The document provides information on various alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles available in 2009, including their fuel economies, emissions ratings, specifications, costs and warranties. It covers natural gas, propane, hybrid electric, all-electric, ethanol and biodiesel vehicles. The summary provides buyers with guidance on vehicle and fuel options that can help improve fuel efficiency and reduce petroleum use and emissions.
This document provides an overview of alternative fuels and hybrid engine technologies. It defines hybrid engines as having two power sources other than gasoline or diesel. The need for hybrids is discussed in the context of reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Various single and multiple fuel options are described, including ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and others. Hybrid electric vehicles are explained as combining an internal combustion engine with electric motors and batteries. The benefits of hybrids in reducing energy usage and emissions are noted. Examples of prominent hybrid models like the Toyota Prius are given.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
The annual fuel cost estimates in the 2008–2012 electronic fuel economy guides are updated weekly to match EIA's current national average prices for gasoline and diesel fuel.
Why alcohols will replace gasoline and diesel fuel to be the fuels of the fut...SolarClean Fuels, LLC
The document discusses why alcohols like ethanol and methanol will replace gasoline and diesel as future fuels. It outlines some of the key issues with gasoline such as supply constraints and health and environmental impacts. It then summarizes some alternative fuel options like electric cars, natural gas, and biofuels. Ethanol from corn is discussed but has limitations due to feedstock constraints. Cellulosic ethanol and methanol produced from various waste sources are presented as promising alternatives. The document argues that alcohols can provide engine efficiencies similar to diesel engines without the same emissions issues. It proposes a "GEM" concept of blending gasoline, ethanol and methanol to allow existing vehicles to use higher methanol blends right away while cellulos
1) The document discusses using natural gas and biogas to produce methanol for transportation fuel as it has several advantages over other options like CNG or ethanol.
2) Methanol can be produced from natural gas or renewably and can better utilize the efficiency of diesel engines compared to gasoline or other biofuels.
3) The document recommends that Los Alamos County purchase methanol on the open market, establish a test fleet using gasoline-ethanol-methanol blends, and eventually produce renewable methanol from the local landfill to power vehicle fleets.
The silent/self paced version with appendices. A slide show of the slide in the above voice annotated one above but with appendices. There are a few words over the appendix in the YouTube version.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-G8Kj5594w&feature=plcp
Bob Falco’s references --- Alcohols Make Good Internal Combustion Engine (ICE...SolarClean Fuels, LLC
A continually updated list of references explaining the value of ethanol and methanol as alternative fuels in Internal Combustion Engines, and the fact that since Henry Ford's time, 100 years ago, it was understood that alcohols can run Internal Combustion Engines better, and with fewer emissions, than gasoline can.
The document provides information about using the Fuel Economy Guide published by the EPA and DOE to help consumers choose fuel-efficient vehicles. It discusses fuel economy estimates, factors that can affect actual fuel economy, annual fuel cost calculations, vehicle classes covered in the guide, fueling options like E85 and biodiesel, and fuel economy and annual fuel cost ranges for different vehicle classes.
This document provides an overview of alternative fuels and hybrid engine technologies. It defines hybrid engines as having two power sources other than gasoline or diesel. The need for hybrids is discussed in the context of reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Various single and multiple fuel options are described, including ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and others. Hybrid electric vehicles are explained as combining an internal combustion engine with electric motors and batteries. The benefits of hybrids in reducing energy usage and emissions are noted. Examples of prominent hybrid models like the Toyota Prius are given.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of gasoline, including ethanol, methanol, natural gas, propane, and electricity. Some key benefits mentioned are that alternative fuels can be more environmentally friendly through reduced emissions, provide energy security by reducing dependence on oil, and some are more energy efficient. The document then goes on to describe properties and considerations for various alternative fuels like ethanol, natural gas, propane, and methanol.
The annual fuel cost estimates in the 2008–2012 electronic fuel economy guides are updated weekly to match EIA's current national average prices for gasoline and diesel fuel.
Why alcohols will replace gasoline and diesel fuel to be the fuels of the fut...SolarClean Fuels, LLC
The document discusses why alcohols like ethanol and methanol will replace gasoline and diesel as future fuels. It outlines some of the key issues with gasoline such as supply constraints and health and environmental impacts. It then summarizes some alternative fuel options like electric cars, natural gas, and biofuels. Ethanol from corn is discussed but has limitations due to feedstock constraints. Cellulosic ethanol and methanol produced from various waste sources are presented as promising alternatives. The document argues that alcohols can provide engine efficiencies similar to diesel engines without the same emissions issues. It proposes a "GEM" concept of blending gasoline, ethanol and methanol to allow existing vehicles to use higher methanol blends right away while cellulos
1) The document discusses using natural gas and biogas to produce methanol for transportation fuel as it has several advantages over other options like CNG or ethanol.
2) Methanol can be produced from natural gas or renewably and can better utilize the efficiency of diesel engines compared to gasoline or other biofuels.
3) The document recommends that Los Alamos County purchase methanol on the open market, establish a test fleet using gasoline-ethanol-methanol blends, and eventually produce renewable methanol from the local landfill to power vehicle fleets.
The silent/self paced version with appendices. A slide show of the slide in the above voice annotated one above but with appendices. There are a few words over the appendix in the YouTube version.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-G8Kj5594w&feature=plcp
Bob Falco’s references --- Alcohols Make Good Internal Combustion Engine (ICE...SolarClean Fuels, LLC
A continually updated list of references explaining the value of ethanol and methanol as alternative fuels in Internal Combustion Engines, and the fact that since Henry Ford's time, 100 years ago, it was understood that alcohols can run Internal Combustion Engines better, and with fewer emissions, than gasoline can.
The document provides information about using the Fuel Economy Guide published by the EPA and DOE to help consumers choose fuel-efficient vehicles. It discusses fuel economy estimates, factors that can affect actual fuel economy, annual fuel cost calculations, vehicle classes covered in the guide, fueling options like E85 and biodiesel, and fuel economy and annual fuel cost ranges for different vehicle classes.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could power future vehicles, including hydrogen, ethanol, propane, and natural gas. For hydrogen vehicles, the document outlines that hydrogen can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines and has advantages of being domestically produced and environmentally friendly, but setting up the infrastructure of pipelines and stations would be challenging. Ethanol vehicles could run on corn-based ethanol but are limited in availability and get fewer miles per gallon than gasoline vehicles. Some police vehicles use propane, which is cheaper and less polluting than gasoline but also has limited availability. The 2012 Honda Civic can run on natural gas, which is abundant in the US and less polluting than gasoline.
2013 Ford Fusion for Sale NJ | Ford Dealer KeyportTom's Ford
Check out the 2013 Ford Fusion brochure provided by Tom's Ford of Keyport in Keyport, NJ. Find the 2013 Ford Fusion for sale in New Jersey. To learn more about our current sales and incentives give us a call at (732) 264-1600. http://www.oldbridgeforddealer.com/
This document discusses various types of eco-friendly vehicles as alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered cars. It notes that hybrid cars capture energy from braking to power the vehicle using batteries, and can run solely on electric power for periods of time. Biodiesel is introduced as a blend of vegetable oil and diesel that can be used in existing diesel engines. Hydrogen vehicles use hydrogen as fuel. Solar-powered electric cars can recharge batteries using solar panels on the roof while driving. Eco-friendly vehicles produce fewer emissions, use less fossil fuels and materials, and have lower maintenance costs than regular cars. Major automakers are making these options more affordable to increase customer demand.
This report covers patent analysis on the use and application of fuel additives, its research momentum and key intellectual property indicators. Additives have been developed to increase combustion rates, as anti oxidants, to effect burn rates, to enable fuels to work under extreme temperatures, reduce harmful emissions and more. Patent data reveals various organizations have focused their research across different categories and application areas of additives with some working on the cleaning properties, some on the anti oxidation properties and others having more research around catalysts. This report focuses on how Patent data can help uncover the trends, gaps and opportunities that exist around this area. You will find the information on the research activity, the companies most active in this research area, the filings spread, key comparisons etc. This report was prepared by mining patent data using Patent iNSIGHT Pro, a comprehensive patent analysis platform that helps one accelerate time-to-decision from patent analysis activities.
2009 04 Automotive Tech Innovation In The Downturn Frost & SullivanAlvin Chua
With the global automotive industry in crisis, technology innovation in the short term will be largely focused on products that can be cheaply produced and quickly provide immediate relief to manufacturers facing increasingly tighter emission regulations and dwindling research funds.
Frost & Sullivan\'s Industry Analyst, Sivam Sabesan, addresses the face of technology innovation in the near term.
Converting my Volkswagen Jetta to a Vegetable Oil Car X3X
This document summarizes the conversion of a 2002 Volkswagen Jetta to run on waste vegetable oil (WVO). It was converted in 2006 using a PlantDrive conversion kit that included additional fuel tanks, heating elements, and controls. The conversion cost $4,449 to install. The car gets about 40 mpg, similar to diesel, and drives like normal but requires a short diesel warmup. WVO is carbon neutral and using it keeps used oil out of the waste stream. It was estimated the conversion cost would be earned back in fuel savings after 3.3 years based on average annual mileage and fuel prices.
Diesel fuel prices have been generally higher than gasoline prices since 2004 for several reasons. Strong global demand and tight refining capacity have increased pressure on diesel fuel supply. Transitioning to low-sulfur diesel fuel in the U.S. affected production and distribution costs. Additionally, the Federal excise tax on diesel is 6 cents higher per gallon than gasoline. Most diesel fuel consumed in the U.S. is produced domestically and transported via pipeline or other means to terminals for delivery to fueling stations by tanker trucks.
This document defines and discusses various types of alternative fueled vehicles. It outlines fuels like E85, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. It also discusses bio-diesel blends with diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), propane, and electric hybrid vehicles. The document provides examples of vehicle models that can use these alternative fuels and lists some 2010 models available on the state contract, including flex fuel, bio-diesel, CNG, propane, and electric hybrid options.
Compressed air is stored in a tank and powers the engine of an eco-friendly Alfa Romeo automobile. The air is pressurized to over 4,000 PSI and expands to push the pistons down, moving the crank and powering the car. The car can travel about 130 miles on a single fill of compressed air and gets over 100 miles per gallon when using fuel as a range extender. While it produces zero emissions, filling the high-pressure air tank takes more time than refueling a gas tank and special air pumps would be required at gas stations. The selling price of the air-powered car is $17,800.
Safety & Security Risks in the Hyper-Connected World - IoT - Tamaghna BasuLounge47
This document summarizes internet security over time. It discusses past vulnerabilities like weak authentication on CCTV systems and clickjacking attacks. It then covers the Heartbleed vulnerability, which allowed memory leaks in TLS implementations. This vulnerability affected OpenSSL versions and allowed stealing of usernames, passwords, private keys and other sensitive data. The document discusses how the vulnerability worked and how it was fixed with a bounds check. It also notes the vulnerability's impact in the real world and references further technical information.
The document discusses getting started with F# web development. It provides an overview of F# and compares it to C#, demonstrates F# concepts like pattern matching, and shows examples of building web applications and services with F# using frameworks like ASP.NET MVC, Web API, Service Stack, Nancy and Azure. It also discusses reactive and asynchronous programming in F# for web development.
Reputation Marketing is the Next Step for Businesses to EmbraceGlenn Pasch
Reputation Marketing is just the first step. Get reviews and then what. Learn how to grow your brand online and utilize your positive customer feedback to influence the next prospective customers online.
SEO strategies to improve a company's website exposure in search engines include optimizing pages on the website (on-page optimization) and getting links from other relevant sites (off-page optimization). On-page optimization involves factors like keywords, page titles, meta tags, and internal linking. Off-page optimization involves getting backlinks from social media, directories, articles, blogs, and forums. Both on-page and off-page optimization are important for search engine rankings.
GM is pursuing an electrification strategy to reduce dependence on petroleum by developing a portfolio of advanced propulsion technologies including hybrids, plug-in hybrids, extended range electric vehicles, and fuel cell EVs. A key part of the strategy is the Chevrolet Volt, an extended range electric vehicle that can drive up to 80 km on battery only but has a gas engine range extender for an overall driving range of up to 490 km. Significant technological advancements are still needed to improve electric drive systems, batteries, power electronics, and controls to make electric vehicles more affordable and appealing to mass market buyers.
The document discusses the Civil War in the United States from its origins in the divisions between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas over slavery to key battles and events of the war such as Fort Sumter, Union and Confederate strategies, the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg, William Sherman's March to the Sea, and Ulysses S. Grant's victory over Robert E. Lee which marked the end of the war. It also references Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address and notes the enormous cost in lives and money as well as the abolition of slavery as a result of the war.
La bitácora documenta la exposición del proyecto frente a asesores del SENA, la profesora Luz Marina y la rectora. Los asesores se presentaron y luego los equipos expusieron sus proyectos de contaminación atmosférica, excepto los de robótica. Los asesores aportaron comentarios sobre la importancia de tener un cronograma y marco teórico sólido. También revisaron el portafolio del equipo durante la exposición.
McWane Poles manufactures ductile iron poles for electric distribution lines. Ductile iron poles have similar strength to steel but are more corrosion resistant. They are also cost effective, durable, recyclable, and easier to install than wood or steel poles. Ductile iron poles are manufactured by casting molten iron in a centrifuge process to create poles with high strength, corrosion resistance, and consistent dimensions. McWane Poles has conducted tests showing ductile iron poles meet or exceed load requirements for utility poles.
The document discusses export control regulations and how academic research institutions can comply while maintaining an open environment. It provides guidance on when export controls do and do not apply, including exceptions for public domain information, fundamental research, and certain countries/entities. It recommends a centralized compliance office to help keep the rules simple and provide guidance to researchers.
The document summarizes key events of the American Civil War, including the election of 1860 that saw Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln and the subsequent secession of southern states. It describes the formation of the Confederate States of America led by Jefferson Davis and outlines some military strategies and battles on both sides. Major figures discussed include Lincoln, Davis, McClellan, Lee, Jackson, and Grant. The document also covers emancipation, financing the war effort, conscription issues, and concludes with Lee's surrender in 1865 and Lincoln's assassination shortly after.
The Program Get Insured America offers discounts on various types of insurance such as auto, home, and boat insurance. It uses technology to monitor factors that can impact insurance costs and automatically shops policies during renewals. Representatives are available 24/7 to provide a personal touch and work with over 30 insurance companies to find the most competitive options.
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. It outlines that E85 fuel is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document also discusses the properties of ethanol including its production from crops, blending with gasoline, use as an octane booster, and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline. It notes both advantages, such as higher octane ratings, and disadvantages, like lower energy content, of using alcohols like ethanol as a vehicle fuel.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could power future vehicles, including hydrogen, ethanol, propane, and natural gas. For hydrogen vehicles, the document outlines that hydrogen can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines and has advantages of being domestically produced and environmentally friendly, but setting up the infrastructure of pipelines and stations would be challenging. Ethanol vehicles could run on corn-based ethanol but are limited in availability and get fewer miles per gallon than gasoline vehicles. Some police vehicles use propane, which is cheaper and less polluting than gasoline but also has limited availability. The 2012 Honda Civic can run on natural gas, which is abundant in the US and less polluting than gasoline.
2013 Ford Fusion for Sale NJ | Ford Dealer KeyportTom's Ford
Check out the 2013 Ford Fusion brochure provided by Tom's Ford of Keyport in Keyport, NJ. Find the 2013 Ford Fusion for sale in New Jersey. To learn more about our current sales and incentives give us a call at (732) 264-1600. http://www.oldbridgeforddealer.com/
This document discusses various types of eco-friendly vehicles as alternatives to traditional gasoline-powered cars. It notes that hybrid cars capture energy from braking to power the vehicle using batteries, and can run solely on electric power for periods of time. Biodiesel is introduced as a blend of vegetable oil and diesel that can be used in existing diesel engines. Hydrogen vehicles use hydrogen as fuel. Solar-powered electric cars can recharge batteries using solar panels on the roof while driving. Eco-friendly vehicles produce fewer emissions, use less fossil fuels and materials, and have lower maintenance costs than regular cars. Major automakers are making these options more affordable to increase customer demand.
This report covers patent analysis on the use and application of fuel additives, its research momentum and key intellectual property indicators. Additives have been developed to increase combustion rates, as anti oxidants, to effect burn rates, to enable fuels to work under extreme temperatures, reduce harmful emissions and more. Patent data reveals various organizations have focused their research across different categories and application areas of additives with some working on the cleaning properties, some on the anti oxidation properties and others having more research around catalysts. This report focuses on how Patent data can help uncover the trends, gaps and opportunities that exist around this area. You will find the information on the research activity, the companies most active in this research area, the filings spread, key comparisons etc. This report was prepared by mining patent data using Patent iNSIGHT Pro, a comprehensive patent analysis platform that helps one accelerate time-to-decision from patent analysis activities.
2009 04 Automotive Tech Innovation In The Downturn Frost & SullivanAlvin Chua
With the global automotive industry in crisis, technology innovation in the short term will be largely focused on products that can be cheaply produced and quickly provide immediate relief to manufacturers facing increasingly tighter emission regulations and dwindling research funds.
Frost & Sullivan\'s Industry Analyst, Sivam Sabesan, addresses the face of technology innovation in the near term.
Converting my Volkswagen Jetta to a Vegetable Oil Car X3X
This document summarizes the conversion of a 2002 Volkswagen Jetta to run on waste vegetable oil (WVO). It was converted in 2006 using a PlantDrive conversion kit that included additional fuel tanks, heating elements, and controls. The conversion cost $4,449 to install. The car gets about 40 mpg, similar to diesel, and drives like normal but requires a short diesel warmup. WVO is carbon neutral and using it keeps used oil out of the waste stream. It was estimated the conversion cost would be earned back in fuel savings after 3.3 years based on average annual mileage and fuel prices.
Diesel fuel prices have been generally higher than gasoline prices since 2004 for several reasons. Strong global demand and tight refining capacity have increased pressure on diesel fuel supply. Transitioning to low-sulfur diesel fuel in the U.S. affected production and distribution costs. Additionally, the Federal excise tax on diesel is 6 cents higher per gallon than gasoline. Most diesel fuel consumed in the U.S. is produced domestically and transported via pipeline or other means to terminals for delivery to fueling stations by tanker trucks.
This document defines and discusses various types of alternative fueled vehicles. It outlines fuels like E85, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. It also discusses bio-diesel blends with diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), propane, and electric hybrid vehicles. The document provides examples of vehicle models that can use these alternative fuels and lists some 2010 models available on the state contract, including flex fuel, bio-diesel, CNG, propane, and electric hybrid options.
Compressed air is stored in a tank and powers the engine of an eco-friendly Alfa Romeo automobile. The air is pressurized to over 4,000 PSI and expands to push the pistons down, moving the crank and powering the car. The car can travel about 130 miles on a single fill of compressed air and gets over 100 miles per gallon when using fuel as a range extender. While it produces zero emissions, filling the high-pressure air tank takes more time than refueling a gas tank and special air pumps would be required at gas stations. The selling price of the air-powered car is $17,800.
Safety & Security Risks in the Hyper-Connected World - IoT - Tamaghna BasuLounge47
This document summarizes internet security over time. It discusses past vulnerabilities like weak authentication on CCTV systems and clickjacking attacks. It then covers the Heartbleed vulnerability, which allowed memory leaks in TLS implementations. This vulnerability affected OpenSSL versions and allowed stealing of usernames, passwords, private keys and other sensitive data. The document discusses how the vulnerability worked and how it was fixed with a bounds check. It also notes the vulnerability's impact in the real world and references further technical information.
The document discusses getting started with F# web development. It provides an overview of F# and compares it to C#, demonstrates F# concepts like pattern matching, and shows examples of building web applications and services with F# using frameworks like ASP.NET MVC, Web API, Service Stack, Nancy and Azure. It also discusses reactive and asynchronous programming in F# for web development.
Reputation Marketing is the Next Step for Businesses to EmbraceGlenn Pasch
Reputation Marketing is just the first step. Get reviews and then what. Learn how to grow your brand online and utilize your positive customer feedback to influence the next prospective customers online.
SEO strategies to improve a company's website exposure in search engines include optimizing pages on the website (on-page optimization) and getting links from other relevant sites (off-page optimization). On-page optimization involves factors like keywords, page titles, meta tags, and internal linking. Off-page optimization involves getting backlinks from social media, directories, articles, blogs, and forums. Both on-page and off-page optimization are important for search engine rankings.
GM is pursuing an electrification strategy to reduce dependence on petroleum by developing a portfolio of advanced propulsion technologies including hybrids, plug-in hybrids, extended range electric vehicles, and fuel cell EVs. A key part of the strategy is the Chevrolet Volt, an extended range electric vehicle that can drive up to 80 km on battery only but has a gas engine range extender for an overall driving range of up to 490 km. Significant technological advancements are still needed to improve electric drive systems, batteries, power electronics, and controls to make electric vehicles more affordable and appealing to mass market buyers.
The document discusses the Civil War in the United States from its origins in the divisions between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas over slavery to key battles and events of the war such as Fort Sumter, Union and Confederate strategies, the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg, William Sherman's March to the Sea, and Ulysses S. Grant's victory over Robert E. Lee which marked the end of the war. It also references Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address and notes the enormous cost in lives and money as well as the abolition of slavery as a result of the war.
La bitácora documenta la exposición del proyecto frente a asesores del SENA, la profesora Luz Marina y la rectora. Los asesores se presentaron y luego los equipos expusieron sus proyectos de contaminación atmosférica, excepto los de robótica. Los asesores aportaron comentarios sobre la importancia de tener un cronograma y marco teórico sólido. También revisaron el portafolio del equipo durante la exposición.
McWane Poles manufactures ductile iron poles for electric distribution lines. Ductile iron poles have similar strength to steel but are more corrosion resistant. They are also cost effective, durable, recyclable, and easier to install than wood or steel poles. Ductile iron poles are manufactured by casting molten iron in a centrifuge process to create poles with high strength, corrosion resistance, and consistent dimensions. McWane Poles has conducted tests showing ductile iron poles meet or exceed load requirements for utility poles.
The document discusses export control regulations and how academic research institutions can comply while maintaining an open environment. It provides guidance on when export controls do and do not apply, including exceptions for public domain information, fundamental research, and certain countries/entities. It recommends a centralized compliance office to help keep the rules simple and provide guidance to researchers.
The document summarizes key events of the American Civil War, including the election of 1860 that saw Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln and the subsequent secession of southern states. It describes the formation of the Confederate States of America led by Jefferson Davis and outlines some military strategies and battles on both sides. Major figures discussed include Lincoln, Davis, McClellan, Lee, Jackson, and Grant. The document also covers emancipation, financing the war effort, conscription issues, and concludes with Lee's surrender in 1865 and Lincoln's assassination shortly after.
The Program Get Insured America offers discounts on various types of insurance such as auto, home, and boat insurance. It uses technology to monitor factors that can impact insurance costs and automatically shops policies during renewals. Representatives are available 24/7 to provide a personal touch and work with over 30 insurance companies to find the most competitive options.
The document provides an economic update for key global markets as of February 28, 2013. It notes that equity markets in India, the US, and Japan saw gains over the last year, while commodities declined. Indian debt markets saw yields stabilize while the rupee depreciated against the dollar. Overall, the global economic environment remains cautiously optimistic but risks like the Italian election warrant monitoring.
Golden gate speedway florida 200 program 1976Jim Fenton
Golden Gate Speedway held its annual Florida State Late Model Stock Car Championship on November 05, 1976. The program provided details of the racing event such as the qualifying order, race lineup, and list of drivers competing for the championship title. The Florida State Late Model Stock Car Championship was one of the premier late model stock car racing events held in the state that year.
El documento proporciona los datos de contacto repetidos de Nahomy Alvarez, líder de Genius Care Working en Tecnoaudio. Incluye su nombre, posición, dirección, número de teléfono y correo electrónico.
1) Hitler believed Germany should build a great empire and sought to invade Eastern Europe to gain more land for Germans while enslaving Slavic peoples. 2) Hitler began remilitarizing Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and invaded the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. 3) Germany and Italy formed an alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis and supported one another's military aggression. 4) Germany invaded Poland in 1939, prompting Britain and France to declare war, starting World War II in Europe.
This presentation discusses hybrid automobile technology. It begins with an introduction to hybrid vehicles, which combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor and battery. The document then covers the history of hybrids, the different types of hybrid systems, how hybrid systems work, and some of the latest hybrid technologies used in cars. The presentation notes that hybrids provide benefits like reduced emissions and improved fuel efficiency compared to gas-only vehicles, though they are more expensive. In conclusion, the document argues that hybrid vehicles will be important options for the future in order to address issues of fossil fuel demand, emissions, and global warming.
The document provides an overview of alternative fuels for vehicles. It discusses why alternative fuels are used instead of traditional petroleum fuels, including lower costs and reduced environmental impacts. Various alternative fuel types are then summarized, such as ethanol, propane, natural gas, biogas, hydrogen fuel cells, electricity, and hybrid technologies. Challenges with certain fuels like hydrogen storage and electric vehicle battery capacity are also outlined. The presentation examines alternative fuels in different vehicle applications including passenger cars, buses, military vehicles, and experimental solar and multi-mode vehicles.
Alternative fuels can help reduce dependence on petroleum and lower emissions. Common alternative fuel types include ethanol, methanol, propane, natural gas, biodiesel, biogas, and electricity. Ethanol is produced from crops and can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. Natural gas and propane are cleaner burning than gasoline. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular but still have limited range due to battery capacity. Fuel cells that use hydrogen are also being developed but require safe and affordable hydrogen storage solutions.
A team of five designed a document about green cars. It discusses the types of green cars including hybrid, electric, hydrogen, and bio-diesel cars. It provides details on the Toyota Prius, Honda Civic Hybrid, and Maini Reva electric cars available in India. The document addresses the benefits of green cars in reducing emissions and reliance on oil, as well as challenges regarding costs and battery dependence.
- Hybrid vehicles use two or more distinct power sources, commonly an internal combustion engine and electric motor(s), to propel the vehicle.
- The first modern hybrid electric car, the Toyota Prius, was sold in Japan in 1997. Two years later the Honda Insight became the first hybrid sold in the United States.
- Hybrids can help address issues of climate change, air pollution, and oil dependence by greatly increasing fuel efficiency and decreasing emissions compared to conventional vehicles.
This document provides information about low emission vans to help van operators reduce costs and emissions. It contains topic sheets on various low emission van technologies like battery electric, plug-in hybrid, LPG, CNG/biomethane, and biodiesel vans. The guide explains the business case for choosing a low emission van in terms of cost savings, improving air quality and the environment, and enhancing an organization's image. It provides factors to consider when selecting a van such as payload, size, mileage, fuel/technology options, local incentives, and dealer support.
plug-in-and-regular-hybrids-a-national-and-regional-comparison-of-costs-and-c...Eric Williams
This document analyzes the costs and carbon dioxide emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles compared to regular hybrids on a national and regional level under different scenarios. Plug-in hybrids can reduce gasoline consumption but increase electricity usage and associated emissions in regions where electricity comes from fossil fuels. The impacts on total emissions depend on whether a carbon price is implemented and gasoline prices. With a carbon price, plug-in hybrids may emit slightly less carbon than regular hybrids nationally but still more than regular hybrids in some coal-intensive regions unless carbon capture technology is adopted. For plug-in hybrids to be cost-effective, gasoline prices would need to exceed $6 per gallon. Both plug-in hybrids
This document discusses hybrid vehicles and their benefits. It introduces various hybrid models like the Toyota Prius, Honda Insight, and Ford Escape hybrid. Hybrids improve gas mileage and reduce emissions by combining a gas engine with an electric motor. They lower US dependence on foreign oil and cut greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming. The technology uses different power train designs to run efficiently on both gas and electric power. Future advances may replace nickel-metal hydride batteries with ultracapacitors to further improve performance and efficiency.
The document discusses the benefits of using propane autogas as an alternative fuel for vehicles. It notes that propane autogas is domestically produced, reduces operating costs by 20-50% compared to gasoline, and produces fewer emissions. It also describes the PRINS bi-fuel system and propane diesel injection system that allow vehicles to run on propane, and the associated costs and returns on investment.
The document discusses the costs and environmental impacts of hybrid vehicles compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. While hybrids may use less gas, the production of their batteries results in a larger carbon footprint. Hybrids also have higher upfront costs and may not save enough in fuel costs to offset the price premium over time. Overall, hybrids are better for the environment in the long-run through lower emissions, but their manufacturing process and higher prices remain issues.
1. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) allow drivers to use electricity from home for short trips, reducing fuel costs and emissions. PHEVs have a gas engine and larger battery than traditional hybrids for unlimited range.
2. PHEVs are endorsed by both environmental and conservative groups as a way to cut foreign oil dependence. Fleet buyers are also interested in PHEVs to reduce costs and emissions.
3. Early PHEV models show potential for lower lifetime ownership costs than gas-only vehicles. Increased production will improve batteries and lower PHEV prices to be competitive with hybrids.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer several advantages over traditional gas-powered vehicles and hybrids. PHEVs can be charged using electricity from home, providing fuel for short commutes at a very low cost. Even after the battery is depleted, PHEVs still have a gas engine and the same driving range as a hybrid. PHEVs produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gas-only vehicles. Early models are already being tested and converted, and fleet purchases could help lower costs and drive mass adoption of the technology.
This document summarizes a student project on hybrid vehicles. It begins with an introduction to hybrid cars, noting that they use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor. It then discusses how hybrid cars work, the advantages of increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, potential disadvantages like higher costs. The document outlines the future prospects for hybrid technology, different types of hybrids, and concludes that hybrids offer financial and environmental benefits compared to gas-only vehicles.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles. It defines a hybrid vehicle as one that combines two or more sources of power. A hybrid electric vehicle combines a gasoline engine with an electric motor and batteries. This allows the vehicle to run on both gasoline and electric power, improving fuel efficiency. The document outlines the key components of a hybrid electric vehicle and discusses the benefits of hybrid technology, including increased fuel efficiency, lower emissions, and reduced dependence on fossil fuels.
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1. Clean Cities 2009
Vehicle Buyer’s Guide
| Natural Gas
| Propane
| All Electric
| Hybrid Electric
| Ethanol
| Biodiesel
November 2008
2. Natural Gas .......................... 6
Propane................................. 7
Hybrid Electric .................... 8
COMPRESSED All Electric............................. 13
NATURAL GAS Ethanol .................................. 14
Biodiesel ............................... 22
On the Horizon ................... 24
Fuel Conservation ............. 26
Fuel Economy ..................... 28
E85 HYBRID
FLEX FUEL ELECTRIC
ALL
PROPANE
ELECTRIC
2009 BIODIESEL
Clean Cities
Vehicle Buyer’s Guide
Reducing the petroleum used in vehicles has
gotten easier with the introduction of hybrid
electric vehicles, flexible fuel vehicles, all-elec-
trics, and CNG- and propane-powered vehicles.
By selecting the vehicle and fuel that fit your
needs and your location, you can help the
United States achieve energy independence
while you improve your own bottom line.
3. Introduction
Energy security is more critical than ever.
The year 2008 saw fluctuating oil prices reach $140/barrel
for the first time, driving home the economic impact and
danger of our dependence on foreign oil. The good news
is the expanding availability of advanced, efficient vehicles
and cleaner domestic fuels, which support America’s
energy independence.
Alternative fuels and advanced vehicles, such as flexible fuel
vehicles (FFVs), hybrids, electric vehicles, and others that can
run on natural gas or propane, are available in the market-
place. You can choose a vehicle that sips rather than guzzles
gas or one that uses a cleaner, domestically produced fuel
without sacrificing performance.
Clean fuels and efficient vehicles are available today.
Consumers have more choices than ever. This year’s Buyer’s
Guide includes 12 more FFVs, two new hybrids, and more
diesel vehicles that run on biodiesel blends. This guide also
provides a peek into the exciting future of plug-in hybrids,
all-electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Some of
these advanced technology vehicles will hit showrooms soon.
As automakers produce more efficient vehicles and those
that can operate on alternatives to petroleum, choosing
among the options can be confusing. This Buyer’s Guide
will help you learn about available vehicles, features, costs,
and information resources.
4
4. How to Use This Guide
The 2009 Buyer’s Guide includes vehicle-
specific information on fuel economy,
emissions, vehicle specifications, esti-
mated cost, and warranty. This booklet
helps you compare similar vehicles to
make an informed buying decision.
Fuel Economy
The 2009 Buyer’s Guide includes the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
(EPA) city and highway fuel economy numbers. The city fuel
economy represents low-speed driving in traffic with consid-
erable idling. EPA’s highway fuel economy represents highway
driving with no stops and little idling. Federal law requires
manufacturers of light duty vehicles sold in the U.S. to inform
customers about these EPA ratings.
Emissions
The Air Pollution Score
represents the amount of Close to zero emissions ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
health-damaging, smog- ★★★★
forming pollutants emitted Average emissions ★ ★ ★
by a vehicle. Scores reflect
★★
tailpipe emissions, not
lifecycle or carbon footprint Highest emissions levels ★
impact. A five-star vehicle is
among the cleanest on the
road, while a one-star vehicle produces the highest tailpipe
emissions. A three-star rating is the average rating for 2009
cars. Many automakers offer vehicles that are otherwise
identical but have different air pollution scores, which vary
depending on where they are sold.
Engine Size, Price, and Warranty
In most cases, information on engine size, manufacturer’s
suggested retail price (MSRP), and warranty information is
provided by the vehicle manufacturer. The MSRP listed in this
guide is subject to change by the OEM and does not include
shipping or freight charges.
5
5. Compressed
Natural
Gas
Natural gas vehicles save
money and emit less pollution.
Civic CNG Honda
Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles
use the same fuel used for cooking or $25,090 MSRP
heating. Domestic natural gas supplies 24 mpg city, 36 mpg highway
are plentiful and some locations are even Range = 170 miles per fill
developing renewable sources known as 113 HP, 1.8L, I-4cyl engine
“biomethane.”
5-yr, 60,000 mile powertrain warranty
Consumers are interested in CNG vehicles Emissions: ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
because CNG is often less expensive than
gasoline. CNG vehicles also emit fewer
health-threatening and greenhouse gas pollutants.
Choose a factory-built vehicle or convert a gasoline vehicle.
New car buyers can choose the 2009 CNG Honda Civic GX for $5,000 to $7,000 more
than the standard Civic. A federal tax credit of $4,000 and fuel cost savings allow most
motorists to recoup the extra cost within two to five years. Check with your tax advisor
for more information.
Buyers also may convert some new or used vehicles from gasoline to CNG for a typical cost
of $8,000 to $12,000. Vehicles converted to run on CNG exclusively are considered “dedi-
cated” and are eligible for a federal tax credit. The EPA regulates conversion systems based
on the vehicle make, model, and year.
Fuel availability may be the deciding factor.
Matching your vehicle choice with a readily available fuel is a smart move. If you are con-
sidering the purchase of a dedicated CNG vehicle or converting a conventional vehicle to
run on CNG, contact your local Clean Cities coalition to learn more about available fueling
options. One option is the FuelMaker “Phill,” which mounts in your garage to refuel your
vehicle at home.
6 Compressed Natural Gas
6. Propane
2008 model shown
F150 Pickup Roush Industries/Ford
Propane vehicles save money and
emit fewer emissions. $29,100 MSRP
V8 5.4L engine
Propane is a plentiful, clean-burning fuel
that has been used as a commercial motor Emissions: ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
fuel for more than 80 years. The price of
propane motor fuel is typically two-thirds
that of gasoline, and the number of propane fueling sites is second only to gasoline.
Besides burning cleaner than gasoline, propane is non-toxic and non-contaminating
to the atmosphere.
Selected Ford and GM pickups may be converted to propane.
Buyers may purchase a Roush liquid injection propane F150 from selected Roush autho-
rized Ford dealers. The option typically adds $8,500 to the cost, but a federal tax credit is
available that may substantially reduce the out-of-pocket expense. Because the fuel and
maintenance costs of propane vehicles are lower, motorists typically can recover this extra
cost within a few years of operation.
Other select gasoline models may be converted to run on propane including General Mo-
tors’ medium-duty C4500–C8500 models with 8.1L engines. Converted propane vehicles
are also eligible for a tax credit. Contact your local Clean Cities coalition to learn more
about conversion options.
Federal tax credits make propane vehicles an attractive choice.
According to IRS Notice 2006-54, new or used gasoline and diesel vehicles converted to
run on propane will qualify for federal tax credit as long as the conversion company has
an EPA certificate of conformity. Vehicle tax credit for purchase or conversion is 50% of the
incremental cost. Check with your tax advisor for more information.
Propane 7
7. Hybrid
Electric
Hybrids save money
by boosting fuel efficiency.
Today’s hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) Prius Toyota
are powered by an internal combus-
tion engine combined with a battery- $22,000 MSRP
powered electric motor. HEVs run on 48 mpg city, 45 mpg highway
gasoline and don’t need to be plugged 4-cyl, Hybrid, 1.5L engine
in to recharge the battery. The internal 5-yr, 60,000 mile powertrain warranty
combustion engine is downsized for Emissions: ★ ★ ★ ★
normal cruising, but the electric motor
powered by the battery provides extra
boost for acceleration. Hybrids are designed to recover energy during braking and gearing
down and are able to store this energy in the battery pack.
Hybrid configuration affects performance and price.
Currently, HEV buyers can choose between full hybrids, assist hybrids, and mild hybrids.
Full hybrids can run on battery power at idle or low speeds. When speeds increase, the
gasoline engine works with the electric motor to provide power. Full hybrids have a 25%
to 40% fuel efficiency improvement. The Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid, Chevro-
let Tahoe, Chrysler Aspen and others use the full hybrid system.
Assist hybrids use the gasoline engine for primary power, while the electric motor
provides variable added power as the driver “steps on the gas.” Assist hybrids, like full
hybrids, can provide significant gains in fuel efficiency. The Honda Civic Hybrid and oth-
ers use this technology.
Mild hybrids are essentially conventional vehicles with oversized starter motors, allow-
ing the engine to automatically shut down whenever the car is coasting, braking, or
stopped to idle. Fuel efficiency gains are in the 10% to 20% range. The Saturn Vue and
the Chevrolet Malibu hybrid are mild hybrids.
8 Hybrid Electric
12. All Electric
GEM e4 Global Electric Motors
$9,695 MSRP
30-mile range per charge
Charging time = 4-8 hours
7.0 HP heavy-duty DC motor
12-month warranty
Emissions: ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Several automakers are planning to produce new, highway-speed electric vehicles (EVs)
within a few years, but today the only currently available EVs are the custom-built, highway-
qualified electric Tesla Roadster, manufactured by Tesla Motors, and low-speed or neighbor-
hood electric vehicles (NEVs). These EVs store electricity in an energy storage device such
as a battery. The electricity powers the vehicle’s wheels via an electric motor. The battery
power is replenished by plugging the vehicle into a 110-volt outlet overnight. EVs are consid-
ered zero tailpipe emission vehicles because their motors produce no exhaust or emissions.
Low speed vehicles carry passengers and cargo in limited-access areas.
Manufacturers of NEVs include Global Electric Motors, ZAPP, ZENN, and Miles. These small
vehicles are commonly used for neighborhood commuting, light hauling and local deliver-
ies. By law, these vehicles can travel at no more than 25 mph, and their use is limited to
areas with 35 mph speed limits.
Low-speed vehicles provide ZENN Car Zenn Motor Co., Ltd.
off-road service on col-
lege campuses, re- $13,625 MSRP
sort areas, airports, 35-50 mile range per charge
and other limited- Charging time = 4-8 hours
access areas. 12-month warranty on motor
Their versatility
Emissions: ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
in moving people
or cargo through
limited commute
ZX40S Advanced Design Miles
areas makes them
useful in a variety $18,400 MSRP
of applications. 50-60 mile range per charge
Charging time = 4-6 hours
Brushless 3-phase AC motor
18-month warranty on motor
Emissions: ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
All Electric 13
13. Ethanol
Lucerne Buick
Flexible Fuel Vehicles can operate
on regular gas or E85 Ethanol. $28,415 MSRP
13 mpg city, 20 mpg highway (E85)
Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) provide
motorists with the choice of running 17 mpg city, 26 mpg highway (gasoline)
their vehicle on gasoline, E85, or any V6, FFV, 3.9L engine
combination of both. In 2009, automak- 5-yr, 100,000 mile powertrain warranty
ers are offering more than 40 FFV mod- Emissions: ★ ★ ★ ★
els, up from 31 in 2008. As of October
2008, there are more than 1,600 fueling
stations offering E85 across the country, and the number is increasing monthly. To locate
an E85 station near you, check the AFDC Web site at www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/
stations.html.
E85 is a renewable fuel choice.
Ethanol is produced domestically from starchy feedstocks such as corn. E85 is a mix of 85%
ethanol and 15% gasoline. According to EPA estimates today’s FFVs get 20-25% lower fuel
economy when running on E85 because ethanol contains less energy than gasoline per
gallon, which translates into a reduction in fuel economy. The price of E85, which is typi-
cally 10% to 30% less than gasoline, can offset the loss in fuel economy. Fuel economy also
varies by model and driving conditions.
E85 is a fuel for today—and the future.
Today most ethanol in the U.S. is made from corn and can displace up to 10% of the gaso-
line we use without affecting food supplies. In the near future, ethanol may be made from
other renewable resources, including perennial grasses, crop residues, straw, fast growing
trees, and even municipal waste. Ethanol from these materials and corn combined may
eventually replace up to 40% of the gasoline we currently use.
14 Ethanol
21. Biodiesel
Grand Cherokee Overland 2WD Jeep
Biodiesel is a clean, renewable
American fuel. $40,610 MSRP
18 mpg city/23 mpg highway
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel
Approved for B5 use
produced from a wide range of
V6 3.0L engine diesel/biodiesel optional engine
vegetable oils and animal fats.
Pure biodiesel is labeled B100, but Unlimited years/miles warranty (transferable)
consumers typically buy biodiesel
blends ranging from B2 (2% biod-
iesel, 98% petroleum diesel) to B20 (20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel). In 2008 ASTM
published a new standard (D7467-08) for biodiesel blends ranging from B6 to B20. Many
retailers offer B20 because it performs well—even in cold weather and in older engines.
Biodiesel is different from plain vegetable oil.
Biodiesel is made by refining any fat or oil (such as soybean oil) using a catalyst to react the
oil with an alcohol to remove glycerin. Biodiesel (B100) must be produced to strict specifi-
cations (ASTM D6751) to ensure proper performance. Unprocessed vegetable oil has differ-
ent chemical properties than biodiesel, and engine manufacturers do not recommend its
use in diesel engines.
Biodiesel is good for your vehicle and the environment.
Almost 5 million diesel cars, pickups, and SUVs are on U.S. roads today, and the number is
expected to grow rapidly. Diesel vehicles typically get about 20% to 30% more miles per
gallon than a comparable gasoline engine.
Biodiesel performs much like petroleum diesel in most engines. It reduces engine wear
and cleans out deposits to help engines run more efficiently. It also significantly curbs most
tailpipe emissions and reduces greenhouse gases.
22 Biodiesel
22. Ram 2500/3500 4WD Quad Cab Dodge
$47,425 MSRP
12 mpg city, 17 mpg highway
Approved for B20 use
I-6 6.7L Turbo Diesel
Unlimited years/miles warranty
(transferable)
Grand Cherokee Overland 2WD Jeep
$40,610 MSRP
18 mpg city/23 mpg highway
Approved for B5 use
V6 3.0L engine diesel/biodiesel
optional engine
Unlimited years/miles warranty (transferable)
F-250 Super Duty Crew Cab 4WD Ford
$44,235 MSRP
12 mpg city, 16 mpg highway
Approved for B5 use
V8, 6.4L Turbo Diesel
5 yr, 100,000-mile powertrain warranty
Silverado 2500 HD 2WD Chevrolet
$32,640 MSRP
13 mpg city, 18 mpg highway
Approved for B5 use; B20 approved
with Special Equipment Option
V8 6.6L Turbo Diesel
5 yr, 60,000-mile powertrain warranty
Biodiesel 23
23. Exciting Vehicles On Chevrolet Volt
the Horizon
Automotive technology is advancing rapidly. Vehicles that were talked about only a few
years ago are now involved in real-world testing and will soon be appearing in showrooms.
High-Speed, Advanced All-Electric Cars
Original equipment manufacturers including Chrysler and Nissan, as well as several NEV
manufacturers such as Miles, ZAP, ZENN, and Phoenix Motorcars, expect to produce zero-
emission all-electric vehicles that can travel at highway speeds up to 80 mph by 2011. Look
for all-electric cars to be smaller sedans or sports cars with a range of 150 to 200 miles.
Recharging will be via a standard 110-volt wall outlet.
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) combine electric
power for 40 miles of operation with a liquid fuel option to
take you farther than the all-electric limited range and allow
time for recharging. Operating on a combination of electric
power and fuel (gasoline, diesel, or ethanol), PHEVs are a
follow-on to available hybrid electrics like the Toyota Prius
and the Ford Escape Hybrid. It is expected that battery tech-
nologies and all-electric driving ranges will vary significant-
ly among PHEV models. PHEVs are not yet in production but
several manufacturers have announced their intention to
introduce production PHEV automobiles in the 2010-2011
time frame.
24 On the Horizon
24. For those who don’t want
to wait for PHEVs to hit the
market, services are available
to convert production-model
hybrid vehicles to plug-ins.
Most PHEVs on U.S. roads are
conversions of 2004 or later
Toyota Prius or Ford Escape
models, which have had plug-
Ford Escape
in charging added and their electric-only range extended.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car
The interest in hydrogen as an alternative transportation fuel stems from its clean-burning
qualities, its potential for domestic production, and the fuel cell vehicle’s potential for high
efficiency, which can be two to three times more than gasoline vehicles.
Honda rolled out its FCX Clarity in 2008 and leased 200 vehicles for three years to drivers in
Southern California to collect real-world driving data. Honda’s fuel cell vehicle is powered
by a motor running on electricity generated by a hydrogen-powered fuel cell stack. The
compact, high-efficiency lithium-ion battery pack is used as a supplemental power source
capturing lost energy during deceleration and
braking. The ultimate viability of a fuel
cell fleet will be based on the
vehicle’s ability to efficiently
use and economically
produce and store
hydrogen fuel and
the willingness of car
owners to fuel with
hydrogen.
Honda FCX Clarity
On the Horizon 25
25. Fuel Conservation
Most of this guide focuses on new vehicles that use more
efficient technologies or alternative fuels. But whether or
not you are buying a new car, there are many ways to save
money and fuel—by making your vehicle operate more ef-
ficiently and making choices that reduce your need to drive.
Consider the following fuel saving suggestions.
Reduce miles traveled.
The most obvious way to conserve fuel is to reduce the miles
you drive. Many commuters opt for public transit to save
money and reduce driving stress.
Car or van pools are another alternative for people on a regu-
lar work schedule. Many communities offer van-pool match-
ing programs or support to help people get them started.
Telecommuting is another possibility. Many companies as well
as municipal and state governments offer employees the op-
portunity to work from home for at least part of the week.
26 Fuel Conservation
26. Adopt good driving habits.
Jack-rabbit starts, hard braking, aggressive,
high-speed driving, and excessive idling all
waste fuel. By accelerating gradually, easing
into traffic, and trimming five miles per hour
from your speed, you can save fuel. Calculate
your miles-per-gallon based on your current
driving habits, and then make some changes.
Reduce your highway driving speed to 60
mph, accelerate gradually from stops, and
avoid hard braking. Reduce idling as much
as possible. When you anticipate waiting for
more than a minute, turn off your engine if
it’s safe to do so. Compare your mileage after
one tank and you will see that more moder-
ate driving habits can pay real dividends.
Use fuel saving techniques with
your vehicle.
Around town, turn your air conditioner off and roll down the
windows. At speeds of 40 mph or more, roll up your windows
and turn on the air condi-
tioner or use the fan.
Use four-wheel drive only
when necessary. Engaging
all four wheels makes the
engine work harder and
increases crankcase losses.
Inflate your tires to the
recommended pressure.
Remind yourself to check
tire pressure at least once
per month.
Fuel Conservation 27
27. EPA Fuel Economy Estimates
EPA estimate methods now provide a more accurate
prediction of real-world fuel economy.
In 2008, EPA revised its methods for estimating miles per gal-
lon to better represent current real-world driving conditions.
City and highway estimates now account for more aggressive
driving (higher speeds and faster acceleration), air condi-
tioner use, and cold-temper-
ature operation. A combined
fuel economy number is also
displayed on the window
sticker indicating a miles-
per-gallon average for the
vehicle and the estimated
annual fuel cost based on
15,000 miles and an average
dollar amount per gallon of
E85 and unleaded gasoline.
The city estimate is based
on urban driving in which a
vehicle is parked all night,
started in the morning, and driven in stop-and-go traffic. The
highway estimate represents a mixture of free-flowing rural
and interstate highway driving in a warmed-up vehicle typi-
cal of longer trips.
Your mileage will vary.
The test methods cause miles-per-gallon estimates for both
2008 and 2009 year vehicles to be noticeably lower, though
more realistic, than those for previous years. This makes it
difficult to directly compare 2009 model year vehicles with
older models. However, a tool for fuel efficiency comparisons
is available at www.fueleconomy.gov.
Even with improved test methods, your vehicle’s fuel econo-
my will likely vary because conditions differ based on where
you drive, how you drive, whether you drive a two-wheel or
four-wheel-drive vehicle and other factors.
28 Fuel Economy
29. The mission of the Clean Cities Program is to advance the
nation’s economic, environmental, and energy security by
supporting local decisions to adopt practices that contribute
to the reduction of petroleum consumption. Clean Cities
carries out this mission through a network of more than 85
volunteer coalitions, which develop public/private partner-
ships to promote alternative fuels and vehicles, fuel blends,
fuel economy, hybrid vehicles, and idle reduction. To find your
local coalition, please visit www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/.
Clean Cities Coalitions
Winnipeg
Puget Sound
Red River Valley
Capital District
Columbia-Willamette
Central New York Vermont
Maine
Twin Cities Genesee Region Granite State
Yellowstone-Teton Massachusetts
Rogue Valley Treasure Valley Western New York
Wisconsin Lansing Detroit Ocean State
SE Area New Connecticut*
NE Ohio Jersey Long Island
Eastern Sierra Iowa Chicago Ann
Pittsburgh New York City and
Sacramento Regional Northern Colorado Arbor Lower Hudson Valley
South Shore
East Bay Philadelphia
San Joaquin Utah Denver Central Indiana Delaware
San Francisco Kansas Clean
Silicon Valley Valley City Fuels Ohio West VA State of Maryland
Southern Colorado St. Louis Washington DC
Las Vegas Commonwealth Hampton Roads
Central Coast CC Partnership
Antelope Valley SCAG Middle Triangle
Los Angeles Western Riverside County Central Tulsa Tennessee Centralina
East
Long Beach Oklahoma Tennessee
Palm Valley of Central Palmetto
San Diego Region the Sun Land of Arkansas Atlanta
Springs State
Enchantment
Tucson Middle
Dallas/Ft. Worth East Texas
Georgia
Honolulu Baton Rouge
Central Texas SE Texas
Southeast Space Coast
Alamo Area Louisiana
Houston/
Galveston
Laredo *Connecticut Clean Cities Include:
– Norwich Gold Coast
– New Haven
DOE Alternative Fuels and – Connecticut Southwestern Area
Advanced Vehicles Data Center – Capitol Clean Cities of Connecticut Map Date - 10/03/08
30
30. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Vehicle Technologies Program
For more information contact:
EERE Information Center
1-877-EERE-INF (1-877-337-3463)
www.eere.energy.gov
Prepared by the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL)
NREL is a national laboratory of
the U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
A Strong Energy Portfolio for a Strong America
Energy efficiency and clean, renewable energy
will mean a stronger economy, a cleaner
environment, and greater energy independence
for America. Working with a wide array of state,
community, industry, and university partners,
the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy invests in a diverse
portfolio of energy technologies.
DOE/GO-102008-2657 • November 2008
Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper
containing at least 50% wastepaper, including
10% postconsumer waste.