Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium from one point to another without transferring matter. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves, where the medium moves perpendicular to the wave direction, and longitudinal waves, where the medium moves parallel to the wave direction. Key wave properties include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed. The energy of a wave depends on its amplitude, with higher amplitudes corresponding to more energy. Waves can change direction through reflection at surfaces, refraction when entering a new medium, and diffraction bending around obstacles.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI and XII
CHAPTER 6
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
CONTENT:
Introduction
Transverse and
longitudinal waves
Displacement relation in a
progressive wave
The speed of a travelling
wave
The principle of
superposition of waves
Reflection of waves
Beats
Doppler effect
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI and XII
CHAPTER 6
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
CONTENT:
Introduction
Transverse and
longitudinal waves
Displacement relation in a
progressive wave
The speed of a travelling
wave
The principle of
superposition of waves
Reflection of waves
Beats
Doppler effect
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
2. Why are we able to see?
Answer: Because there is light.
And…what is light?
Answer: Light is a wave.
So…what is a wave?
3. Answer: A wave is a disturbance
that carries energy from place to
place.
A wave does NOT carry matter with
it! It just moves the matter as it goes
through it.
4. Some waves do not need matter
(called a “medium”) to be able to
move (for example, through space).
These are called electromagnetic
waves (or EM waves).
Some waves MUST have a medium
in order to move. These are called
mechanical waves.
6. Parts of transverse waves:
Crest: the highest point of the wave
Trough: the lowest point of the wave
7. 2. Compressional (or longitudinal) waves:
Waves in which the medium moves back and
forth in the same direction as the wave
8. Parts of longitudinal waves:
Compression: where the particles are close together
Rarefaction: where the particles are spread apart
9. Wave Properties
Wave properties depend on what
(type of energy) is making the waves.
1.Wavelength: The distance between one point
on a wave and the exact same place on the
next wave.
10. 2. Frequency: How many waves go past a point
in one second; unit of measurement is hertz (Hz).
The higher the frequency, the more energy in the
wave.
10 waves going past in 1 second = 10 Hz
1,000 waves go past in 1 second = 1,000 Hz
1 million waves going past = 1 million Hz
11. 3. Amplitude: How far the medium moves from
rest position (where it is when not moving).
Remember that for transverse waves, the highest
point is the crest, and the lowest point is the trough.
12. Remember that for compressional waves, the
points where the medium is close together are
called compressions and the areas where the
medium is spread apart are called rarefactions.
The closer together and further apart the
particles are, the larger the amplitude.
compression
rarefaction
13. The energy of a wave is proportional to the
square of its amplitude. Mathematically
speaking . . .
E = CA2
Where:
E = energy (the capacity to do work)
C = a constant (depends on the medium)
A = amplitude
For example:
If the amplitude is equal to 3 units
(and we assume C = 1 for this case) . . .
E = (1) (3)2 = (1) (9) = 9 units
14. Note that when the amplitude of a wave is one
unit, the energy is one unit.
• When the amplitude is doubled, the energy is
quadrupled.
• When the energy is 10 times greater, the energy is
100 times greater!
Amplitude Energy
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
E = CA2
15. 4. Wave speed: Depends on the medium in
which the wave is traveling. It varies in
solids, liquids and gases.
A mathematical way to calculate speed:
wave speed = wavelength x frequency
(in meters) (in Hz)
OR
v = f x ג
Problem: If a wave has a wavelength of 2 m and a frequency of 500 Hz,
what is its speed?
16. Answer: speed = 2 m x 500 Hz = 1000 m/s
Changing Wave Direction
1. Reflection: When waves bounce off a surface.
If the surface is flat, the angle at which the
wave hits the surface will be the same as the
angle at which it leaves the surface
(angle in = angle out).
This is the law of reflection.
17. 2. Refraction: Waves can bend.
This happens when a wave
enters a new medium and its
SPEED CHANGES.
The amount of bending
depends on the medium it is
entering.
18. 3. Diffraction: The bending of waves AROUND
an object.
The amount of bending depends on the size of
the obstacle and the size of the waves.
Large obstacle, small wavelength = low diffraction
Small obstacle, large wavelength = large diffraction
19. Image Sources
2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way,
Redmond, WA 98052-6399 USA. All rights reserved.
Denise W. Carlson. Used with permission.
Tom Henderson, The Physics Classroom
http://www.mwit.ac.th/~physicslab/applet_04/physics_cl
assroom/Class/sound/u11l1c.html
Kraalennest, Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crest_trough.svg
Editor's Notes
Presentation for lesson 2: Waves and Wave Properties, in the Waves: The Three Color Mystery unit
The slides are animated so you can click (space bar, mouse, etc.) to show the next item when the class is ready.
Think of a stadium wave: the people are moving up and down, but the wave goes around the stadium
Answer: speed = 2 m x 500 Hz = 1000 m/s
For example, think of a pool ball striking the side of the pool table: The angle it hits the side is the same angle it bounces off the side.