Climate is defined as the average weather conditions of a region over time, including factors like temperature, rainfall, seasons, and weather extremes. The key factors that determine a region's climate are solar energy, temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind patterns, and moisture levels. Climate change is occurring as greenhouse gas concentrations increase, depleting the ozone layer and causing more extreme weather events like droughts, storms, and heat waves. This will impact humans by decreasing available fresh water, increasing water-borne diseases, reducing food production, displacing people, and altering disease vectors.

1. CLIMATE
By:-
DeveshwarP.D.

2. CLIMATE
AccordingtoS.S.Randhawa"Climateistheaverage
weatherconditionsofaparticularregionofearthor
areawithregardtotemperatures,rainfall,airpressure,
seasonalvariationandweatherextremes".
Climaticfactors:--Thereanumberoffactorson
whichtheclimatedepends.
I.Solarenergy:— SolarenergyisSun'senergy
whichiscalledasinsolationandthisenergywhen
reachestoearth'ssurfaceisturnedtoheat.
Therearethreefactorsonwhicinsolationdepends.
Theseare:-
a) AngleofSun:-Angleofsunmeanseitherat
morethan900or900orlessthan900ofinclinationof
Suntowardsearth.
b) Atmospheretobecrossed:— Atmosphereis
transparentgaseousenvelopearoundtheearthwhich
extendsupto1600km.Alongwiththesesomeother
constituentsarewatervapours,industrialgases,dust
andsmokeparticlesinsuspendedstate,pollengrains
etc.
c) Durationoftheday—Insolationdependsupon

3. thedurationoftheday,i.e.,morning,afternoonor
eveningtimings.
2) Temperature:--Temperature of a place
dependsupon:—
a) Distance from equator(latitudes):—The
differentpartsofeartharetobeheatedtodifferent
degreebecauseofthesphericalslopeofearth.The
equatorgetsmoredirectraysofsunallroundtheyear
andremainshot,buttemperaturegoesondecreasing
as the rays ofsun are slanting.Tropicalzones,
temperaturezonesandFrigidzonesarethemainthree
zonesofheatofearth.

4. b) Altitude:—Thereisadecreaseintemperature
withanincreaseinaltitude.ThereisafallofI
O
C
temperatureforaheightof166metres.
c) Distancefrom thesea:-Landi.e.earthgets
cooledorheatedveryquicklythanwater.Soduringday,
landisheatedupmore,whichcausesairtobelighter
ahdseaair(cool)breezestowardstheland,which
influencesthetemperatureofcoastalregions.Andin
night,reversesituationoccurs.Sotheareasnearsea
havelowertemperature.
d) Wind:—Temperatureofaplacealsodepends
uponthedirectionsofwindi.e.theareasfrom which
windsblow.Thewindswhichcomefrom seaside
decrease the summertemperature butraise winter
temperature.

5. 3) Atmospheric pressure:- The atmospheric
pressureatsealevelis1034gm/m
2
.Theatmospheric
pressuredependsupon-
a)Temperature b)Altitude c)Watervapours.
4) Movementofwind:-Windmovesfrom
high pressure area to low pressure area.Wind
directionsaremeasuredbyweatherclockandspeedby
anemometer.
5) Moisture orhumidity in atomsphere:-
Water vapours are confined to lower layer of
atmosphere and humidity is greatly influenced by
intensityofsolarradiations,temperature,altitude,wind
etc.
ClimateChange
Particularly increase in concentration ofGreen
HouseGases(GHGs),depletionofozonelayerandacid
rainsmaycauseclimatologicaldisasterinnearfuture.
Someoftheclimaticchangesareasfollows:—

6. 1.Drought's intensity & frequency have been
increasedinsomepartsofAsiaandAfricainrecent
decades.
2.Stormshavebeenmorefrequent& intenseand
persistentduetoepisodesofElNino.
3.Globalmeans surface temperature willrise by
1.40C— 5.80Cinthenearfuture,whichhasbeen
estimatedbycomputerbasedglobalclimatemodel.
4.Therearechancesofoccurringweatherextremes
causingfewercoldspells&moreheatwavesin
future.
5.Projectionsoffuturehavebeenmadewhichshow
thatglobalmeansealevelwillriseabout1metreby
theyear2100.
Impactonhumanbeings
The climatic changes affectthe human beings.
Followingeffectscanbeseen:—
1.Decreaseavailabilityofdrinkingwater,whichisnot
safe & clean especiallyduring flood as wellas
droughts.
2.Chancesofoccurringofwaterbornediseasesdue
tocontaminationofwaterandsewagesystem.
3.Decreaseinproductionoffoodduetoinfertilityof

7. soilcausedbysoilerosion.
4.Displacementofalargenumberofpeopledueto
impactsonhumanhealth.
5.Changein.distributionofvectordiseasesspreading
variousdiseases.