This document discusses classical conditioning and provides several examples. It begins by defining the key components of classical conditioning, including the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR). It then provides 6 examples of classical conditioning, identifying the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in each case. The examples include a roller coaster ride, eating fried oysters, encountering a barking dog, the sound of a can opener, a bee sting, and a girlfriend's behaviors. The document concludes by providing a table summarizing Sinbad's classical conditioning to a barking dog and its house.
This document provides an overview of learning concepts including classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning explains how behaviors are shaped by their consequences, such as reinforcement. Major figures who studied these concepts include Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Contemporary views acknowledge cognitive and biological factors in learning. Learning principles have applications in behavior modification, education, sports, and business.
This document provides an overview of classical and operant conditioning. It defines classical conditioning as learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning is defined as changing behavior through consequences, where behaviors followed by reinforcement increase in likelihood. Examples of classical and operant conditioning are described, including Pavlov's experiments with dogs and Skinner's research using operant chambers.
Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential that results from experience. It became a major focus of study in psychology in the early 20th century with the rise of behaviorism. Maturation is a developmental process that brings about changes in a person over time through coping with emotional situations, rather than just physical aging. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, as shown in Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment which conditioned a fear response in the infant.
Learning is the acquisition and development of knowledge and behaviors through experience or education. It results in relatively permanent changes in behavior. Classical conditioning is a form of learning where a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, resulting in the neutral stimulus also producing the response. The process involves an unconditioned stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response, and through repeated pairing, a previously neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of classical and operant conditioning, including definitions of key concepts, descriptions of pioneering research studies, recent research examples, and lists of useful resources like journals, books, videos, blogs and articles on the topics of classical and operant conditioning.
In flight school, were learning about aerodynamics and flight ope.docxbradburgess22840
In flight school, we're learning about aerodynamics and flight operation procedures.
And I can put in navigation radio.
Phil Crowley: When we think of learning, education may first come to mind.
Now, they seem and, uhm-- talked to...
After I learned Arabic, I can talk to my grandmother in her language.
Phil Crowley: It's the way we improve and enrich our lives.
Learning to be a tennis player is my ticket to college.
Phil Crowley: But learning is much broader, it's any relatively permanent change in behavior brought on by experience. Through experience, we learn to associate one event with another. As a child, we might learn that gravity can be a harsh critic, a trip to grandma's can lead to cookies and a visit to a doctor can lead to pain.
The Learning Machine
MICHAEL MERZENICH, I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Michael Merzenich, I: The cerebral cortex, this big cortical mantle that is the main thing you see when you look onto a brain. The main thing that's filling your skull you could say, ah, it's a learning machine and it's supported by a subcortical machinery that's controlling in that learning, that's modulating, that's regulating it.
Phil Crowley: Inside the brain, information is processed by neurons forming neural networks. These networks connect one event with another.
Michael Merzenich, I: The barin is continually associating information across time. That is to say it's continually generating constructive implants that relate to what is concurrently occurring or occurring across excessive time. So for example, if you train an animal connected distinction about things in a sequence in time in which there is a fall by being-- it actually create selectivity for the sequence.
Michael Merzenich, I: Neuron's response was powerfully to be when they're proceeded by a-- it actually see that development upbringing.
Phil Crowley: We use the term conditioning to refer to simple types of associative learning. The Scientific study of conditioning began in 1898.
JAMES L. McGAUGH, PH.D. FELLOW, NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING & MEMORY CENTER
James L. McGaugh: One of the most influential set of findings ever in the, in the history of the field of learning in memory came from a laboratory of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in Russia who had won a Nobel Prize for studies of digestion. And in the course of these studies had develop the technique for having the saliva come outside of the cheek of the dog to into a pouch so that he could study the chemical content of the saliva. And what he learned one day was that the dogs began to salivate before they got the food that was going to start being digested. And he said, "Wait a second. What's going on?"
GINGER OSBORNE, PH.D. SANTA ANA COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Ginger Osborne: My guess if I were to put myself in his place, I would think that stupid dog. He is responding where he's not supposed to throw a mouth and we'll get a fresh dog and start over again. And I tend to imagine that that might have been what he initially thought..
This document summarizes different theories and experiments on how learning occurs. It discusses classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Skinner. It also covers observational learning through Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. Later sections extend these theories by considering cognition, biological constraints, and real-world applications of conditioning principles.
This document provides an overview of learning concepts including classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning explains how behaviors are shaped by their consequences, such as reinforcement. Major figures who studied these concepts include Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner. Contemporary views acknowledge cognitive and biological factors in learning. Learning principles have applications in behavior modification, education, sports, and business.
This document provides an overview of classical and operant conditioning. It defines classical conditioning as learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning is defined as changing behavior through consequences, where behaviors followed by reinforcement increase in likelihood. Examples of classical and operant conditioning are described, including Pavlov's experiments with dogs and Skinner's research using operant chambers.
Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential that results from experience. It became a major focus of study in psychology in the early 20th century with the rise of behaviorism. Maturation is a developmental process that brings about changes in a person over time through coping with emotional situations, rather than just physical aging. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, as shown in Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment which conditioned a fear response in the infant.
Learning is the acquisition and development of knowledge and behaviors through experience or education. It results in relatively permanent changes in behavior. Classical conditioning is a form of learning where a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, resulting in the neutral stimulus also producing the response. The process involves an unconditioned stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response, and through repeated pairing, a previously neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of classical and operant conditioning, including definitions of key concepts, descriptions of pioneering research studies, recent research examples, and lists of useful resources like journals, books, videos, blogs and articles on the topics of classical and operant conditioning.
In flight school, were learning about aerodynamics and flight ope.docxbradburgess22840
In flight school, we're learning about aerodynamics and flight operation procedures.
And I can put in navigation radio.
Phil Crowley: When we think of learning, education may first come to mind.
Now, they seem and, uhm-- talked to...
After I learned Arabic, I can talk to my grandmother in her language.
Phil Crowley: It's the way we improve and enrich our lives.
Learning to be a tennis player is my ticket to college.
Phil Crowley: But learning is much broader, it's any relatively permanent change in behavior brought on by experience. Through experience, we learn to associate one event with another. As a child, we might learn that gravity can be a harsh critic, a trip to grandma's can lead to cookies and a visit to a doctor can lead to pain.
The Learning Machine
MICHAEL MERZENICH, I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Michael Merzenich, I: The cerebral cortex, this big cortical mantle that is the main thing you see when you look onto a brain. The main thing that's filling your skull you could say, ah, it's a learning machine and it's supported by a subcortical machinery that's controlling in that learning, that's modulating, that's regulating it.
Phil Crowley: Inside the brain, information is processed by neurons forming neural networks. These networks connect one event with another.
Michael Merzenich, I: The barin is continually associating information across time. That is to say it's continually generating constructive implants that relate to what is concurrently occurring or occurring across excessive time. So for example, if you train an animal connected distinction about things in a sequence in time in which there is a fall by being-- it actually create selectivity for the sequence.
Michael Merzenich, I: Neuron's response was powerfully to be when they're proceeded by a-- it actually see that development upbringing.
Phil Crowley: We use the term conditioning to refer to simple types of associative learning. The Scientific study of conditioning began in 1898.
JAMES L. McGAUGH, PH.D. FELLOW, NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING & MEMORY CENTER
James L. McGaugh: One of the most influential set of findings ever in the, in the history of the field of learning in memory came from a laboratory of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in Russia who had won a Nobel Prize for studies of digestion. And in the course of these studies had develop the technique for having the saliva come outside of the cheek of the dog to into a pouch so that he could study the chemical content of the saliva. And what he learned one day was that the dogs began to salivate before they got the food that was going to start being digested. And he said, "Wait a second. What's going on?"
GINGER OSBORNE, PH.D. SANTA ANA COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Ginger Osborne: My guess if I were to put myself in his place, I would think that stupid dog. He is responding where he's not supposed to throw a mouth and we'll get a fresh dog and start over again. And I tend to imagine that that might have been what he initially thought..
This document summarizes different theories and experiments on how learning occurs. It discusses classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Skinner. It also covers observational learning through Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. Later sections extend these theories by considering cognition, biological constraints, and real-world applications of conditioning principles.
This document discusses behaviorism and its key theorists and principles. Behaviorism believes that learning is based on external stimuli that elicit responses, which are strengthened or weakened by rewards and punishments (1). Theorists like Pavlov and Skinner contributed influential ideas, such as classical and operant conditioning (2). Classical conditioning associates neutral stimuli to elicit innate responses, while operant conditioning shapes behaviors through voluntary responses to stimuli (3).
Pavlov's classic experiments on classical conditioning demonstrated that organisms can learn to associate neutral stimuli with biologically significant stimuli, as when his dogs learned to salivate to a tone that predicted food. Later research expanded on Pavlov's work to show the importance of cognitive processes and biological predispositions in conditioning, and that conditioning principles can help explain diverse phenomena like drug addiction, immune responses, phobias, and advertising effectiveness. Pavlov's work established classical conditioning as a fundamental form of learning and influenced the development of behaviorism.
Principles and Applications of Classical and operant conditioningppt.pptxsarahfauzna
Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses. Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs demonstrated this, showing that dogs could associate the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus) and learn to salivate in response to the bell alone. Three key principles of classical conditioning are acquisition, where the association is formed; extinction, where the response weakens without reinforcement; and spontaneous recovery, where an extinguished response briefly returns. Stimulus generalization also occurs, where similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus can elicit the same response.
This document provides an overview of classical conditioning. It defines classical conditioning as a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. The document discusses Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs and the salivation response. It covers principles of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. Applications to behavior therapy and the neural basis are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of learning including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning, noting that learning allows organisms to adapt to their environments through changes in behavior from experience; it also examines concepts such as reinforcement, punishment, and modeling behavior which are important aspects of how learning occurs.
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental state arising from experience. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Reinforcers that immediately follow a behavior are most effective at shaping learning. Cognitive factors like latent learning and observational learning also influence the learning process.
Learnind theory and its implications in psychiatryNayab Anjum
learning theory consists of classical conditioning theories, operant conditioning ,cognitive conditioning, and these theories gives background for cognitive behavior therapies. Also new concept of mirror neurons are described which gives wide views on autism spectrum disorders, empathy and emotions.
In her essay "Neat People vs. Sloppy People", Suzanne Britt contrasts the personalities and lifestyles of neat and sloppy people. She argues that neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people, claiming neat people have a cavalier attitude towards possessions and would throw everything away, while sloppy people give loving attention to every detail and cannot bear to part with anything. Britt characterizes neat people as "bums and clods" who prioritize results over process, while sloppy people meticulously work through tasks like cleaning their desk and are not truly messy. The essay examines the differences between neat and sloppy individuals through Britt's humorously critical lens.
In the novel Animal Farm, George Orwell depicts the use of propaganda by the pigs, especially Napoleon, to gain and maintain power over the other animals on the farm. Napoleon frequently uses propaganda tactics like scapegoating other animals, particularly Snowball, to deflect blame for issues. He also uses slogans and repetition of phrases to influence what the animals believe. Through manipulating information and controlling what the animals hear, Napoleon is able to elevate his status and demand loyalty from the animals, demonstrating how powerful a tool propaganda can be.
The document discusses critical thinking and creative thinking. It argues that both are important for generating new knowledge. Critical thinking questions assumptions to validate or invalidate beliefs, while creative thinking involves generating something new and original. The document discusses how the two types of thinking can be separated for concrete versus abstract ideas, but must interact to create accepted new knowledge. It provides the example of mathematics, noting that both memorization and understanding proofs requires different types of thinking. Creative problem solving in mathematics can use real-life situations to focus on conceptual understanding rather than just memorizing facts.
This document discusses the scientific method and scientific theories. It explains that scientific theories are well-substantiated explanations of aspects of the natural world based on repeated observation and experimentation. Theories are created from hypotheses that have been tested through the scientific method and gather evidence. Scientific theories can explain diverse phenomena and make falsifiable predictions, making them the most reliable form of scientific knowledge. Theories and laws are both produced through the scientific method but theories are broader in scope and can unify and explain laws.
This document discusses curriculum development and different views of curriculum. It outlines some key concepts in curriculum including narrow and broad perspectives of curriculum. The narrow perspective focuses on plans and intentions for what should happen in school, while the broad perspective recognizes what actually occurs based on social constructs. Different forms of curriculum are also discussed, including the formal/official curriculum, actual curriculum, hidden curriculum, and common curriculum. Factors that influence curriculum development and planning are mentioned. Overall, the document provides an overview of key curriculum concepts and perspectives.
Milton Friedman was a prominent 20th century American economist known for his support of free market capitalism and limited government. In his 1970 essay "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits", Friedman argued that a corporation's primary responsibility is to its shareholders, and that managers should focus solely on maximizing profits rather than pursuing social or political goals. The essay discusses Friedman's view that corporate social responsibility can undermine profits and interfere with market forces. It also examines some criticisms of Friedman's perspective, such as issues around short-term thinking and the principal-agent problem.
1) It gives students a sense of responsibility and trust from the school. When given more freedom and trust, students are motivated to earn it through good behavior and academic performance.
2) It allows students flexibility with lunch, whether bringing their own or choosing healthy options from the school cafeteria.
3) Coming back on time after lunch helps students learn punctuality, with consequences like detention for tardiness. This can improve student behavior and accountability.
Empathy means understanding and sharing in another person's feelings and experiences. It allows one to walk in another's shoes, see from their perspective, and connect on a human level. For me personally, empathy is about treating all people, regardless of differences, with compassion, dignity and respect. It makes the world a little bit better when we seek to understand each other rather than judge.
Nosocomial infections refers to infections acquired during hospitalization, with symptoms usually occurring within forty–eight hours after admission, and can originate from bacterial flora present in patients, microorganisms from the environment transmitted via carriers, contaminated objects and surfaces, medical personnel, or invasive procedures. Despite their impact, surveillance systems and prevention programs for nosocomial infections are quite dishomogeneous and often lacking, due to chronic lack of funding for prevention and lack of awareness among healthcare workers.
Dr. John visited Norfolk State University to give a talk on invasive plant species. He explained that invasive plants rapidly grow and spread, driving out native plants. Invasive plants can be transported through various means and their seeds may be introduced intentionally or accidentally. Researchers examine biological traits of plant species to determine if they are invasive and economically costly. The talk discussed using computational methods to create databases of invasive species and conduct risk analysis and policy support.
The document discusses the duality of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and how each represents opposing aspects of human nature. It describes how Hyde is portrayed as primitive, savage, and uncivilized, representing humanity's repressed urges. Meanwhile, Jekyll represents societal norms and restraint. The document argues that Stevenson suggests through this story that humanity's tempting evil side, once given a chance to emerge, cannot be fully controlled even in a civilized society like Victorian England.
The document discusses writing an argumentative essay. It emphasizes the importance of structure, evidence, and addressing counterarguments for an effective argument. The writer reflects on improving these elements in their own writing through an English course. They provide an example of strengthening their introduction and thesis in later essays compared to their initial diagnostic essay. Overall, the document stresses that developing these argumentative writing skills through practice leads to long-lasting benefits for students.
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Examples Of Outline For Thesis
Example
Definition/Description
Significance to the Thesis
Pueblo
Pueblo people are Native Americans who resided in the Southwest United States.
The significance of Pueblo to the thesis is that since the spread of maize cultivation, the Pueblo people advanced irrigation due to the climate.
Navaho
Native Americans located in New Mexico and Arizona.
The significance of the Navaho tribe to the thesis is that this group sustained themselves by using irrigation systems to grow food.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
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You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
Sociology as Essay
Examine the ways in which sociologists can contribute to our understanding of how social identity is shaped by gender. (24 marks)
An identity is who we are, this is made up of how we see ourselves and how others see us. Social identity is based on one s membership to particular groups in society. This essay will examine the way in which sociologist contribute to our understanding by providing theories and ideas of how social identity is shaped by gender.
Ann Oakley, a feminist sociologist suggested that there are four ways in which gender socialization takes place during primary socialization. These are manipulation, canalization, verbal appellations, and different activities. Manipulation is when parents encourage behaviour that is...show more content...Parents direct their child interest into certain behaviour according to their gender, for example when boys are younger they are encouraged to play football and be aggressive and they are discouraged from crying. And girls are encouraged to play with dolls and to look after their appearance. Feminists believe this is how an individual s social identity is shaped by gender.
However post modernists sociologists criticize the feminist theory. Post modernists believe that due to social and economic changes, female role and identities are changing. The changes in the job market has led to a decline in traditional labour jobs that employed men and new jobs in the service sector are increasing. These jobs in the service sector are aimed at employing women. As women are going out to work their values are changing so female identities are changing.
Similarly today s idea of masculinity is different, there are other types
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We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
Witness Film Essay
The film Witness(underline witness), Directed by Peter Weir was famous in 1984. This film is about two cultures clashing with each other the Amish and The Western Society and a story line of a murder crime. A big city cop who knows too much...His only evidence: A small boy who s seen too much . The main character of this film is Harrison Ford as John Book. Today I will be talking about two of the themes Peter Weir uses in the film Witness . They are the clash of two worlds and power.
The first theme that I would like to speak about is the clash of two worlds The Amish and The Western Society . This theme, Weir has made a clear comparison between the two worlds. They could not work together in harmony because of the differences in...show more content...While the City life is crowded with transport, people, tall, tightly spaced buildings and the pollution the urban community live in. The city lives are dealt with violence, greed and criticism of the people. The dull colour of scene where people are rushing to reach their destination and the heavy and quick pace of the music has change dramatically from the opening scene as the changes is when Rachel and Samuel got on the train to go and visit her sister in the city. As the train starts to travel you could hear a great change of music from calm and soothing music to a rush and mysterious sound of the music with this it tries to tell us that Rachel and Samuel are travelling for the first time out of their comfort zone of their home into a world that is strange and unknown to them.
As an audience we could see how Weir has portrayed negative thoughts of the city life while the Amish country life is a positive. Becau
This document discusses behaviorism and its key theorists and principles. Behaviorism believes that learning is based on external stimuli that elicit responses, which are strengthened or weakened by rewards and punishments (1). Theorists like Pavlov and Skinner contributed influential ideas, such as classical and operant conditioning (2). Classical conditioning associates neutral stimuli to elicit innate responses, while operant conditioning shapes behaviors through voluntary responses to stimuli (3).
Pavlov's classic experiments on classical conditioning demonstrated that organisms can learn to associate neutral stimuli with biologically significant stimuli, as when his dogs learned to salivate to a tone that predicted food. Later research expanded on Pavlov's work to show the importance of cognitive processes and biological predispositions in conditioning, and that conditioning principles can help explain diverse phenomena like drug addiction, immune responses, phobias, and advertising effectiveness. Pavlov's work established classical conditioning as a fundamental form of learning and influenced the development of behaviorism.
Principles and Applications of Classical and operant conditioningppt.pptxsarahfauzna
Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses. Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs demonstrated this, showing that dogs could associate the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus) and learn to salivate in response to the bell alone. Three key principles of classical conditioning are acquisition, where the association is formed; extinction, where the response weakens without reinforcement; and spontaneous recovery, where an extinguished response briefly returns. Stimulus generalization also occurs, where similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus can elicit the same response.
This document provides an overview of classical conditioning. It defines classical conditioning as a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. The document discusses Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs and the salivation response. It covers principles of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. Applications to behavior therapy and the neural basis are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of learning including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning, noting that learning allows organisms to adapt to their environments through changes in behavior from experience; it also examines concepts such as reinforcement, punishment, and modeling behavior which are important aspects of how learning occurs.
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental state arising from experience. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Reinforcers that immediately follow a behavior are most effective at shaping learning. Cognitive factors like latent learning and observational learning also influence the learning process.
Learnind theory and its implications in psychiatryNayab Anjum
learning theory consists of classical conditioning theories, operant conditioning ,cognitive conditioning, and these theories gives background for cognitive behavior therapies. Also new concept of mirror neurons are described which gives wide views on autism spectrum disorders, empathy and emotions.
In her essay "Neat People vs. Sloppy People", Suzanne Britt contrasts the personalities and lifestyles of neat and sloppy people. She argues that neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people, claiming neat people have a cavalier attitude towards possessions and would throw everything away, while sloppy people give loving attention to every detail and cannot bear to part with anything. Britt characterizes neat people as "bums and clods" who prioritize results over process, while sloppy people meticulously work through tasks like cleaning their desk and are not truly messy. The essay examines the differences between neat and sloppy individuals through Britt's humorously critical lens.
In the novel Animal Farm, George Orwell depicts the use of propaganda by the pigs, especially Napoleon, to gain and maintain power over the other animals on the farm. Napoleon frequently uses propaganda tactics like scapegoating other animals, particularly Snowball, to deflect blame for issues. He also uses slogans and repetition of phrases to influence what the animals believe. Through manipulating information and controlling what the animals hear, Napoleon is able to elevate his status and demand loyalty from the animals, demonstrating how powerful a tool propaganda can be.
The document discusses critical thinking and creative thinking. It argues that both are important for generating new knowledge. Critical thinking questions assumptions to validate or invalidate beliefs, while creative thinking involves generating something new and original. The document discusses how the two types of thinking can be separated for concrete versus abstract ideas, but must interact to create accepted new knowledge. It provides the example of mathematics, noting that both memorization and understanding proofs requires different types of thinking. Creative problem solving in mathematics can use real-life situations to focus on conceptual understanding rather than just memorizing facts.
This document discusses the scientific method and scientific theories. It explains that scientific theories are well-substantiated explanations of aspects of the natural world based on repeated observation and experimentation. Theories are created from hypotheses that have been tested through the scientific method and gather evidence. Scientific theories can explain diverse phenomena and make falsifiable predictions, making them the most reliable form of scientific knowledge. Theories and laws are both produced through the scientific method but theories are broader in scope and can unify and explain laws.
This document discusses curriculum development and different views of curriculum. It outlines some key concepts in curriculum including narrow and broad perspectives of curriculum. The narrow perspective focuses on plans and intentions for what should happen in school, while the broad perspective recognizes what actually occurs based on social constructs. Different forms of curriculum are also discussed, including the formal/official curriculum, actual curriculum, hidden curriculum, and common curriculum. Factors that influence curriculum development and planning are mentioned. Overall, the document provides an overview of key curriculum concepts and perspectives.
Milton Friedman was a prominent 20th century American economist known for his support of free market capitalism and limited government. In his 1970 essay "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits", Friedman argued that a corporation's primary responsibility is to its shareholders, and that managers should focus solely on maximizing profits rather than pursuing social or political goals. The essay discusses Friedman's view that corporate social responsibility can undermine profits and interfere with market forces. It also examines some criticisms of Friedman's perspective, such as issues around short-term thinking and the principal-agent problem.
1) It gives students a sense of responsibility and trust from the school. When given more freedom and trust, students are motivated to earn it through good behavior and academic performance.
2) It allows students flexibility with lunch, whether bringing their own or choosing healthy options from the school cafeteria.
3) Coming back on time after lunch helps students learn punctuality, with consequences like detention for tardiness. This can improve student behavior and accountability.
Empathy means understanding and sharing in another person's feelings and experiences. It allows one to walk in another's shoes, see from their perspective, and connect on a human level. For me personally, empathy is about treating all people, regardless of differences, with compassion, dignity and respect. It makes the world a little bit better when we seek to understand each other rather than judge.
Nosocomial infections refers to infections acquired during hospitalization, with symptoms usually occurring within forty–eight hours after admission, and can originate from bacterial flora present in patients, microorganisms from the environment transmitted via carriers, contaminated objects and surfaces, medical personnel, or invasive procedures. Despite their impact, surveillance systems and prevention programs for nosocomial infections are quite dishomogeneous and often lacking, due to chronic lack of funding for prevention and lack of awareness among healthcare workers.
Dr. John visited Norfolk State University to give a talk on invasive plant species. He explained that invasive plants rapidly grow and spread, driving out native plants. Invasive plants can be transported through various means and their seeds may be introduced intentionally or accidentally. Researchers examine biological traits of plant species to determine if they are invasive and economically costly. The talk discussed using computational methods to create databases of invasive species and conduct risk analysis and policy support.
The document discusses the duality of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and how each represents opposing aspects of human nature. It describes how Hyde is portrayed as primitive, savage, and uncivilized, representing humanity's repressed urges. Meanwhile, Jekyll represents societal norms and restraint. The document argues that Stevenson suggests through this story that humanity's tempting evil side, once given a chance to emerge, cannot be fully controlled even in a civilized society like Victorian England.
The document discusses writing an argumentative essay. It emphasizes the importance of structure, evidence, and addressing counterarguments for an effective argument. The writer reflects on improving these elements in their own writing through an English course. They provide an example of strengthening their introduction and thesis in later essays compared to their initial diagnostic essay. Overall, the document stresses that developing these argumentative writing skills through practice leads to long-lasting benefits for students.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
✅ Quality
You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
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Examples Of Outline For Thesis
Example
Definition/Description
Significance to the Thesis
Pueblo
Pueblo people are Native Americans who resided in the Southwest United States.
The significance of Pueblo to the thesis is that since the spread of maize cultivation, the Pueblo people advanced irrigation due to the climate.
Navaho
Native Americans located in New Mexico and Arizona.
The significance of the Navaho tribe to the thesis is that this group sustained themselves by using irrigation systems to grow food.
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Sociology as Essay
Examine the ways in which sociologists can contribute to our understanding of how social identity is shaped by gender. (24 marks)
An identity is who we are, this is made up of how we see ourselves and how others see us. Social identity is based on one s membership to particular groups in society. This essay will examine the way in which sociologist contribute to our understanding by providing theories and ideas of how social identity is shaped by gender.
Ann Oakley, a feminist sociologist suggested that there are four ways in which gender socialization takes place during primary socialization. These are manipulation, canalization, verbal appellations, and different activities. Manipulation is when parents encourage behaviour that is...show more content...Parents direct their child interest into certain behaviour according to their gender, for example when boys are younger they are encouraged to play football and be aggressive and they are discouraged from crying. And girls are encouraged to play with dolls and to look after their appearance. Feminists believe this is how an individual s social identity is shaped by gender.
However post modernists sociologists criticize the feminist theory. Post modernists believe that due to social and economic changes, female role and identities are changing. The changes in the job market has led to a decline in traditional labour jobs that employed men and new jobs in the service sector are increasing. These jobs in the service sector are aimed at employing women. As women are going out to work their values are changing so female identities are changing.
Similarly today s idea of masculinity is different, there are other types
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Witness Film Essay
The film Witness(underline witness), Directed by Peter Weir was famous in 1984. This film is about two cultures clashing with each other the Amish and The Western Society and a story line of a murder crime. A big city cop who knows too much...His only evidence: A small boy who s seen too much . The main character of this film is Harrison Ford as John Book. Today I will be talking about two of the themes Peter Weir uses in the film Witness . They are the clash of two worlds and power.
The first theme that I would like to speak about is the clash of two worlds The Amish and The Western Society . This theme, Weir has made a clear comparison between the two worlds. They could not work together in harmony because of the differences in...show more content...While the City life is crowded with transport, people, tall, tightly spaced buildings and the pollution the urban community live in. The city lives are dealt with violence, greed and criticism of the people. The dull colour of scene where people are rushing to reach their destination and the heavy and quick pace of the music has change dramatically from the opening scene as the changes is when Rachel and Samuel got on the train to go and visit her sister in the city. As the train starts to travel you could hear a great change of music from calm and soothing music to a rush and mysterious sound of the music with this it tries to tell us that Rachel and Samuel are travelling for the first time out of their comfort zone of their home into a world that is strange and unknown to them.
As an audience we could see how Weir has portrayed negative thoughts of the city life while the Amish country life is a positive. Becau
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Personal Brand
(THE HEADER)
TO: Dr. Kamal Ghose, Marketing 201 Human resource manager
FROM: Fatimah Zahra Tengku, Marketing 201 Student
DATE: 19 March 2009
SUBJECT: Fatimah s personal brand statement
(THE OPENING)
The impact of current recession towards potential graduating student is no doubt will be another reason that amplifies the need for a properly branded university graduate. This memo will have the basic idea of the branding definition, the vital personal information of the writer, and the analysis that will ultimately lead the point that will have Fatimah s suggested development for her to be standing out in the current highly competitive employment reality.
Brand has always been associated with marketing. Thus brand can...show more content...Just like any branding process, the basic understanding of the product is extremely important, as this will allow the differentiation of that product with any potential competitor. Similarly, in term of individual human, the talent, interest, goals, experience and resource can be the parameters for understanding the product itself. Hence, the next section will explore the parameters in the form of bullet points.
(THE DISCUSSION)
Details the key points and recommendations
Support the ideas that given
(Personally relevant)
Talent
Brands are also effectively devices for symbolically expressing something to us. Personally, I am good in web designing as well as creating web flash. I have completed a diploma in business Information system from the Multimedia University of Malaysia. Basically, I have strong it knowledge as well as crucial computer skills. As a result from properly maintaining my diploma skills, I have mana
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Non-Profit Organizations Paper
Not for profit organizations are also known as the third sector or even NGOS (Non government organisations. They have very diverse and different backgrounds such as voluntary organisations and social movements that can be classified in government or business sectors. For example like Mercy Relief organisations where they respond to human tragedies and disasters in Asia Pacific. They are Singapore s leading private and independent disaster relief that provides emergency aid within 72 hours after a major disaster (Mercy Relief, 2015). Adams and de Bussy, 2008 has quoted various contrasting definitions on NGOs. An example will be NGOs are Organisations or a group of people working independently of any external control with specific objectives
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The Columbian Exchange Essay example
The Columbian Exchange is the exchange of plants, animals, food, and diseases between Europe and the Americas. In 1492, when Christopher Columbus came to America, he saw plants and animals he had never seen before so he took them back with him to Europe. Columbus began the trade routes which had never been established between Europe and the Americas so his voyages initiated the interchange of plants between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, which doubled the food crop resources available to people on both sides of the Atlantic. When the Europeans explored the Americas, they were introduced to new plants, foods, and animals, as well as riches and land. Foods such as corn, white and sweet potatoes, beans, tomatoes, cacao, fruits,...show more content...Grains such as wheat, rye, barley, oats and rice were shared. Citrus fruits, grapes, onions, cabbage, turnips, cotton, coffee, sugarcane, as well as spices and herbs, were among the many other foods and plants introduced to Native American culture. Also introduced were European religion and culture, new tools for agriculture, and new weaponry such as knives and firearms. One consequence of the exchange was mass death. In the search for new routes for trade, people of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas came in contact with each other, causing the spread of disease. Columbus s colonization brought a host of new diseases to the populations of the Americas. Europeans exported their diseases such as influenza, tuberculosis and smallpox. In return, European traders and colonizers returned the Europe with syphilis and typhus from the Americas. The slave trade caused the spread of malaria and yellow fever
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Classical Conditioning Paper
1. Classical Conditioning Paper
The first topic I'm going to talk about is the components of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a method of conditioning in which
associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus. UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR. This information is important. The reason
being is because, it is important how people and animal react to certain things and why. The second topic I'm going to talk about is positive and
negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is strengthening a response by following it with something that is pleasant. Negative reinforcement is
strengthening a response by following it with taking away or avoiding something unpleasant. This information is important. The reason being is
because, it can help
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2. Classical Conditioning
The first time I can recall using Classical conditioning was when I was younger. When I was about five or six I had a sleepover and my friends
and we decided to make popcorn to eat while watching our movies. When we heard the microwave stop we went and opened the microwave, and
watched black smoke rise out of the microwave and into the air, which then triggered the smoke alarm. We all started acting in an unconditioned
response, screaming and panicking we did not know what to do since we never experienced a loud, ear piercing noise and dark smoke before. The
classical conditioning is when the other girls and I panicked in response to the noise and smoke. My mother told us it was alright and it was just the fire
alarm going off because we
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3. Classical Conditioning
The preliminary idea is testing the theory of Pavlov's Theory. I will be testing on my boyfriend. The condition stimulus will be a doorbell noise that
I will play and then right after I play the noise I will through a piece of chocolate at him. I am testing to see how long it will take his brain to get
trained that when I play the doorbell noise he will know that the piece of chocolate is going to get thrown at him. He will soon learn the relationship of
the sound effect and the chocolate.
The behavior is will be fear. Fear will be measured by time spent in between when I play the doorbell noise to right before the chocolate touches his
body. You can measure the time before I train the brain and after the brain gets trained., knowing that you can decide if fear was the developed.
Training is the amount of times I played the noise and through the chocolate and the brain is picking up that after the noise there will be chocolate
coming after it.
The type of conditioning used is classical conditioning. This experiment is testing Pavlov's Theory, Pavlov's Dog. "Classical Conditioning; is the
learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by
the first stimulus alone." I am using the Classical Conditioning method...show more content...
Once the brain was using the two stimulus repetitively it will always know once I press the doorbell noise there will always be the chocolate that
will be thrown at him. There was a clear baseline measurement of behavior I tried to change; When the brain was trained I played the doorbell noise
and did not throw the chocolate this changed the behavior. It made him flinch thinking that there was going to be a chocolate that was going to be
thrown at him. The same method was used to measure the behavior after training. This made the quality before and after easy to
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4. Classical Conditioning Examples
Classical conditioning My example of classical conditioning would be the time I had gotten into a car accident on the highway. Now the accident
wasn't serious, but it left me scared. After the incident, every time I got into a car my body would tense up. I also would feel like I was unable to
breathe. As of now I still have miniature panic attacks at the thought of riding in a car or getting on the highway. Operant conditioning For operant
conditioning, I decide to use an example from my job. At my job, they would like us to get over two hundred calls a day and at the end of the week
the employee with most calls is rewarded and praised. This causes many employees to work harder to reach this goal so they can reap the rewards.
Observational
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5. What Is Classical Conditioning?
Classical Conditioning is a type of associated learning that allows the brain to form connections between certain stimuli, triggering the same automatic
body–response when exposed to one stimulus as when exposed to the correlated stimulus. Since these associations between the stimuli are learned, this
means that a person with an addiction has learned to assimilate internal or external stimuli that trigger the same irrepressible response to their drug as
when being exposed to the drug itself. However, understanding what an addict's conditioned stimuli are, working to disassociate learned stimuli from
the desire for the drug, and having an awareness of the factors that have the potential to challenge treatment are all detrimental components affecting the
success of the treatment of addiction....show more content...
There are two distinct subcategories of conditioned responses that should be analyzed in addicts, known as either "drug–like or drug opposite"
(Childress, 1990) responses. Drug– like responses are triggered by pairing "distinct stimuli with drug administration" (Childress, 1990), which are
normally environmentally influenced, intensifying the desire for the specific drug. However, drug–opposite responses occur when the person's
responses "resemble withdrawal–like states" (Carter, 1999). For example, if before a drug use an individual feels as if they are going through a
withdrawal even though they really aren't, it can be classified as a drug– opposite response. Since both of these conditioned responses are learned,
there is a way to reverse the learning to treat
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6. Classical Conditioning And Pavlovian Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov, a physician, preformed many experiments concerning the physiology of digestion, by accident he discovered what is now known as
classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning (Wood, Wood, and Boyd 137). Classical conditioning is "a type of learning through which an
organism learns to associate one stimulus with another" (Wood, Wood, and Boyd 137). Learning implies that there is at least a semi–permanent
change, this change could be demonstrated through behavior for example. In classical conditioning two stimuli are paired together multiple times. A
stimulus is "any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds" (Wood, Wood, and Boyd 137). Pavlov, the father of classical
conditioning, found that dogs' natural response to food is salivation. Therefore, whenever the dogs were presented with food they salivated. Salivation
is an unlearned behavior, this is referred to as the unconditioned response. He observed that a large portion of the dogs would begin salivating before
the food was even presented. For example, the dogs would begin to salivate when they saw the attendant, whom was responsible for feeding them or
when they heard the sound of their feeding dishes rattling (Wood, Wood, and Boyd 137). The dogs associated the cues of the attendant and the rattling
of the bowls with the unconditioned stimulus, food. An unconditioned stimulus is "a stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without
prior learning" (Wood, Wood, and Boyd
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7. Classical Conditioning
One of the first methods of describing a phobia was classical conditioning, most famously known by Pavlov's dog experiment. In that study, dogs were
trained to correlate a light with the coming of food. When they say the light come on, their salivary glands began to salivate, indicating that the dog was
waiting and thinking about the food that he knew would
1
appear shortly. But this study did not train the dogs to fear the light, like some others do. For example, if every time a rat is presented with a low
buzzing noise, it is electrically shocked, eventually, when it hears the noise alone (with no shock), it will exhibit symptoms of fear. (8)
These kinds of studies used to make scientist think that a phobia came from and event that happened in one's past, but this...show more content...
For example, some people who have Aerophobia, the fear of flying, have never been on a plane, so there would be no way for them to have a scarring
experience with one. Other theories believe that phobias originate from an evolutionary need to avoid danger and survive.
As scientist Martin Seligman put it, "people may be inherently "prepared" to learn certain phobias." Those who avoided obvious danger, such as
snakes, heights, lightning, or disease, most likely survived the longest, and the others died off. Some scientists, such as LeDoux, believe that
preparedness and the ease of conditioning are the result of certain preexisting neurological connections that exist evolutionarily. (12) Wild rhesus
monkeys fear snakes while domestic rhesus, unless conditioned, do not. In the experiment, domestic rhesus monkeys are shown a video in which peers
respond fearfully to both snakes (fear–relevant stimuli) and flowers
(neutral stimuli). When exposed to the two stimuli, the monkeys all exhibited a fear response to snakes but not to flowers. (12) This shows that there
must have been a preexistent link in the brains of the monkeys. A phobia is clinically defined as and "irrational" fear, but these kinds
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8. Classical Conditioning In Psychology
Classical conditioning has been around for some time in psychology. Now we are able to relate classical conditioning to nursing practice and education.
Classical conditioning is defined as a learning process when two stimuli are being paired together over and over. Nausea and vomiting is common to
patients to experience during chemotherapy treatment. Patients with cancer are typically exposed to a very specific environment in the hospital. This
setting would be considered the conditioned stimulus. The exposure to the hospital happens before the patient receives chemotherapy, which has
nausea and vomiting as side effects. This would be the unconditioned stimulus. A patient being exposed over and over to the same clinical setting may
...show more content...
It is hypothesized that the percentage of infusions followed by nausea during the chemotherapy treatment plan will predict anticipatory nausea. With
this being said, patients with higher percentages of reinforced trials are expected to be more likely to experience anticipatory nausea (Tomoyasu et al.,
1996). The people participating in this study were a total of 59 women receiving intravenous adjuvant chemotherapy for the early stage breast cancer.
The participants were at least 18 years old, had undergone a mastectomy for their diagnosis of breast cancer, had not previously received radiotherapy or
cytotoxic chemotherapy, and received their first six infusions of outpatient chemotherapy according to the standard drug regimen (Tomoyasu et al.,
1996). The results supported the hypothesis that percent reinforcement predicts anticipatory nausea. That being said, means that percent reinforcement
plays a role in the development of anticipatory nausea in patients who are going through intravenous chemotherapy treatments (Tomoyasu et al.,
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9. Essay about Psychology: Classical Conditioning
BEHAVIORISM Classical conditioning is a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. It can also be
known as respondent conditioning. The stimulus is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. The components of
classical conditioning are as follows: Unconditioned response (UR) which is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior
learning. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) which elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) which is a
neutral stimulus that after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response. Conditioned
response (CR) which...show more content...
This was something that he spent the rest of his life studying. This type of learning became known as classical conditioning. Next we will look at
Watson. Watson coined the termbehaviorism. This means it is referring to the school of thought that proposed limiting psychology to the study to
overtly operable behavior. He and his assistant conducted a study that proved fear could be classically conditioned. He used a toddler to perform
these experiments. In doing so, his testing has causes the American Psychological Association to have new standards in place to watch the safety of
humans and animals alike when participating in experiments. Watson's studies and research are utilized today in some therapies that help unlearn
phobias. He also concluded that over a person's lifetime, their fears will persist and modify. Edward Thorndike is another contributor to the world of
psychology. He had formulated several laws of earning. Thorndike believed and after experimenting stated that most learning occurs thru trial and
error. The law of effect is the most important that he states. This is saying that when one knows the consequence or what the effect will be of a certain
response, then the reaction would be either strengthened or weakened. So if the outcome is known, the actions prior will be more thought out. This
law, and its explanation paved the way for B.F. Skinners work inoperant conditioning. The law of effect
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10. Classical Vs. Classical Conditioning Essay
Classical conditioning is a learning process that develops when two stimuli are paired together repeatedly. The first stimulus is an unconditional
stimulus, which automatically evokes an unconditioned response, a natural response. The second stimulus is a neutral stimulus, a stimulus that does
not elicit a response. Many people associate it with habituation and sensitization, because both of these involve a decrease or an increase to a repeated
stimulus, and are classified as simple learning mechanisms, however they differ from classical conditioning because the latter involves changing
behavior in response to associations between stimuli. Gottlieb defined classical conditioning as the "adjustments organisms make in response to
observing the temporal relations among environmental or proprioceptive stimuli." (Gottlieb and Begej, 2014) This refers to the process in which the
neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus when it is presented with the unconditional stimulus, that is to say, when they occur together to the
point of being associated with one another after a period of time. This essay is going to cover classical conditioning, along with its key concepts and its
relation to phobias.
A prime example of classical conditioning would be the Pavlovian experiment, conducted in the 1860s, in which Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, noticed
how his dogs would begin to salivate, an unconditioned response, not only when presented with food, an unconditioned stimulus, but
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11. Operant Vs Classical Conditioning Essay
Operant and Classical Conditioning are very similar, yet very different. You must be careful when observing both the stimulus and the stimuli that go
hand in hand, when discussing the two. One way to tell you know the difference of understanding the two is being aware that in classical conditioning,
expectations are built about stimulus events in the environment, but their behavior does not influence the stimuli that occur.
Classical conditioning is defined as a neutral stimulus being paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. These are events that happen
in the everyday world and we predict them to happen, anticipating what's to come next. Pavlov's dogs have been served as an infamous example of
classical conditioning, as they would salivate when he opened the door to feed them. My example is not of with Pavlov's dogs, but of my own.
Although, my dog is very playful and has a plethora of toys. Using his toys, usually come in handy when trying to...show more content...
This is called operant conditioning. Operant conditioning typically has both a reinforcer and punishment. A stimulus that increases the occurrence of a
response is a reinforcer. As to presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the occurrence is a punishment. An example of a negative reinforcement
would be the car beeping to signal to fasten a seatbelt. Some of us are quicker than others to put on a seatbelt when first entering a car. If that car
signals that you have not put on your seatbelt in a timely fashion, you may hear that annoying "ding ding" as a reminder. Until your seatbelt is
fastened, the annoying noise will continue as a negative stimulus. Now, in the future if you're ever in the car and you fasten your seatbelt immediately
because you want to avoid the "ding ding", you may just realize it's just because you have been conditioned to do
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12. Classical Conditioning
Identifying UCS, UCR, CS, and CR 1. UCS: the original terrifying ride on the roller coaster UCR: terror CS: the sight of the roller coaster CR: cold
sweat 2. UCS: the fried oyster UCR: sickness CS: the smell of frying food CR: nausea 3. UCS: the spaniel's barking and lunging UCR: initial fright
CS: the sight of the spaniel's house CR: fear and trembling 4. UCS: the canned dog food UCR: salivation CS: the sound of the can opener CR:
drooling 5. UCS: the bee sting UCR: pain and fear CS: the sound of buzzing CR: fear 6. UCS: the girlfriend's original pleasing behaviours UCR:
happiness and...show more content...
Sinbad was frightened when a barking spaniel lunged at|Barking dog |Fear |House |Fear/ | |the fence as Sinbad walked by. The next day, when | | |
|trembling | |Sinbad's mother started to lead him by the house where | | | | | |the
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13. Classical Conditioning Essay
1.While learning to drive a car, I have experienced the elements of classical conditioning. Conditioned stimulus was a car that rapidly stopped in front
of me.
Conditioned response was depressing a brake pedal in this dangerous situation.
Another situation happened while I was driving during the night.
Unconditioned stimulus was a very bright light from another car.
Unconditioned response was constriction of pupil and slowing down the speed of a car.
2.Person's behavior frequently depends on the environment s/he experiences. For example, attending university differs from hanging with friends. For
example, during university lessons, people are not allowed to use phones, talk with classmates and pay attention to another things. However, while
spending time with friends, people are allowed to talk with their friends, use phones to show something. So, when people follow the...show more
content...
An example of classical conditioning can be experience during first two week of a newborn. For example, if a woman breastfeed, she holds her baby
near her breast. As a result, in few weeks, when mother takes a child just to hold him/her, a child reflectively begins to make sucking movements.
Another approach is operant conditioning. It concentrates on the reward or punishment of the behavior. So, for example, parents use this approach with
school grades. If a child gets good marks, parents may buy him/her some toy or go to the cinema. If a child gets bad grade, parents would probably
forbear from this present. Moreover, they may use a punishment, such as staying at home during the weekend or doing homework all evening. Parent
can also use social learning. This theory is based on the idea that every person has his/her idol. So, parents can become an example for their children.
If parents are able to achieve respect from their children, parents become idols for their children. As a result, children unconsciously start to repeat
parents' actions, try to look like them and think like
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14. Classical COnditioning Essays
Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
1904 Nobel Prize Winner, Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia on September 14, 1849. Pavlov is best known for his intricate workings with the
drooling dog experiment that lead to his further research in conditioning. This experiment, which began in 1889, had an influence on the development
of physiologically oriented behaviorist theories of psychology in the early years of the nineteenth century. His work on the physiology of the digestive
glands won him the 1904 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
CONTRIBUTIONS
Pavlov's first independent work focused on the physiology of the circulation of the blood (Girogian, 1974). He studied the influence of variations in
blood volume on blood...show more content...
Pavlov presented dogs with food, and measured their salivary response (how much they drooled). Then he began ringing a bell just before presenting
the food. At first, the dogs did not begin salivating until the food was presented. After a while, however, the dogs began to salivate when the sound of
the bell was presented. They learned to associate the sound of the bell with the presentation of the food. As far as their immediate physiological
responses were concerned, the sound of the bell became equivalent to the presentation of the food.
Through Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs and their reaction to stimulus, he set the basis for Classical conditioning. The methods of how classical
conditioning works can be described in the following sequence (Mischel, 1993, p. 296):
1. There exists an unconditioned, natural response, like a reflex (called a UCR)
2. There exists a stimulus that triggers this response (called the UCS)
3. Eventually, the organism (man, dog, ect.) will begin to associate the UCR with the UCS
4. Once the behavior is learned, the UCR may take place even when the UCS is simulated
5. At that point, the response it referred to as conditioned (or a CR)
6. The stimulus is then referred to as a conditioned, or learned as
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15. Essay about classical conditioning
When ever the bell rings in any school in any nationyou are guaranteed to see students and teachers file into the hallway. This automatic response
comes from somethingthat has been around for a long time called classical conditioning. Classicalconditioning was discovered and researched by Ivan
Pavlov, a Russianphysiologist. His famous experimentwith his dog is known to nearly everyone who has had a middle school or highereducation. He
fed his dog in a pattern,every time he fed his dog he rang a bell. Eventually the dog associated the bell with food and would begin tosalivate just on
hearing the bell. Thatis the original experiment proving classical conditioning.
What is aconditioned stimulus? "A neutralstimulus that, after repeated...show more content...
When Pavlovdiscovered classical conditioning it was, like most major discoveries, byaccident. Pavlov's original purpose wasto collect the saliva of
dogs to study. Pavlov made a small cut on the inside of the dog's mouth and attached atube that connected to a container for the collection and
measurement ofsaliva. One day he noticed that therewas saliva starting to collect in the container when the dog heard theassistant coming to feed him.
The dog hadalready been conditioned to the sound of the footsteps as a conditionedstimulus. And although completely byaccident Pavlov had just
proved his classical conditioning theory. He had made a discovery, now was his chance to research it, and hedid so in his lab of his own design. His
laboratory was in St. Petersburg, Russia more than a centuryago. He was extremely meticulous aboutnothing getting in and influencing his test subjects
at all. "The windows were covered in extra thicksheets of glass; each room had double steel doors which sealed hermeticallywhen closed; and the steel
girders which supported the floors were embedded insand. A deep moat filled with strawencircled the building. Thus vibration,noise, temperature
extremes, odors, even drafts were eliminated. Nothing could influence the animals exceptthe conditioning stimulus to which they were exposed.
(Schultz 1975pp187–188)" (World of Psychology pg166)Pavlov went on to win the Nobel Prize in 1904
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16. Effects Of Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning effects everyday life especially in relation to phobias and addiction which will be discussed in this essay. Classical conditioning
was founded by Ivan Pavlov. He believed that if a behaviour can be learned, it can also be unlearned too. This essay will highlight the importance of
conditioning principles in explaining and treating problem behaviours. Classical conditioning has revolutionised behavioural therapies, such as flooding
and systematic desensitisation to treat phobias, and aversion therapies to treat addictive behaviour.
Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning which occurs when two stimuli are paired together repetitively and therefore become associated
with each other eventually producing the same response. Classical conditioning was developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov to account for
associations between neutral stimuli and reflexive behavior such as salivation. Pavlov (1927) accidently discovered that dogs began to salivate before
they had tasted their food. To support his theory, he carried out experiments using dogs which involved measuring the amount of saliva they produced.
In his experiments, food started off as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which produced salivation, an unconditioned response (UCR). They are both
unconditioned as they occur naturally without being learned. The dogs were presented with a bell (NS), this provided no salivation. The bell and food
were presented together and after many trails an
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17. Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning [C.C.] Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unrelated
unconditioned stimulus to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response. Classical conditioning emphasizes the importance of
grasping the environment. Classical conditioning helps to explain the behavior as complex behavior is divided into tiny stimulus.
1.A Typical C.C Experiment by Pavlov.Ivan Pavlov is Nobel prize winner known for his famous experiment with conditioning the salivation response
in dogs, which brought about classical conditioning. He started with from an idea that there are few things that a dog does not require to learn. For
example, dogs salivate whenever they see food, though they have not learned. It is termed as an unconditioned response. Also, Pavlov discovered that
any object that associates with food would trigger same response to dogs. For example, in labs dog had learned to associate food with lab assistant.
2. Principles of C.C. –
* Stimulus Generalization.
In the conditioning process, stimulus generalization is the tendency for conditioned stimulus to induce similar response after the response has been
conditioned. Stimulus generalization occurs when a previously unassociated stimulus that has similar characteristics to the previously associated
stimulus elicits a response that is the same to earlier associated response. It can be important
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18. Classical Conditioning
Explain the initial pairing of the banging bar and the rat in terms of learning through classical conditioning. The child interpreted the sound of the
hammer hitting the steel bar in coincidence with the visualization of the white rat. Even in nine months the child had been programmed by repeatedly
hitting the bar and visual stimulation of contact with the white rat, had now become an unconditioned stimulus response by automatically changing
physical and emotional outcomes from the child (Porter, B., 2013). What are unconditioned response stimulus (US), Every time the child would hear
the noise of hammer hitting the steel bar it would automatically calls for the child to have increased breathing patterns and showing fear from the initial
...show more content...
The second time they place the rabbit in front of him directly, he showed a negative response then started to covered his head, in return started
crying (Watson J. B., & Rayner, R., 2013). Fur Coats: As the Coat was introduced to the child, he immediately pulled away and began to frat. As
he was introduced to the fur coat the second time, he wrinkled his nose and went through immediately by calling off on all fours. He had
attentively reached the direction of the coat but withdraw immediately (Watson J. B., & Rayner, R., 2013). Cotton Wool: they initially presented
the cotton to him wrapped in paper, as the paper was open; the child was able to touch the wool for the first time. He initially kicked the paper
away, but he never did show the response or the fear that was produced by the fur coat or the rabbit (Watson J. B., & Rayner, R., 2013). White Rat: as
they began the test with the white rat it seemed to be going in a forward direction, as the wrapped started crawling towards him he showed very little
stimulation. But as they introduce the rat the second time and let it touch his hand he withdraws immediately leaned to one side but did not cry this
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19. Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay
While many people may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable of, there is actually a more complex explanation
on how we learn the things we do in order to survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning,
they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well–defined stimuli.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral
stimulus. Classical conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a...show
more content...
Organisms will be inclined to comply to the desired response if they are rewarded for doing so. If an organism is punished for a certain behavior they
will not risk the same punishment recurring.
In operant conditioning, it is possible to strengthen responses by either presenting positive reinforcement or by the removal of negative reinforces.
"New responses can be learned by organisms by gradually reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response" (Weiten p. 238). This
is what is meant by shaping, It is the gradual use of reinforcement until the desired response has been reached.
Reinforcement is the main contributing factor in operant conditioning. There is more than one way to go about establishing reinforcement, if a delay
occurs between the response and the reinforcement the response may not become strengthened. It is likely that if the reinforcement occurs immediately
after the response that there will be a definite strengthening of the response. Continuous reinforcement is when reinforcement occurs at every instance
of the desired response. Intermittent reinforcement occurs when a response is reinforced some of the time. The different schedules of reinforcement
influence patterns of response. Intermittent schedules offer greater resistance to extinction than continuous schedules.
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