The document discusses various topics related to human-environment interactions including the environment, ecosystems, human impact on the environment, the Paul Ehrlich equation, and future predictions. It defines key terms, describes how humans both adapt to and change the environment, examines major causes of environmental degradation like population growth and industrialization, and predicts several environmental challenges in the future such as water scarcity, loss of cropland and fisheries, and climate change impacts. Suggestions are made for improving the human-environment relationship.

1. L/O/G/O

2. 1 Environment
2 Ecosystem
3 Human-Environment Interactions
4 Human Impact on Environment
5 Paul Ehrlich Equation
6 Future Predictions
7 Suggestions for Improvement

3.  The sum of all living and non-
living things that surround an
organism, or group of organisms.
 Environment includes all
elements, factors, and conditions
that have some impact on growth
and development of certain
organism.

4. Environment
Abiotic environment
Biotic environment
Sun light,soil,air,water
Microorganisms,plants,animals

5.  An ecosystem is a biological
environment consisting of all the
organisms living in a particular area, as
well as all the nonliving (abiotic),
physical components of the
environment with which the organisms
interact.
 Ecosystem is a community of living and
non-living things that work together.
 A dynamically balanced open
environmental system.
 Ecosystems have no particular size.

6. • Human wants are never ending because human’s mind is so
made that he never completely satisfied. One want is satisfied
another want will crop up to take its place and thus it is never
ending cycle of wants.

7.  For most of human history human have
been consuming resources at a rate lower
than what the planet was able to
regenerate. Unfortunately the demand we
are now placing on our planets resources
appears to have begun to outpace the rate
at which nature can replenish them. The
gap between human demand and supply is
known as Ecological Overshoot..
 The WWF's Living Planet Report 2004
confirms that humanity is now consuming
over 20 % more natural resources than
the Earth can regenerate.

8.  It means the interaction of human and the environment, how
human adapt to the environment, and how human change
the environment to meet their needs and wants.
 The natural environment affects human’s lives in many
fundamental ways, and human in turn affect the environment
through their policies and activities.
 Natural ecosystems also perform fundamental life-support
e.g. purification of air and water, detoxification and
decomposition of wastes, regulation of climate, regeneration
of soil fertility, and production and maintenance of
biodiversity.

11.  Human use the natural ecosystem to derive many
essential goods and life supportive products. Human
dominates the world and exploits all available resources.
 Human activity is a major cause of environmental
change
 He works as the agent of all environmental degradation
and becomes its prime victim
 Environment degradation has an impact not only on
human beings but on all species and most natural
systems.

12. Population Growth Industrialization
Environmental
Pollution Ozone Depletion
Resource Depletion Global Warming

13.  Population growth is the central
cause of the environmental crisis.
 Humane population is rising
rapidly beyond the Earth’s ability
to support life . Population is
exceeding the carrying capacity of
Earth.
 This rapid increase in population
due to medical advances and
massive increase in agricultural
productivity.

14.  The CIA World Fact book gives the world annual
birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.915%,
0.812%, and 1.092% respectively.
 In 1962 and 1963 growth rate was peaking at 2.20%
per annum. But in 2008, it was estimated at 1.1%.
 The world population is presently growing at a rate
of 1.1% or approximately 250,00 people per day.
 Population is doubling nearly every 40 years.

16.  Resource depletion
 Pollution, Deforestation
 Loss of biodiversity
 Rapid mining of non-biological
resources
 Expansion and intensification of
agriculture
 Uncontrolled growth of urbanization
 Industrialization and destruction of
natural habitats.

17.  Industrialization (industrialization) is the process of social
and economic change that transforms a human group from an
agrarian society into an industrial one.
 It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose
of manufacturing.
 The environmental costs of industrialization are mind
boggling.
 The industrial pollution is investing the relationships between
man and the nature with new complexities.

18.  Emission of Waste water,
 Waste gases,
 Hazardous waste,
 Toxic, carcinogenic, cumulative
and synergistic chemical
 Ecological imbalance
 Release of Radioactive rays
dangerous for health
 Increase salinity and
 Reduced vegetation

19.  Every environmental system has a carrying capacity .When the
environment can not process the load of pollutants , pollution
takes place .
 Environmental pollution is a global problem. It has affected the life
of millions of people and cause several deaths and health
problems.
 WHO has estimated that around quarter of the global disease
burden is associated with the environmental pollution.
 Increasing with every passing year and causing grave and
irreparable damage to the earth.
 Environmental pollution consists of three basic types of pollution,
namely, air, water and land.

20.  Atmospheric troubles
 Material damage
 Agricultural damages
 Psychological effects
 Physiological effects
Health effects
 Increase in the CO2 level in the
atmosphere
 Global warming
 Disturbance of aquatic
ecosystem

21.  Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of
Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected
continuation.
 In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature
increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of
the increase occurring over just the last three decades.
 scientists are more than 90% certain most of it is caused by
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by
human activities

22. H2O
CFCs CO2
GHGs
N2O CH4
HCs

24.  Temperature extremes
 Rise in sea level, and change in precipitation
 Storms, coastal flooding
 Contamination of drinking water
 Drought
 Air pollution ( made worse by warming)
 Strain on public health systems
 Increased need to population migrations

25.  It is caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons
(HCFCs), and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS), which were used widely
as refrigerants, insulating foams, and solvents.
 When CFCs and HCFCs reach the stratosphere, the ultraviolet radiation from
the sun causes them to break apart and release chlorine atoms which react
with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction that deplete the
ozone layer. One chlorine atom can break apart more than 100,000 ozone
molecules
 The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the mid-
1980s. The main cause of this is the release of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons.
Antarctica was an early victim of ozone destruction.
 About 90 percent of CFCs currently in the atmosphere were emitted by
industrialized countries in the Northern Hemisphere, including the United
States and Europe. These countries banned CFCs by 1996, and the amount of
chlorine in the atmosphere is falling now. But scientists estimate it will take
another 50 years for chlorine levels to return to their natural levels.

27.  Cortical cataracts
 Skin cancer
 Increased tropospheric ozone
 Increased production of Vitamin D
 Effects on plants and crops
 Immunological effects.
 A variety of biological consequences may result from the
increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion.

29.  The equation was developed in the 1970s during the course of a
debate between Barry Commoner, Paul R. Ehrlich and John Holdren.
I=PAT
 The IPAT equation, though phrased mathematically, is a simple
conceptual expression of the factors that create environmental
impact.
 I=Impact
 P=Population
 A=Affluence
 T=Technology

30.  Though this isn’t an exact equation in a mathematical
sense, it does give an insight into how these factors
combine together to define the limits of sustainability.
 The most important conclusions deriving from this
relationship are :
 The Earth can support only a limited number of people in a
sustainable manner.
 Humanity has a clear choice: between more people with
poorer lifestyles and fewer people with a better quality of
life.
 Obviously, a high number in any one of the terms
(Population. Affluence or Technology) produce a large
impact

32.  Scarce Water - Currently, 434 million people face either water
stress or scarcity. By 2025 it may increase between 2.6 billion and
3.1 billion people.
 Scarce Cropland -The number of people living in countries where
cultivated land is critically scarce is projected to increase between
600 million and 986 million in 2025.
 Fisheries - The capacity of coastal and marine ecosystems to
produce fish for human harvest is highly degraded by over-fishing,
destructive trawling techniques, and loss of coastal nursery areas.
Seventy-five percent of all fish stocks are in urgent need of better
management.

33.  Forests – Past Land cover of forests in India is 33%-
Present Land cover of forests in India is 12%- Global rate
of deforestation is 10 million hectares per year .
 Global Warming –Average surface temperature of the
earth is 15 degrees C. It has risen by 0.6 degrees C. Global
temperature will rise by 1.4 to 5.8 degrees C. An increase
in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will
change the amount and pattern of precipitation, and a
probable expansion of subtropical deserts.
 Species Extinction –Present rate of extinction is 1000-
10,000 times higher than the natural extinction. Earth
may lose upto 50% of the species by the end of 21
century. In tropical forests the extinction is 2-5 species
per hour.

34.  Prevent pollution.
 Reduce waste.
 Use water, energy and other resources efficiently.
 Manage the use of natural resources prudently.
 Maintain the diversity of life.
 Protect and respect the world's natural, cultural,
indigenous and historical heritage.
 Support environmental education and training.
 Support local action and community participation.
 Promote practices, methods and technologies that
reduce negative impacts on the environment.

35. Thank U
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L/O/G/O