, IUCN and Greenpeace in addressing climate change are also mentioned.
Climate change threatens biodiversity in several ways. Rising global temperatures cause shifts in species' habitats and ranges, disrupting ecosystems. Polar regions are especially at risk, as melting ice threatens animals like polar bears. In the oceans, warming and acidification endanger coral reefs and plankton. Loss of biodiversity then undermines ecosystem services like pollination and water purification. International data shows an increasing number of threatened species as climate change accelerates extinction rates. Maintaining biodiversity can help buffer against climate impacts and support ecosystem adaptation.
1) Soil releases 10 times more carbon dioxide than human activities through the process of soil respiration. Grassland soil stores large amounts of carbon and releases less carbon than other land uses in warmer conditions.
2) Factors like soil temperature, moisture, and vegetation influence soil respiration rates. As temperatures increase from climate change, soil respiration may also increase up to a threshold.
3) Restoring grasslands can lower the global carbon footprint by storing carbon in soil for long periods, decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC BIOTAAlbert Wandera
the Presentation discuss the relevant mitigation and adaptation measures which should be employed to address the impacts of Global climatic changes on marine and fresh water habitats and Biota
Climate is the average weather over a long period and we expect it to remain relatively constant. CC is the single biggest long-term problem we face - the evidence is overwhelming. CC is a far greater threat to the world than international terrorism.
CC is not science fiction……and will soon prove to be a dead-end road for everyone. The key is actually discarding the idea that in order for a country to get rich, stay rich and get richer, you have to put more GHG in the atmosphere. That isn't true and it hasn't been true for years….. If we don't deal with this immediately, we will have island nations flooded; agricultural balance of most countries completely changed; a dramatic increase in the number of severe, unmanageable weather events and epidemic of unknown diseases. Our natural environment is very important in the aspects of peace because when we destroy our resources and our resources become scarce, we fight over that hastening CC.
1. Climate change refers to substantial changes in weather patterns due to human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
2. The earth has warmed over 0.5°C in the last century and models predict further warming of 1.8-4.0°C by 2100, with rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
3. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are the main causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
This document provides definitions and information about sustainability from various sources. It discusses the three pillars of sustainability - environmental, social, and economic. It explains how early childhood educators need to understand and promote sustainability to children. It also discusses some key global issues related to sustainability like climate change, greenhouse gases, ecological footprints, and earth resources. It includes several activities for educators to engage children in sustainability practices.
AP Environmental Science: Unit 1 Test ReviewJordan Randles
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, environmental science, and earth systems. It defines ecological footprint and its implications for resource use. It also summarizes the effects of deforestation on water cycles and soil resources. Additional summaries cover sustainability, pollution, causes of environmental problems, climate and weather, plate tectonics, erosion, the rock and soil cycles.
Global Warming and Sustainable Development - IEESDorcas Omowole
This document discusses the link between global warming and sustainable development. It notes that carbon emissions are a major greenhouse gas causing global warming, which threatens sustainable development goals by potentially raising sea levels, increasing extreme weather events, and disrupting global ecosystems. The document advocates curbing carbon emissions and shifting to more environmentally friendly economic and consumption practices in order to mitigate global warming and work towards sustainable development.
Warming is believed to be caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical deserts.
The document provides information about climate change and global warming. It defines key terms like weather, climate and greenhouse gases. It discusses the evidence that climate change is caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases. It also notes some of the observed impacts of climate change, such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. Finally, it discusses some actions that can be taken to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
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Consider the vision for a successful Southwest Transit marketing tea.docxclarebernice
Consider the vision for a successful Southwest Transit marketing team composed in Topic 4. Narrow down the team selection to four individuals for presentation to the director. Decide which strategies will be most effective for leading the agreed-upon team. Compose a PowerPoint presentation (10-12 slides), then record your 5-7-minute presentation using YouTube Video, Loom, or Zoom. On the title slide of your PowerPoint presentation, provide the link to your YouTube, Loom, or Zoom video recording that you created. Your presentation should address the following:
Who are the four team members, and what was the primary reason each person was selected? How difficult was it to come to a decision regarding team selection? Which potential team member was most difficult to come to a consensus about? Why?
What are the primary strengths of the team? What are its potential weaknesses? How positive is the management team about the team's potential? Justify your answers with evidence from " Southwest Transit Team Member Profiles."
What strategies will be most effective for motivating the team, managing conflict, and ensuring success and fostering collaboration? Cite specific motivational theories, conflict-resolution strategies, and leadership strategies in your answer.
Justify how the selected team embodies the values of Conscious Capitalism how the tenet of stakeholder orientation played a role in the team selection process. Provide citations to strengthen your claims.
Describe how value is created for each stakeholder, and in what ways will the team positively impact the business as a whole?
You are required to use at least three academic references to strengthen and support your claims and recommendations. Ensure each content slide has supporting citations and specific examples.
.
Consider the various ways to create effective communication in teams.docxclarebernice
Consider the various ways to create effective communication in teams and guidelines from the text to determine how s a student group could constructively manage the situations described below. In your response for each scenario, identify which principles of effective teamwork are being disregarded, and develop responses (i.e. ways) that maintain a supportive communication climate.
A. LATENESS: At the second meeting, Peg came in a few minutes late. That was bad enough, but now she’s coming 10–15 minutes late to every meeting. What’s worse, Angelica and Robert have started arriving late, too. It makes the rest of us feel like giving up.
B. SKEPTICISM: Dan constantly makes negative comments. Our brainstorming activities fail because he makes fun of our efforts. Some people in the group are losing their enthusiasm and have stopped saying anything.
C. MONOPOLIZING: Rajiv is very opinionated. He keeps talking, and he rambles on and on. It feels like we can’t get a word in edgewise.
D. SILENT DISAGREEMENT: Adelle sits around rolling her eyes about almost everything we say. We can tell from the look on her face that she doesn’t like our ideas. It makes us feel like she doesn’t like us, either. She’s very pretty, and I think maybe she feels superior.
.
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.
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1) It should be a minimum of 350 Words not including references
2) APA Format and References needed
.
Consider the two following statements Photosynthesis and cellular .docxclarebernice
Consider the two following statements: "Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite reactions" and "Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary reactions."
Which statement is correct? Or are they both correct? Explain.
Autotrophs are considered to be the foundation of all ecosystems. Do you agree with that statement? Explain why.
.
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2. What specific qualitative data will you collect?
3. How will you know when to stop collecting data?
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Consider the scenarios involving the unwilling moral agents of Jim and George in Bernard William's “Utilitarianism & Integrity”. Describe the events that occur in such scenario (Be detailed your descriptions.) Explain how these events relate to the Brain in a Vat scenario in Robert Nozick’s “The Experience Machine”. Additionally, explain how the thought experiments in each article exemplify objections regarding consequentialist judgments. Finally, using the selection from Mill's Utilitarianism to demonstrate how these objections might be unwarranted. Provide a detailed scenario that demonstrates your formulation of the unwarranted objections.
.
Consider the scenario below.A toxic waste dump company wants to .docxclarebernice
Consider the scenario below.
A toxic waste dump company wants to build a facility within a small, low-income community. The city council has to approve the placement for all new companies. The approval of the addition of this particular company will bring very little economic benefit to the community. None of the residents of the community attended the city council meeting when this company made its proposal, and the community residents were unaware of the proposal. Since no one in the community attended the city council meetings, the chief executive officer (CEO) of the toxic waste dump company says approval from the city council should be the only approval needed to move forward with building this facility.
Do you agree or disagree with the CEO? Consider the roles and responsibilities of federal, state, and local health departments in public health practice. What is one recommendation for what should have been done prior to the council meeting to ensure that the decision was fair and valid?
.
Consider the role of interest groups in the policy-making process, w.docxclarebernice
Consider the role of interest groups in the policy-making process, which often involves a wide range of stakeholders. In your opinion, what role should healthcare interest groups have in setting healthcare policy at the local and national levels?
How does the financing of interest groups impact healthcare policy in the United States? Do healthcare interest groups have too much, too little, or the appropriate amount of influence on healthcare policy?
.
Consider the role of stakeholders in addressing a health problem a.docxclarebernice
Consider the role of stakeholders in addressing a health problem affecting a particular community. Why is it important to engage these individuals
at all stagesof a health promotion initiative? (Your comments should delineate particular stages at which stakeholder participation is most critical.)
.
Consider the quote by Adam Fuss in this module in which he describes.docxclarebernice
Adam Fuss describes his photograms as depicting not just the subject, but also conveying the moment of creation through photography and the essence of the organic materials, with a strange and uncanny realness. He aims to capture the process and essence of the materials, not just a depiction, bringing added layers of meaning and creativity to photography beyond mere representation.
Consider the obstacles that Phoenix Jackson had to overcome on h.docxclarebernice
Consider the obstacles that Phoenix Jackson had to overcome on her journey.
Each group needs to find 2 or more examples of each of the following conflicts that Phoenix Jackson faced.
a. Person vs Self
b. Person vs Person
c. Person vs Environment
d. Person vs Society
.
Consider the nurse leader’s role in achieving the IHI Quadruple Ai.docxclarebernice
Consider the nurse leader’s role in achieving the IHI Quadruple Aim for this transition of care. (Hint: Draw from resources on systems thinking and nurse leaders’ ability to influence innovation and change.)
Assignment (5–6 pages, not including title and reference page):
Write a paper in which you address the following:
Identity your selected example of a transition of care.
Describe the key stakeholders that might be involved in this transition of care and the leadership strategies you would use to engage and influence them.
Explain how you, as a nurse leader along with your healthcare team, would apply systems thinking when providing a transition of care aligned with the IHI Quadruple Aim framework in order to improve it. Explain the fourth aim and strategy you would use and why.
Explain how systems thinking would inform your improvement plan for the specific transition of care you selected.
.
Consider the music business as a supply network. How has music d.docxclarebernice
Consider the music business as a supply network. How has music downloads and streaming affected artists sales? What implications has online music transmission had for traditional music retailers?
Research should include:
1) music industry structure before downloads - Create a diagram to show the supply network
2) current music industry structure - Create a diagram to show the supply network
3) Remember to include terms such as: dintermediation, co-opetition, business ecosystem, dyads and triads, vertical integration, outsourcing etc
4) Create a power point presentation:
zero plagarism and proper APA formatting..
.
Consider the mean of a cluster of objects from a binary transact.docxclarebernice
Consider the mean of a cluster of objects from a binary transaction data set. What are the minimum and maximum values of the components of the mean? What is the interpretation of components of the cluster mean? Which components most accurately characterize the objects in the cluster?
Please ensure to cite the Author, YYYY with any content brought into the discussion. All discussions should contain at least one reference (and matching in-text citation in APA format).
.
Consider the importance of using a variety of assessments in the.docxclarebernice
This document discusses the importance of using various assessments to evaluate student reading abilities. It instructs the reader to create a chart identifying informal, formal, formative, and summative assessments used in reading. The reader is asked to compare and contrast a minimum of five assessments using the Depth of Knowledge resource and support claims with peer-reviewed research, citing sources in APA format.
Consider the importance of visuals in connecting with an audienc.docxclarebernice
Consider the importance of visuals in connecting with an audience. Discuss a moment or experience in your life when a picture, drawing or other visual had a significant impact. Consider whether the same impact could have occurred if you heard about the image rather than experiencing it visually.
Find a poorly designed PowerPoint slideshow and share it here. Give a short summary that identifies the problems and make suggestions on what would improve the design.
.
Consider the imagery you created in your mind as you interacted with.docxclarebernice
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The Open Window
. Describe this imagery and discuss whether it helped you understand the story. Did the imagery or imagined tone change when you listened to the audio? How? Which medium did you enjoy the most?
Now, do the same exercise with Sojourner Truth's speech in text and as interpreted by Cicely Tyson in video form. Which medium did you prefer and why?
Comparing the forms you preferred in each case, what might that tell you about how you learn?
.
Consider the followingContrast Soviet and post-Soviet migration.docxclarebernice
Consider the following:
Contrast Soviet and post-Soviet migration patterns within the Russian domain. Throughout the Soviet era Russian leaders relocated people to new locations, both in an attempt to extend Russian political and economic power and as a means of punishment—as prisoners were dispatched to a series of security sites: The Gulag Archipelago. Russian leaders viewed many of these relocations as part of a broader ‘Russification’ policy.
As the result of the circumstances above:
In the post-Soviet era, there has been a reversal of migration, and ethnic Russians are leaving the newly independent states (former republics) to return to Russia.
The assignment
:
Following the demise of the Soviet Union, what will be the likely outcome of ethnic Russians leaving the newly independent states to return to Russia?
.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Climate The third component of human carrying capacity29 Janu.docx
1. Climate: The third component of human carrying capacity
29 January 2018
ECS 111
Dr. Olson
Pre-Springtime in Paris
The warmest year (again)
Here we are in 2017
2017 Temperatures
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/global-
maps/201713#global-maps-select
2017 Precipitation
2. In Denial or Lack of Political Will?
What is the danger?
A brief history of our atmosphere
Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago.
4 billion yrs ago, atmosphere likely N2, H2O, CO2, CH4
~ 3.5 billion yrs ago: first life appears in the ocean
Subsequent photosynthesis produces O2
Early O2 used to oxidize rock & react with volcanic gases
By 1 billion years ago, O2 accumulating in atmosphere
Garrison (2002)
3. The simple model does well, but things aren’t quite that simple.
The albedo varies from near 0.05 (oceans) to near 1 (fresh
snow). The real picture is quite complicated (especially by
clouds).
Greenhouse Effect
With no atmosphere Earth’s surface temperature = -18°C
= σTe4
Ts = Te = 255 K (-18°C)
Ts = 288 K (15°C, 59° F)
= σTa4 = σTe4
atmosphere Ta =Te
σTS4
σTa4
With atmosphere (GHGs), Earth’s temperature = 15° C
terrestrial
solar
240 W/m2
14
4. Not all areas of a sphere receive the same energy / unit area
15
Distribution of global heating and cooling. Incoming solar
radiation versus infrared (heat) outgoing radiation. Both the
atmosphere and ocean serve to redistribute heat around the
planet.
16
Global wind systems: Again.
Garrison (2002)
Source: http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/slides/
climate/analema.gif
Not all the earth receives the same amount of solar radiation.
The most is received at the equator; the least at the poles.
This unequal distribution of energy drives the climate.
5. Both the atmosphere and ocean serve to redistribute heat around
the planet.
Weather averaged over months, seasons or longer is climate.
Given the large seasonal and spatial fluctuations, it is easier to
compare different years by looking at anomalies, that is
differences compared to average temperatures for some long
period, say 1971-2000.
ITCZ
Global Ocean Temperatures
Temperate westerlies
Trade wind systems
Monsoons
Low pressure,
ascending air
High pressure,
6. descending air
High pressure,
descending air
The ITCZ is a dynamic feature that moves annually with the
changing seasons.
Nat. Geographic
Can the Green Revolution hold?
Economist 1 August 2015
Peter Webster’s Monsoons
How Does Climate Set Life’s Patterns
Where are the major biomes that are found currently on Earth?
How do the ecosystems in these biomes function?
What are the typical fauna (animals) and flora (plants) that
define these biomes.
All the Earth’s Terrestrial Biomes
How are these biomes defined?
7. Endemic species (organisms that live there).
Physical attributes of the environment: climate, nutrient fluxes,
soils….
30
How to define a biome?
Making a species list. (Biotic)
Putting in a climate category. (Abiotic)
Can we define unique attributes in terms of:
How are biomes limited:
- Nutrient poor systems
- Marginal systems with soil or water issues.
OK, but how does this define a biome?
Making a species list.
Putting in a climate category.
Can we define unique attributes in terms of:
- Systems with high biomass but few species (Polar
seas)
- Diverse systems with many species: High
biomass (rain forests coral reefs) Low biomass (Deserts and
Subtropical gyres.
Brown’s Major Controls on Human Carrying Capacity
Water
Soils
Climate
47. Industrial Revolution
Glacial
The Anthropocene
390 ppm
Arrhenius 1896
The Warming Hiatis ?
Confusing findings:
Rising Seas
Sea Level:
Sea level increases: 1) Sea water expands with warming
temperatures; 2) Warming leads to the melting or floating of
land ice sheets.
48. Sea Level increases impacts: 1) Initial increase in storm damage
from both tropical and temperate storm systems; 2) Sea level
effects a large population sector that lives in coastal cities; 3)
Many agricultural areas are coastal.
Adapting for Antarctica
Sea Level Today
Figure 5.13
IPCC AR4 Fig. 5.13: Annual averages of the global mean sea
level (mm). The red curve shows reconstructed sea level fields
since 1870 (updated from Church and White, 2006); the blue
curve shows coastal tide gauge measurements since 1950 (from
Holgate and Woodworth, 2004) and the black curve is based on
satellite altimetry (Leuliette et al., 2004). The red and blue
curves are deviations from their averages for 1961 to 1990, and
the black curve is the deviation from the average of the red
curve for the period 1993 to 2001. Error bars show 90%
confidence intervals.
Global mean sea level rising (non-uniform)
1961-2003:1.8±0.5mm/yr =>
Worldwide increase in occurrence
of extreme high water
iii. Sea level rise
49. 42
Figure 5.13. Annual averages of the global mean sea level
(mm). The red curve shows reconstructed sea level fields since
1870 (updated from Church and White, 2006); the blue curve
shows coastal tide gauge measurements since 1950 (from
Holgate and Woodworth, 2004) and the black curve is based on
satellite altimetry (Leuliette et al., 2004). The red and blue
curves are deviations from their averages for 1961 to 1990, and
the black curve is the deviation from the average of the red
curve for the period 1993 to 2001. Error bars show 90%
confidence intervals.
43
Figure 5.13. Annual averages of the global mean sea level
(mm). The red curve shows reconstructed sea level fields since
1870 (updated from Church and White, 2006); the blue curve
shows coastal tide gauge measurements since 1950 (from
Holgate and Woodworth, 2004) and the black curve is based on
satellite altimetry (Leuliette et al., 2004). The red and blue
curves are deviations from their averages for 1961 to 1990, and
the black curve is the deviation from the average of the red
curve for the period 1993 to 2001. Error bars show 90%
confidence intervals.
Global sea level rise (based on tide gauge and satellite data) has
been following the highest end of the 2001 IPCC sea level
projection.
LOW
51. Can Nature Adapt?
2
/
240
m
W
Yang Dun
Ecs111
Ecology refers to the study of ecosystems in which a group of
organisms live together. Ecosystem does not refer to organisms
only, rather it refers to the environment as well in which these
organisms are living (Costanza et. all, 1997). The knowledge of
such systems is essential in order to know about its strength as
well as stability. This knowledge is immensely important since
it depicts the limits in which such an environment could
survive. This essay is focused towards different aspects of this
system which allows us to understand the basic concepts of
earth as ecosystem.
Carrying capacity is an interesting concept which refers to
the maximum living capacity which a country could offer at a
time. If the individuals living in this area become greater than
this limit, it is not only harmful for them but it also depicts that
52. its environment would be destroyed completely. This capacity is
determined in a different manner by various researchers. As
described by Lester Brown, there are three limits which define
the carrying capacity of any area. First of all, the yield of ocean
fisheries needs to be stable completely in order to ensure that
food production is enhanced. This is one of the major
constraints faced in this regard. Second is the level of fresh
water available and third limit is described as the amount of
fertilizers which could be used for food production. As far as
Australia is concerned, the total carrying capacity is about
40,450,154 individuals while the current population is
22,326,388. Only a small share of food produced in this country
is used by local population. About 48.6% of food produced is
extra in capacity which shows that the carrying capacity of
Australia is more than the current population owing to excess of
resources.
Ecosystem services refers to the facilities given by an
ecosystem to its inhabitants. These facilities ensure that a
quality life is given to the dwellers of an area or a country.
Water is one such facility which improves the quality of an
ecosystem. With the help of fresh water, various domestic
functions could be performed which includes cooking, cleaning
and washing clothes. This fresh water is also essential for
consumption. In case of rural areas, the availability of fresh
water is essential for irrigating the crops and other plants. Fresh
water ensures that the crops could be harvested on time and that
food production remains efficient for both rural and urban fresh
water reserves. Other than this, power is also generated with the
help of water reserves. Therefore, ecosystem could not survive
without water at all.
Soil loss, commonly known as soil erosion, is a great loss
to any ecosystem which could disturb its natural balance
completely. There are numerous causes for this ongoing
process, however, the most common are related to immense
expansion of cities and their population. As a result of
population increase, the practice of cutting trees has increased
53. thereby destroying forest areas completely. As a result of this,
the fertile soil is swept away along with water (Odum, 1996).
Other than this, another major factor is overuse of fertilizers
and pesticides in agricultural fields. Due to this, the quality of
upper soil is damaged completely, thereby causing the land to
become barren. It is not harmful to use pesticides or other such
chemical in limited amount, however, their overuse is causing
soil degradation.
Population transition refers to the changes in population
characteristics such as birth rate and death rate over a fixed
time period. Recently the birth rate has declined owing to
increase in awareness related to overpopulation. Everyone is
aware of limited resource available in ecosystem due to which
birth rate is being strictly controlled. Other than that, death rate
has also decreased due to advancement in medical sciences
(Assessment, 2003). This has improved the quality of life being
led by individuals. There were basically 4 stages of population
transition observed till yet. In first stage, the birth rate was
extremely high while death rate kept fluctuating. The second
stage comprised of lowering death rates. However, birth rates
were still high. The third stage consisted of lowering birth rates
as well while the current fourth stage has both low birth and
death rates.
In the given equation, dN/dt is the rate at which population
is increasing. Keeping this in mind, r is the growth observed for
a time period. K is a term which refers to the total capacity of
an eco-system to keep organisms. This capacity is termed as
carrying capacity and is an essential terminology of ecology.
In Middle East, there are a number of issues due to the
current political and social transitions. ISIS has fallen, causing
Assad to win over completely. The president of Lebanon has
resigned which gave courage to Kurds residing in Baghdad to
fight for supremacy in Iran (Grime, 2006). As a result of these
issues, the social and economic situation of entire region is
weak. Some of the problems include unemployment, weak
economy, high growth rate of local population, inefficient
54. trading system and weak education system.
As a result of drought, the food situation in western United
States is worsening day by day. The absence of livestock in this
weather is imminent, thereby causing the local population to
suffer from malnutrition. This is not only damaging physical
health, it also has a huge impact on emotional well-being.
All in all, it can be seen that ecosystem and ecology is an
important subject which enhances the understanding of many
aspects of life.
References
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M.,
Hannon, B., ... & Raskin, R. G. (1997).
The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural
capital. nature, 387(6630), 253.
Assessment, M. E. (2003). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
(MA): Strengthening Capacity to Manage
Ecosystems Sustainably for Human Well-Being. World
Resources Institute.
Grime, J. P. (2006). Plant strategies, vegetation processes, and
ecosystem properties. John Wiley &
Sons.
Odum, E. P. (1966). The strategy of ecosystem
development. Science, 164(262.270).
ECS 111 Spring 2018
Dr. Olson
Writing Tips for Homework:
Homework and rewrites of test questions will be graded
primarily based on the scientific and analytical content of the
work. This includes an adequate use of citations to appropriate
literature, use of appropriate analytical tools including proper
introduction and explanation of equations and calculations used
to consider the problems, a concise discussion of the
conclusions of the work. Homework assignments are considered
55. part of your own work and therefore should not include material
copied from other sources. To do so is plagiarism and will be
grounds for disciplinary action. Below the basic formats
expected and some guidelines for layout of assignments are
outlined.
References: Appropriate references are typically considered to
stem from juried (reviewed) literature. This means that the work
should have been reviewed and published in scientific or
engineering journals. Citing textbooks is allowed when
documenting well known techniques and or solutions to specific
mathematical problems. In general, it is not appropriate to quote
a text book when the object is to refer to a specific piece of
work in the juried literature. Instead it the original work should
be cited. A text may be cited when it provides an overview of
an entire field. The discussion should still quote the individual
works that are pertinent to the discussion in the homework. A
final note on textbooks is that they are usually out of date,
therefore the newest juried literature is the place to start on
homework.
When providing a reader with a reference list a good “rule of
thumb” is to quote the most up to date references on the topic, a
few of the major contributions on the issues, and the original
work on the problem. Be explicit in discussing the role of each
of the works cited in framing the conclusions in your paper.
This is very important in documenting what you have added to
our understanding of the problem with your own analysis. In
other words carefully documenting what you have added.
Citations should appear in the text. While modern word
processing has made it easy to use footnotes, you should use the
authors’ names and the date for their work in the text. Single
authors should appear as Smith (2001) if you are discussing the
work outright in the sentence. If the citation is just to provide a
source for further research by the reader, the citation usually
appears at the end of the discussion as (Smith, 2001). In
general, in scientific papers page numbers are not given in the
text. For two authors, both are provided, i.e. Smith and Jones
56. (2008). For three or more authors make use of the Latin et al.,
i.e. Jones et al. (2010). Again these should be worked into the
narrative when you are actually discussing a work or placed in
parenthesis if you are just supplying references for the reader to
go to for further information.
The reference section of your work should provide the reader all
the information needed to find the work. In science the common
widely used style is that of the American Chemical Society.
There are a number of other formats also. Typically one must
conform to a specific style of reference to comply with specific
journals for publication. The important issue is to be consistent
with a specific style. In the literature there are various
templates for references. Any will be accepted for homework as
long as they are consistently followed. Here are a set of
examples:
Haywood, A.M., P. J. Valdes, and B. W. Sellwood. 2000.
Global scale paleoclimate reconstruction of the middle Pliocene
climate using the UKMO GCM: Initial results. Global and
Planet. Change, 25, 239-256.
Fiedler, P. C. and L. P. Talley 2006. Hydrography of the eastern
tropical Pacific: A review. Prog. Oceanogr., 69, 143-180.
Mullen KM, Peters EC, Harvell CD 2004. Coral resistance to
disease. In: Rosenberg E, Loya Y (eds) Coral Health and
Disease. Springer, New York, pp 377-399
Greenspan, H. P. 1969. The Theory of Rotating Fluids.
Cambridge Uni. Press., London, 328 pp.
Darwin, C. 1890. Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, South
American Geology. Bettany ed., Ward, Lock and Co. G. T.
London, pgs 312-318.
Note here the first two are juried articles. The journal titles area
abbreviated and the citations includes the volume number and
page numbers for the articles. Author lists include all of the
authors and their initials. The Mullen article is in a book and
therefore includes the editors in the citations (eds). The last two
are also books, but involve single authors who are responsible
for the publication and therefore there is not mention of an
57. editor. The Greenspan book just lists the total number of pages.
The Darwin citation involves a long book without an index.
Therefore the page numbers for the specific quotation are given.
The books also list the publisher and the city where they were
published. This is particularly important for the Darwin quote
since his writings are voluminous and this is not an easy book
to find.
Using the Internet and the Library: The Internet is a very
powerful tool, that along with word processing, makes it far
easier to complete academic work than in the past. That said, it
is very easy to be lead astray by bogus information found on it.
The ephemeral nature of material on line and the tendency for
old information to hang on for years, make the Internet a
problematic in terms of proper referencing. This is an issue that
has seen considerable debate within the scientific publishing
community. In general, sources from the juried literature should
be used as much as possible. There are some data sets, however,
that can only be accessed through the Internet. These should be
fully documented including the agency source and the date of
the product, plus the date when it was retrieved. This should
allow a reader sometime in the future to find the data. The two
important dates also allow checks on data recalls and
modifications over time to data bases.
In terms of other uses of the Internet, a good way to start on a
project is to “surf the web.” While this may not provide the
reference material that is required in the final product, it does
do a good job of opening up information on problems. Sources
such as Wickipedia are fine for getting basic definitions. Most
of their offerings also contain useful references to get start with
the literature. Google and other search engines are also useful.
In general it is better to use Google Scholar. Services such as
the Web of Science and Web of Knowledge are also good places
to start. Most University libraries are equipped to facilitate the
development of references for a project. In particular, there is
access to most of the juried literature through E-Journals. The
library also has excellent citation services and topic search
58. capabilities. The citation indices are particularly useful in
chasing down references on a topic by just checking on authors
that have cited a work you have already found.
Writing Essays and Homework problems: In general in
scientific writing it is typical to use third person as
demonstrated in this manual. The present tense should also be
used for everything that exists in the present. These include data
sets, manuscripts themselves, and the work of authors even if
they are deceased. Actions or events that are clearly in the past
should be described using past tense. This being said, some
authors are more comfortable using personal tenses with “I
have…” or “We.” If the student insists on using first person,
the usage should be consistent, i.e. do not switch back and forth
between tenses.
All work should be carefully organized with clear introductions
stating the purpose of the essay or focus of the problem.
Paragraphs should be laid out in a logical order. Typically in
scientific and engineering papers this will involve an
introduction, a methods section, a results section and a
discussion and/or conclusion. For mathematics incorporated into
papers see the following sections. There is also a discussion on
the use of graphs and charts below.
Writing Mathematics: Many of the problems for homework in
the class involve mathematical calculations or can be done far
more easily using some mathematics. There are two reasons to
include math in a text; the fist is to streamline the discussion in
a concise manner, the second is to explicitly demonstrate a
calculation or provide a derivation or proof. To demonstrate the
use of math to shorten and concisely define concepts consider
the following discussion of what is known as a structured
population problem.
Consider the population of some entity, ,T, G), where the
variables that define are the position in space, and time (t),
and a set of three functions involving the other populations that
the ith population interacts with, , environmental variables, T,
and a state variable containing information, G. Note that
59. typically these latter variables are also functions of space and
time. These for example could be the temperature field, while
G might denote population genotypes for organisms or design
templates for built structures such as bridges. This use of an
equation with the symbol, , designate that is a function of a set
of state variables that can be used to define it in the
independent variables of space and time and the interacting
variables representing its properties and that of its
surroundings. Note that writing out this relation takes far less
space than trying to express the relationships in words. While it
is important to define the variables involved when the equation
is introduced, it is not necessary to reintroduce the definitions
as the problem is discussed further in a text or homework.
This definition of a function and it’s variables also allows direct
access to calculus to derive an equation for . This is
accomplished by expanding the total derivative of
+ .
This is an example of expanding the total derivative in terms of
all of the partial differentials that provide responses between
state variables. This is one of the fundamental concepts in
multi-variable calculus.
The second use for math is to carry out computations. There
will be many homework problems set up to allow the student to
practice solving problems. There are also some homework sets
that as the student to derive equations for various situations.
Here a simple example is given. Assume that we are interested
in a simple entity say the total population of a species or the
concentration of a radioactive isotope given as N. The species
population might be given in terms of numbers in total or
numbers per area or volume of habitat. Isotopes can be given in
actual concentrations say μg/ or in some mass or molar
fraction. If these are not variable in space, on environmental
variables such as T, other species, or G-factors, the total
derivative can be completed with respect to time to yield
where here a sink term has been added to indicate mortality or
60. decay when This is simple to integrate for find a solution for N
in the case where the initial value for N(0) The solution is then
N(t) = .
In many of the problems assigned in class students will not want
to make use of a word processor and can just write them out
with pen or pencil. These should still be laid out carefully with
sentences for discussion of assumptions and variable
definitions. The steps taken in solving the problems should be
explained so that the reader can understand the mathematics that
was carried out. It is important to define the units of all of the
variables introduced. This makes it easier to check the solutions
and make conclusions concerning the computation.
Acknowledgements: This is a good time to start using
acknowledgements in your work. These are typically found at
the end of an article just before the references. In a journal
article this is where collaborators who are not coauthors are
thanked for their contributions. In homework this is also the
appropriate place to acknowledge information that you gained
from a lecture, since the lectures are not part of the open
literature that a reader could find in a library or online.
Choosing and Displaying Figures: Like mathematics the careful
use of figures whether they are simple schematics that are
drawn by the author, graphs done from either data or an
equation, or figures taken from other literature, can greatly
simplify and shorten a manuscript. In particular, if a geographic
area is discussed in the text it is common practice to include a
chart showing the area and the particular features or locations
discussed. Students today have many means of producing charts
through resources such as Google Maps or ARC-GIS software.
The former is available free online. The UM library and the
computer labs in MSC and engineering have programs for the
latter. Below is a discussion of choosing figures and the layout
of figure captions.
Fig. 1. Plots comparing the nutricline () in the North Atlantic to
that in the North Pacific. Data are from GEOSECS North
61. Atlantic stations 26 and 26 and North Pacific GEOSEC station
213. Both oceans have lower surface concentrations than can be
measured using the methods available in 1972. The North
Atlantic, however, has higher concentrations than the North
Pacific beween70 and 200m. Below this the North Pacific has
higher levels at depth exceeding the Atlantic by a factor of two
by 500 m. The water column maximum values for the two
locations are also included on the plot.
Here the data are from the GEOSEC data sets that are available
on line. They were plotted on graph paper by the author. Note
that symbols differentiate the two oceans both in terms color
and shape, read circles versus blue squares. The figure caption
includes all of the material that is needed to understand the
graphs. The axes and units are given in the graphic itself. The
material in the caption should not just repeat the discussion in
the text. The same is true in reverse, i.e. put the full description
of the graph in the caption, not in the text.
The second figure, Fig. 2, is taken from a publication by Walsh
(1983) and was redone to combine two of that author’s figures
into a single panel. This was republished in The Sea Vol. 12 by
the author (Olson, 2001). Since the figure was redone by the
author it was not necessary to obtain permission from the
previous publisher, although the work of Walsh (1983) was
quoted in the figure caption and in the discussion surrounding
the figure in the Olson (2001) text. . Figures used straight from
other publications can be used in homework with proper
attribution as to source.
Water: H₂O
ECS 111
2 February 2018
Donald B. Olson
62. Cape Town Goes Dry?
EPA and Clean Water Act
1 February 2018 NYT
Sea Level: Freshwater Danger
Causal Sequence:
Five year drought
Wet spring/dry summer
Fires and removal of ground cover (November)
December rains
Fire and Flood
A long dry time:
63. What sets the scales for water as a commodity?
What sets the price of water?
64. How does water quality enter the picture?
Is there a need to protect the price of water for some specific
uses?
Does the last question suggest that waters has different worth
under free trade?
When does water lead to diplomatic problems including war?
National Geo. Apr. 2010
Water in our Ecosystems: Cont.
Adequate water: Domestic, industrial, agricultural uses, and the
rest of nature
Sustainability of water supplies: Future use
Maintenance of water quality: Pollution from natural (salt),
industrial/agriculture, domestic sources.
Trans-boundary issues: Sharing water between cities/rural
districts, states, countries.
Natural Saline Waters
Colorado River
Sources of fresh water:
Ground water: Aquifers
- Volume (km³), removal rate (km³/sec)
– Issue recharge rates and depletion times
65. Rivers and streams: Runoff in channels
- Volume transport (km³/sec)
- Downstream water quality
Lakes: Still waters, natural and dam created
- Volume exchange: Residence times
- Water quality and pollution build up
Residence and depletion times:
Residence time:TR Equilibrium (Steady State)
Depletion rates:TD
Rate of resource decay
Problems to consider:
Calculate the residence times for the different water pools in the
last lecture (see Tables).
Discuss the assumptions you have to make to turn these global
numbers into something that might be useful for policy. (What
do you have to assume?)
Choose a lake that you are interested in and work out its water
balance.
Calculate a depletion time for an aquifer.
Water Stocks in the Environment
24
From: Chow, Maidment and Mays, Applied Hydrology, McGraw
Hill, 1988
66. Water Fluxes in the Environment
Salinity ~ 35 gm salt/kg sea water; potable water < 19
25
More on freshwater availability
26
Global Water Balance (land)
Rainfall (119,000 km3/yr or 31 in) =
Evapotranspiration (72,000 km3/yr or 19 in) +
Runoff (44,700 km3/yr or 11.7 in) +
Infiltration (2,200 km3/yr or 0.3 in)
Conclusion: the world lives on a “water budget”
27
Stocks and Fluxes
Budgeting of an environmental stock takes place over a period
of time (day, month, year, etc).
[Change in Stock] = [Flux In]
- [Flux Out]
67. + [Stock created]
- [Stock withdrawn]
28
Rainfall Data
Annual Rainfall in the Continental US, 1895-2003
Source: NOAA (www.noaa.gov)
29
Evaporation
Found by “evaporation pans”
Actual Evaporation =
Pan Evaporation x 0.70
30
Transpiration
Vegetation uptake and release of water for metabolic (growth)
purposes
Uptake takes place through the roots
68. Release takes place through the leaves (stomata)
Vegetation functions as a “pass-through” for water
31
Source: Laio et al., Advances
In Water Resources 24, p. 708,
2001
“Evapotranspiration”
Source: Hanson, U.S. Geological
Survey Water-Supply Paper 2375,
1991
32
Terrestrial Waters
Terrestrial Waters
Land ice (Ice sheets) 68.6% of fresh water
Ground water (aquifers) 30.2%
Lakes 0.26%
Rivers 0.006%
69. As a comparison the atmosphere contains approximately 0.04%
Global Water Sheds
http://wp.geog.mcgill.ca/hydrolab/fragmentation/
http://atlas.gwsp.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view
&id=97
Regulation and Connectivity of Rivers
http://wp.geog.mcgill.ca/hydrolab/
Water Budget
So, we have water depth D:
D = R – (Q + E + T + I)
This budget must be made over a defined time period (year,
season, month, day)
R=rain rate; Q = run off; E=evaporation; T=transpiration; I=
infiltration
37
70. A tragedy in the attempts to provide clean water.
The other SE Asian River: The Mekong
Wars and Water:
6-day war 1987 Israel’s big gain
Syria and Turkey
The future of the Dead Sea
Water and Middle East Peace
71. National Geographic April 2009
NYT 2 February 2014
Miami Herald 2 Feb 2014
Water and Geography
High Corruption and Intrigue Hollywood Style
72. Can we design a river basin?
What is the best design for a river?
Consider the factors:
- Control of flow
- Water quality
- Safe navigation
Who should govern these?
- States and local government
- National and international issues
Rivers are lost?
Impacts on land use and fisheries
Movement of societies to the coast.
Pollution impacts
Changes in water flows
73. NYT 24 August 2014
Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River system of Georgia,
Alabama and Florida
A. Ripley (2006) Why We Don’t Prepare, Time, Aug. 28, 2006
74. What about Lakes?
International Lake Basin Managemnent (ILBM)
Lake attributes:
Lakes studied to date by program
The idea of a case study:
Pick representative ecosystems and do intensive studies.
Use modeling tools to address the ecological relationships.
Link the systems to larger scale biome and climate issues.
Use the study to address management in other similar
ecosystems.
75. Scale of hydrology issues: Small to large.
Hydrological position: Where we are on the flow.
Ground Water: Aquifers
Lakes and rivers: Surface water
These are outcrops of local water tables
Aquifers are geological formations that contain water (porous)
and interact with surface water through permeable connections.
78. Birth of Agriculture
The Harvest
Agriculture began in fits and starts over the last 8-12 thousand
years.
- Ahu Hureyra (rye cultivation)
- Çatalhöyük (early full agriculture)
Taking of fish and animals as prey has a longer history.
- Hunting the wild
- Domestication
10,000 BP Jordon NYT Oct 2016
Role of temperature
Water supplies
Soil histories
Technology
Competing species
79. Birth of Agriculture
Spread of Rice after 10,000 BP
New Revolutions:
To what degree have the soils cultures inherit set their
80. resource bases?
Soils and water go hand in hand; 1) soils are created through
erosion of bed rock; 2) Water is needed for production of
organic matter.
How do soils change with the advent of agriculture?
Much of the decline in death rates is tied to better health and
sanitation.
What is the correlated role of nutrition?
The large growth in populations implicit in both of these sets of
curves has been maintained by a revolution in farming – The
Green Revolution
To what extent is the scatter in this plot tied to the wealth of the
land and agricultural bounty?
What issues define this scene?
Nat. Geo. 2004
Missing cultures
Pre-Columbian cultures in the Amazon
National Geographic September 2008
81. Changes in monsoons and N. Hemisphere Temperature
Medieval Warm Period
Little Ice Age
Locusts and Agriculture Loss
What about North America?
82. The Dust Bowl
Decadal Climate Variations
1930’s
Climates from model simulations
Arthur Rothstein (1936)
Cimarron Co. Oklahoma
LIFE Feb. 26, 1940
Atmospheric General Circulation Models (AGCMs)
Computer models describing the equations of motion for the
Earth’s atmosphere.
NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPPP) –
Climate of the 20th Century
3 X 3.75 degree (latitude/ longitude) grid
Ensemble runs with proscribed SST
Based on Dorothea Lange’s photography of a migrant mother in
Nipomo, California 1936
The Great Dust Bowl:
84. Causes of Soil Degradation
Soil and Agriculture on the Rocks:
ECS 111
February 4, 2015
Dr. Olson
A Global View of Soil Degradation
Who competes for soil?
Soil supports a regular flora (plants) that in turn have a endemic
(native) fauna.
Agriculture fundamentally disturbs this system: Mono-culture
This and climate variables set up conditions for invasive
species.
A Global View of Soil Degradation
Soil and other issues:
85. Global Trend: Where Did All the Farms Go?
Poor farming practices = loss of soils and farmland
Erosion
Salinization
Development in United States = loss of 1.4 million acres of
farmland per year
Global Trend: Where Did All the Farms Go?
Poor farming practices = loss of soils and farmland
Erosion
Salinization
Development in United States = loss of 1.4 million acres of
farmland per year
To what extent can farmland recover?
Global Trend: Where Did All the Farms Go?
Poor farming practices = loss of soils and farmland
Erosion
Salinization
Development in United States = loss of 1.4 million acres of
farmland per year
How easy is it to recover farmland from development?
Why a Study of Soil Is Important
90% of the world’s food comes from land-based agriculture.
Maintenance of soil is the cornerstone of sustainable
civilizations.
86. Simply stated, it is the “foundation” of terrestrial life.
What is Soil?
Medium for plant growth.
Regulator of water supplies.
Recycler of raw materials.
Habitat for organisms.
Engineering medium.
Topsoil Formation
Soil Profile
Soil Profile
Any or all of these can be missing in a particular soil horizon.
Example from a simpler soil profile from Robinson (1982)
Example from a simpler soil profile from Robinson (1982)
How do ecologists or geologist sample soils?
Example from a simpler soil profile from Robinson (1982)
87. How do ecologists or geologist sample soils?
They dig a trench!
Soil Texture
Soil texture refers to the percentage of each type of particle
found in the soil.
Loam soil is approximately 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay.
Each of these has a particular character: sand is hard grained;
silt is fine, and clays consist of sheets of material.
Soil Texture
Sand
Silt
Clay
Large
Small
Smaller
Soil Texture
Soil Texture and Properties (see Table 8-2)TextureWater
InfiltrationWater-holding CapacityNutrient-holding
CapacityAerationSandGoodPoorPoorGoodSiltMediumMediumM
ediumMediumClayPoorGoodGoodPoorLoamMediumMediumMe
diumMedium
Soil Classes
88. Mollisols: fertile soils with deep A horizon; best agriculture
soils Ex. Illinois, Pampas, Steppes of Ukraine.
Oxisols: iron and aluminum oxides in B horizon; little O
horizon; poor agriculture soils Ex. Amazon
Alfisols: Moderately weathered forest soils. Canadian forests,
Siberia
Aridisols: Drylands and deserts. American West
Classifying Everything
Robinson 1982. Basic Physical Geology lists 10 soil types.
Keeps geologists busy.
Engineers like to classify them by their physical properties.
Soils by climate characteristics and their distribution across the
US.
From Brady and Weil (1999)
Soil Chemistry: Strongly influenced by Temperature and Water
content
Soil cross sections.
Brady and Weil (1999)
Plant–Soil–Water Relationships
Water Transport by Transpiration
89. Productive Soil
Good supply of nutrients and nutrient-holding capacity (NO₃ ,
PO₄, SO₄, …)
Infiltration, good water-holding capacity, resists evaporative
water loss
Porous structure for aeration (O₂ respiration)
Near-neutral pH (Both Acidic and Alkaline Conditions are bad)
Low salt content (Some NCl but just a little)
The Soil Community
Humus
Partly decomposed organic matter
High capacity for holding water and nutrients
Typically found in O horizon
Formation of Humus
Humus and Development of Soil Structure
The Importance of Humus to Topsoil
Soil Degradation
Erosion
Drylands and desertification
90. Irrigation and salinization
The Results of Removal of Topsoil: Sand and Gravel
Erosion: Wind or Water
Splash erosion: impact of falling raindrops breaks up the
clumpy structure of topsoil
Sheet erosion: running water carries off the fine particles on the
soil surface
Gully erosion: water volume and velocity carries away large
quantities of soil, causing gullies (see Fig. 8-14)
Desertification
Formation and expansion of degraded areas of soil and
vegetation cover in arid, semiarid, and seasonally dry areas,
caused by climatic variations and human activities.
Dryland Areas
Cover one-third of Earth’s land area
Defined by precipitation, not temperature
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
Fund projects to reverse land degradation
In 2003, $500 million available in grants to fund projects
91. Dry lands and Desertification: Formation of Desert Pavement
A Global View of Soil Degradation
Irrigation
Flood irrigation (see Fig. 8-21)
Center-pivot irrigation (see Fig. 7-16)
Can extract as much as 10,000 gallons/minute
Irrigated lands
67 million acres or one-fifth of all cultivated cropland in the
United States
667 million acres worldwide, a 35% increase over the past 30
years
165 year experiment in the American West past the 100
meridian
Salinization
A process of distilling out dissolved salts in irrigated water and
92. leaving it on the land
A form of desertification, since land is rendered useless
Worldwide an estimated 3.7 million acres of agricultural land is
lost annually to salinization and waterlogging
Salinization: What It Looks Like
Conserving the Soil
Cover the soil
Minimal or zero tillage
Mulch for nutrients
Maximize biomass production
Maximize biodiversity
Contour Farming and Shelterbelts